2. frequency response of a system defined by H(z)=1/(1−0.

5z−1)

% Define symbolic variable for z

syms z omega

% Define the system function H(z)

H_z = 1 / (1 - 0.5 * z^(-1));

% Convert to frequency domain by substituting z = e^(jω)

H_w = subs(H_z, z, exp(1j * omega));

% Display the frequency response equation

disp('Frequency Response Equation:');

pretty(H_w) % Prints the equation in a readable format

% Convert to a function for numerical evaluation

b = [1]; % Numerator coefficients

a = [1, -0.5]; % Denominator coefficients

[H, w] = freqz(b, a, 1024);

% Print frequency response values

disp(' ');

disp('Frequency Response Values:');

disp('---------------------------------');

disp('Frequency (rad/sample) | Magnitude | Phase (radians)');

disp('---------------------------------');

for i = 1:10:length(w) % Print every 10th value to reduce output length

fprintf('%8.4f | %8.4f | %8.4f\n', w(i), abs(H(i)), angle(H(i)));

end
% Plot magnitude and phase response

figure;

subplot(2,1,1);

plot(w, abs(H), 'b', 'LineWidth', 1.5);

title('Magnitude Response');

xlabel('Frequency (rad/sample)');

ylabel('|H(e^{jω})|');

grid on;

subplot(2,1,2);

plot(w, angle(H), 'r', 'LineWidth', 1.5);

title('Phase Response');

xlabel('Frequency (rad/sample)');

ylabel('Phase (radians)');

grid on;
5. Simulating Aliasing

% Define the parameters

f_signal = 2000; % 2 kHz sine wave

fs_orig = 10000; % High sampling rate for continuous signal (10 kHz)

t_orig = 0:1/fs_orig:0.01; % Time vector for original signal

x_cont = sin(2 * pi * f_signal * t_orig); % Original continuous signal

% Undersampling at 1.5 kHz (below Nyquist rate)

fs1 = 1500; % Sampling rate (1.5 kHz)

t1 = 0:1/fs1:0.01; % Time vector for undersampled signal

x1 = sin(2 * pi * f_signal * t1); % Undersampled signal

% Oversampling at 4 kHz (above Nyquist rate)

fs2 = 4000; % Sampling rate (4 kHz)

t2 = 0:1/fs2:0.01; % Time vector for properly sampled signal

x2 = sin(2 * pi * f_signal * t2); % Properly sampled signal

% Reconstruct the signal using sinc interpolation (ideal reconstruction)

t_interp = 0:1/fs_orig:0.01; % High-resolution time vector for interpolation

x_recon = zeros(size(t_interp));

for i = 1:length(t_interp)

% Ideal interpolation (sinc function) for reconstruction

x_recon(i) = sum(x1 .* sinc((t_interp(i) - t1) * fs1));

end

% Plot the results

figure;
% Plot the original continuous signal

subplot(4,1,1);

plot(t_orig, x_cont, 'k', 'LineWidth', 1.5);

title('Original Continuous 2 kHz Sine Wave');

xlabel('Time (s)');

ylabel('Amplitude');

grid on;

% Plot the undersampled signal (aliasing occurs)

subplot(4,1,2);

stem(t1, x1, 'r', 'LineWidth', 1.5);

title('Undersampled Signal at 1.5 kHz (Aliasing)');

xlabel('Time (s)');

ylabel('Amplitude');

grid on;

% Plot the properly sampled signal (no aliasing)

subplot(4,1,3);

stem(t2, x2, 'g', 'LineWidth', 1.5);

title('Properly Sampled Signal at 4 kHz');

xlabel('Time (s)');

ylabel('Amplitude');

grid on;

% Plot the reconstructed signal from undersampled data

subplot(4,1,4);

plot(t_interp, x_recon, 'b--', 'LineWidth', 1.5);

title('Reconstructed Signal (Sinc Interpolation)');

xlabel('Time (s)');

ylabel('Amplitude');

grid on;
6. Compute and Plot DTFT of sinc(n/5)
% Define the sequence x[n] = sinc(n/5)

n = -50:50; % Discrete time indices (you can adjust the range as needed)

x = sinc(n/5); % sinc function definition

% Compute the DTFT using a frequency vector (discretized)

omega = linspace(-pi, pi, 1000); % Frequency range from -pi to pi

X_omega = zeros(size(omega)); % Initialize the DTFT result

% Compute the DTFT by summing the Fourier transform expression

for k = 1:length(omega)

X_omega(k) = sum(x .* exp(-1j * omega(k) * n)); % DTFT calculation

end

% Plot the magnitude of the DTFT

figure;

subplot(2, 1, 1);

plot(omega, abs(X_omega), 'LineWidth', 1.5);

title('Magnitude of DTFT of x[n] = sinc(n/5)');

xlabel('Frequency (\omega)');

ylabel('Magnitude');

grid on;

% Plot the phase of the DTFT

subplot(2, 1, 2);

plot(omega, angle(X_omega), 'LineWidth', 1.5);

title('Phase of DTFT of x[n] = sinc(n/5)');

xlabel('Frequency (\omega)');

ylabel('Phase (radians)');

grid on;
7. Generate a finite-duration sinusoidal signal and compute its DFS

% Parameters for the finite-duration sinusoidal signal

N = 32; % Number of samples

f = 5; % Frequency of the sinusoid (in Hz)

fs = 32; % Sampling frequency (in Hz)

n = 0:N-1; % Sample indices

% Generate finite-duration sinusoidal signal

x = sin(2 * pi * f * n / fs);

% Compute its Discrete Fourier Series (DFS) using FFT

X = fft(x);
% Plot the finite-duration sinusoid and its DFS

figure;

subplot(2, 1, 1);

stem(n, x, 'filled', 'LineWidth', 1.5);

title('Finite-Duration Sinusoidal Signal');

xlabel('n (samples)');

ylabel('x[n]');

grid on;

subplot(2, 1, 2);

f_x = abs(X);

stem(0:N-1, f_x, 'filled', 'LineWidth', 1.5);

title('DFS Magnitude of Finite-Duration Sinusoid');

xlabel('Frequency Index (k)');

ylabel('|X[k]|');

grid on;

% Make the signal periodic by replicating it

x_periodic = repmat(x, 1, 2); % Replicate the signal

% Compute its DFS

X_periodic = fft(x_periodic);

% Plot the periodic signal and its DFS

figure;

subplot(2, 1, 1);

stem(0:length(x_periodic)-1, x_periodic, 'filled', 'LineWidth', 1.5);

title('Periodic Sinusoidal Signal (Replicated)');

xlabel('n (samples)');

ylabel('x[n]');

grid on;
subplot(2, 1, 2);

f_x_periodic = abs(X_periodic);

stem(0:length(x_periodic)-1, f_x_periodic, 'filled', 'LineWidth', 1.5);

title('DFS Magnitude of Periodic Sinusoid');

xlabel('Frequency Index (k)');

ylabel('|X[k]|');

grid on;
8. DTFT of x[n] = 0.5^n for n ≥ 0

% Define the signal parameters

N = 50; % Number of samples (considering up to n = 50)

n = 0:N-1; % n >= 0, thus n ranges from 0 to N-1

x = 0.5 * n; % Signal x[n] = 0.5n for n >= 0

% Define the frequency range for DTFT

omega = linspace(-pi, pi, 1024); % Frequency range from -pi to pi

% Compute the DTFT using the formula X(omega) = sum(x[n] * e^(-j*omega*n))

X_omega = zeros(size(omega)); % Initialize DTFT

X_omega(k) = sum(x .* exp(-1j * omega(k) * n)); % DTFT computation

end

% Plot the magnitude and phase of the DTFT

figure;

subplot(2,1,1);

plot(omega, abs(X_omega), 'b', 'LineWidth', 1.5);

title('Magnitude of DTFT of x[n] = 0.5n for n \geq 0');

xlabel('\omega (rad/sample)');

ylabel('|X(\omega)|');

grid on;

subplot(2,1,2);

plot(omega, angle(X_omega), 'r', 'LineWidth', 1.5);

title('Phase of DTFT of x[n] = 0.5n for n \geq 0');

xlabel('\omega (rad/sample)');

ylabel('Phase(X(\omega))');

grid on;
9. Signal Reconstruction using dtft and ideal interpolators

% Parameters for the original signal

N = 50; % Total number of samples

f = 5; % Frequency of the sinusoidal signal (in Hz)

fs = 32; % Sampling frequency (in Hz)

n = 0:N-1; % Sample indices

x_original = sin(2 * pi * f * n / fs); % Original sinusoidal signal

% Undersample the signal (take every 2nd sample, for example)

x_undersampled = x_original(1:2:end); % Undersample by a factor of 2

n_undersampled = 0:floor((N-1)/2); % Indices for the undersampled signal

% Reconstruct the signal using DTFT and Ideal Interpolators

omega = linspace(-pi, pi, 1024); % Frequency range for DTFT

X_undersampled = zeros(size(omega)); % Initialize DTFT for undersampled signal

% Compute the DTFT of the undersampled signal

for k = 1:length(omega)

X_undersampled(k) = sum(x_undersampled .* exp(-1j * omega(k) * n_undersampled));

end

% Reconstruct the signal by taking the inverse DTFT (Ideal Interpolation)

x_reconstructed = zeros(1, N); % Reconstructed signal

n_full = 0:N-1; % Full set of indices for the original signal

% Inverse DTFT to reconstruct the signal

for n_reconstructed = 1:N

x_reconstructed(n_reconstructed) = (1 / (2*pi)) * trapz(omega, X_undersampled .* exp(1j *

end
% Plot the original, undersampled, and reconstructed signals

figure;

subplot(3,1,1);

stem(n, x_original, 'filled', 'LineWidth', 1.5);

title('Original Signal');

xlabel('n (samples)');

ylabel('x[n]');

grid on;

subplot(3,1,2);

stem(n_undersampled, x_undersampled, 'filled', 'LineWidth', 1.5);

title('Undersampled Signal');

xlabel('n (samples)');

ylabel('x[n]');

grid on;

subplot(3,1,3);

plot(n_full, x_reconstructed, 'b', 'LineWidth', 1.5);

title('Reconstructed Signal (Ideal Interpolation)');

xlabel('n (samples)');

ylabel('x[n]');

grid on;

% Compare the original and reconstructed signals

error = norm(x_original - x_reconstructed) / norm(x_original);

disp(['Reconstruction error: ', num2str(error)]);