TLE REVIEWER made by @telyperalta (DRAFTING CLUB PRESIDENT) <(￣︶￣)>

— Q3 | SY ‘24-’25

DISCLAIMER: This reviewer is made for my IMPORTANT ROLE

studies, I can’t guarantee its completeness or
correctness but made with all the -​ The foundation primarily supports the
powerpoints/handouts sent to our group structure on top of it and to make sure it
stays in place. If it isn’t laid properly, it will
chat. Users are encouraged to verify be difficult to build on top of it, leading to
information once more for their own additional costs and severe safety risks.
application of each lesson.

fr. Cristel :)
Foundation plans are crucial for the success of a
construction project because they ensure the
TD LESSON OUTLINE structural integrity and stability of a building:

I. Foundation Plan Structural soundness

II. Column Footing Details
ensure that the building is structurally sound and
meets local building codes and regulations.
III. Slab Framing Details
IV. Roof Plan Construction guide
V. Roof Framing provides a detailed blueprint for construction
VI. Roof Truss (Not sure if included sa exams) crews to follow, helping to ensure that the
foundation is built as designed.
MAIN TOPIC Durability
SUBTOPIC A strong foundation is necessary for a building to
be reliable, durable, and last a long time.

Resistance to the elements

ensure that the structure is resistant to wind, rain,
*FOUNDATION PLAN and earthquakes.
What is a Foundation Plan? Longevity
Detailed foundation plans help ensure that the
➔​ The foundation plan is a plan view drawing, foundation is placed and constructed accurately,
in section, showing the location and size of which prevents structural issues that can arise
footings, piers, columns, foundation walls, from an inaccurate or insufficiently robust
and supporting beams. foundation design.

➔​ A foundation is the lowest portion of a

structure located between the ground and
the building.

➔​ The primary function of a foundation is to *COLUMN FOOTING DETAILS

distribute the load from the structure to the
soil to endure the building’s overall weight. What is a Column footing?

WITHIN THE FOUNDATION -​ a crucial component of a building's

foundation system, designed to safely
distribute the load from a column to the
PIER underlying soil
-​ solid support designed to sustain vertical
pressure (shape: cylindrical)

FOOTING TYPES OF COLUMN FOOTING

-​ The part of the foundation that transfers the Isolated Footing:
load to a larger soil area. It's the part of the -​ Supports a single column.
foundation that is in actual contact with the -​ Commonly rectangular, square, or circular
soil in shape.
-​ Suitable for light to moderate loads and
uniform soil conditions.
FOUNDATION WALL
-​ for a building can be a cast-in-place Combined Footing:
-​ Supports two or more columns.
concrete retaining wall, or a structural wall -​ Used when columns are closely spaced or
complete with load bearing pilasters. near property boundaries.
-​ Can be rectangular or trapezoidal
COLUMN
-​ a structural element that transmits, through Strap Footing:
compression, the weight of the structure -​ Connects two isolated footings with a
beam (strap).
above to other structural elements below. In -​ Used when one footing is near a boundary
other words, a column is a compression and cannot extend further
member.
TLE REVIEWER / QUARTER 3 made by @telyperalta (DRAFTING CLUB PRESIDENT) <(￣︶￣)>

Raft or Mat Footing: Concrete Grade:

-​ A single slab supporting multiple -​ The concrete mix is selected based on
columns. structural requirements (e.g., M20, M25).
-​ Used in poor soil conditions or when loads
are heavy Soil Preparation:
-​ The soil beneath the footing must be
Pile Footing: properly compacted and, if required,
-​ Transfers load through deep piles to a stabilized (Sandy and loam soils are excellent
stable soil layer. for building foundations due to their water
-​ Used in areas with very weak soil at management and stability. Clay and peat soils
shallow depths are not ideal due to their expansiveness and
high water retention, so they indeed need more
PICTURES TO VISUALIZE: support)

Load Transfer Mechanism:

-​ The footing must be designed to distribute
loads evenly to the soil to avoid differential
settlement

Construction Joints:
-​ Ensure proper joint detailing to maintain
structural integrity.

Drainage and Waterproofing:

-​ Prevent water accumulation around the
footing to reduce risks of erosion and
deterioration

Design Considerations
-​ Follow the applicable design standards and
codes.
-​ Perform soil testing to determine the
bearing capacity.
-​ Analyze loads, including dead, live, wind,
and seismic forces.
-​ Conduct checks for overturning, sliding,
and bearing pressure

Raft or Mat Footing ( UP)

*SLAB FRAMING DETAILS

What is a Slab Framing Plan?

-​ a critical part of structural drawings used in

construction projects. It provides detailed
information about the layout, dimensions,
and reinforcement of slabs, as well as the
supporting structural elements like beams,
columns, and walls.
Pile Footing (UP)

TYPES OF SLAB FRAMING PLAN

KEY DETAILS
Slab-on-grade
Footing Dimensions: -​ rests directly on the ground
-​ The size is determined by the column load
and soil's bearing capacity.
-​ Ensure the footing is large enough to avoid T-shaped Slab
excessive settlement or soil failure. -​ extends over the foundation walls.
Thickness:
-​ Sufficient thickness is provided to resist Flat Plate Slab
punching shear and bending moments. -​ A flat slab with integrated columns and
beams
Reinforcement Details:
-​ Reinforcing bars are placed in both
directions to handle tensile stresses. Waffle Slab
-​ The spacing, size, and layout of -​ a grid of recessed areas, reducing material
reinforcement must follow design codes usage.
(e.g., ACI, IS codes).

Depth of Footing:
-​ Footings should be placed below the frost
line or as per local design standards to
avoid heaving due to temperature changes
TLE REVIEWER / QUARTER 3 made by @telyperalta (DRAFTING CLUB PRESIDENT) <(￣︶￣)>

Levels and Elevations:

PURPOSE -​ Slab elevation levels, especially for
multi-story buildings.
-​ Slope details if the slab is not horizontal
Load Distribution:
(e.g., in parking areas).
-​ Indicates how the slab transfers loads to
beams and columns. Joist and Rib Details (if applicable):
-​ Layout and spacing of joists or ribs for
Construction Guidance:
ribbed slabs.
-​ Provides detailed instructions for slab
dimensions, reinforcement placement, and Expansion and Contraction Joints:
material specifications. -​ Locations and detailing of joints to
accommodate thermal movements.
Coordination:
-​ Helps ensure all elements of the structure SYMBOLS & NOTATION
(e.g., mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
systems) are well-coordinated. Slab Designation:
Often labeled as S1, S2, etc., for different slab
panels.
KEY DETAILS
Reinforcement:
Slab Dimensions Indicated using bar marks (e.g., T12-200 means 12
mm diameter bars at 200 mm spacing).
-​ Specifies the slab thickness.
-​ Indicates slab span lengths and panel sizes.
Beam Numbers:
Support Layout: Labeled as B1, B2, etc., corresponding to beam
schedules.
-​ Shows the locations of beams, columns,
and walls supporting the slab.
Column Gridlines:
-​ Includes dimensions and spacing between
Used to align columns, beams, and slabs in plan
supports.
view.
Reinforcement Details:
-​ Main Bars: Reinforcement in the direction STEPS TO INTERPRET
of primary bending.
-​ Identify the grid system to understand
-​ Distribution Bars: Reinforcement in the
alignment.
perpendicular direction to distribute loads.
-​ Locate slab thickness and reinforcement
-​ Spacing, size, and type of reinforcement.
details.
Beam Details: -​ Check beam and column layouts for load
-​ Position, size, and reinforcement of beams transfer.
supporting the slab. -​ Note openings and reinforcement
-​ Beam depths, widths, and spans. modifications around them.
-​ Review construction notes and
Column Locations: specifications for clarity.
-​ Exact positions and sizes of columns under -​
the slab. TIPS ON DESIGNING
-​ Column reinforcement details are
sometimes cross-referenced. Load Analysis: Perform accurate load calculations
considering all forces.
Slab Openings:
-​ Positions and sizes of openings for ducts, Deflection Control: Ensure slab thickness and
plumbing, elevators, etc. reinforcement minimize deflection.
-​ Reinforcement around openings to maintain
structural integrity. Material Selection: Use appropriate concrete
grades and reinforcement bars.
Load Details:
-​ Information about live loads, dead loads,
Code Compliance: Follow local building codes for
and imposed loads on the slab.
design and safety.
-​ Reference to applicable design codes (e.g.,
IS 456, ACI 318).
Coordination: Collaborate with MEP (Mechanical,
Electrical, and Plumbing) teams to avoid clashes.
TLE REVIEWER / QUARTER 3 made by @telyperalta (DRAFTING CLUB PRESIDENT) <(￣︶￣)>

Efficient Water and Snow Drainage: Reduces

pooling and leakage risks.
*ROOF PLAN Aesthetic Appeal: Offers a balanced and elegant
What is a Roof Plan? appearance.

-​ A roof plan is a detailed drawing or diagram Disadvantages:

showing the layout and design of a Complex Construction: More expensive and
building’s roof. It provides a bird's eye view time-consuming to build.
of the roofs dimensions, shape, size and Reduced Attic Space: Limits usable interior volume
features. compared to gable roofs.

A roof plan plays a crucial role in building design,

construction and maintenance.
Example: a. Building design and construction
b. Cost estimation and project
management
c. Safety maintenance.

TYPES OF ROOFS

*GABLE ROOF
-​ A classic design with two sloping sides
that meet at a ridge. *FLAT ROOF
-​ Minimal or no slope, commonly used in
Advantages: modern architecture.
Simple Construction: Easy and cost-effective to
build. Advantages:
Efficient Water Drainage: Ideal for shedding water Usable Space: Can be utilized as a terrace,
and snow. garden, or additional living area.
Good Ventilation and Space: Allows for attic or Cost-Effective for Smaller Structures: Requires
vaulted ceilings. fewer materials for smaller spans.
Versatile Design: Works well with various Modern Aesthetic: Fits contemporary designs well.
architectural styles.
Disadvantages:
Disadvantages: Drainage Issues: Poor water drainage can lead to
Vulnerability to High Winds: Can suffer damage if leaks.
not properly braced. Higher Maintenance: Requires regular
Limited Suitability for Some Climates: May not be inspections and waterproofing.
ideal in areas with frequent hurricanes or Not Ideal for Heavy Snow Areas: Risk of collapse
tornadoes. under heavy loads.

*MANSARD ROOF
*HIP ROOF
-​ A French-style roof with two slopes on
-​ All four sides slope downward to form a
each side, the lower slope being steeper.
ridge.

Advantages:
Advantages:
Extra Living Space: Creates usable attic or loft
Sturdy and Durable: Resists strong winds and
space.
hurricanes.
Aesthetic Appeal: Adds a sophisticated and
classic look.
TLE REVIEWER / QUARTER 3 made by @telyperalta (DRAFTING CLUB PRESIDENT) <(￣︶￣)>

Flexible Design: Allows for future expansion.

Disadvantages:
High Cost: Expensive to build and maintain.
Complex Construction: Requires skilled labor and
precision.

*DOME ROOF
-​ A rounded, hemispherical roof often used
in specialized buildings.

Advantages:
Aesthetic Appeal: Striking and unique design.
Energy Efficiency: Excellent at distributing heat
*SKILLION ROOF and airflow.
-​ A single sloping surface, often seen in Durability: Sturdy and resistant to extreme
modern or industrial designs. weather.

Advantages: Disadvantages:
Simple and Affordable: Easy to construct with High Cost: Expensive materials and skilled labor
minimal materials. required.
Efficient Drainage: Ideal for areas with heavy Limited Usability: Not suitable for most residential
rainfall. buildings.
Modern Look: Sleek and minimalist design.

Disadvantages:
Limited Space: Restricts attic or ceiling height on
one side.
Wind Resistance Issues: May require additional
bracing in windy areas.

*GAMBREL ROOF
-​ A barn-style roof with two slopes on each
side, the lower slope being steeper. (usually
seen sa farm)
*BUTTERFLY ROOF
-​ Two inward-sloping surfaces meet at a Advantages:
valley in the center. Spacious Interior: Maximizes loft or attic space.
Classic Style: Often associated with rustic or
Advantages: colonial architecture.
Unique Design: Eye-catching and modern Cost-Effective: Uses fewer materials for steep
appearance. slopes.
Rainwater Collection: Perfect for harvesting
rainwater. Disadvantages:
Energy Efficiency: Allows for large windows and Weather Vulnerability: Can struggle in high winds
solar panel integration. or heavy snow.
Complex Repairs: Repairs may require
Disadvantages: specialized expertise.
Complex Drainage: Vulnerable to water pooling
in the central valley.
High Cost: Expensive to build and maintain.
Limited Suitability: May not fit traditional
architectural styles.
TLE REVIEWER / QUARTER 3 made by @telyperalta (DRAFTING CLUB PRESIDENT) <(￣︶￣)>

Design flexibility:
-​ The plans allow for customization of the roof
design to suit the building's architectural
style ​ and functional needs.

PRIMARY STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

*Rafters
-​ Sloping beams that support the roof
covering and transfer the load to the walls.
(Vertical)
Note: I suggest just familiarize since super dami
siya and baka situational nasa test, much better
if you try to imagine it and apply it in real life :)

*ROOF FRAMING
What is the importance of roof framing
plans in building construction?

-​ It performs a crucial role in building

*Ridge Board
construction as it provides a detailed
-​ A horizontal beam at the peak of a roof
blueprint of the roof structure, outlining
where rafters meet.
the placement and specifications of all
structural components like rafters,
trusses, and beams, ensuring a safe,
stable, and properly constructed roof
capable of withstanding various weather
conditions while optimizing material usage
and preventing costly mistakes during
construction.

KEY POINTS

Structural integrity:
-​ They guarantee the roof can support its
intended load by accurately calculating
weight ​distribution and load transfer Trusses
throughout the structure. -​ Prefabricated triangular frameworks that
provide strength and stability.
Accurate measurements:
-​ Roof framing plans provide precise
dimensions for each framing member,
minimizing waste ​ and ensuring a proper
fit.

Construction efficiency:
-​ By clearly defining the layout and materials
needed, the plan streamlines the building ​
process, reducing time and labor costs.
Purlins
Code compliance: -​ Horizontal members that support roof
-​ These plans can be used to verify sheathing and transfer loads to rafters or
adherence to local building codes and trusses.
regulations.

Future maintenance and repairs:

-​ A detailed roof framing plan acts as a
reference point for future repairs or
modifications, ​allowing for easier
identification of structural elements.
TLE REVIEWER / QUARTER 3 made by @telyperalta (DRAFTING CLUB PRESIDENT) <(￣︶￣)>

Beams (Girders & Ridge Beams) Increases Career Readiness & Opportunities
– Large horizontal members that carry roof loads -​ Knowledge of roof framing is essential for
and distribute weight to walls or columns. careers in architecture, civil engineering,
construction management, and structural
design.
-​ Having expertise in reading, designing, and
analyzing roof plans gives an advantage in
the job market.

*Why do we need to design effective roof

framing plan in building construction?
-​ Because an effective roof framing plan
IMPORTANCE & FAMILIARIZING ensures the structural stability, safety,
and durability of a building by properly
Ensures Structural Stability & Safety distributing loads and preventing
-​ ensures that the roof can support its own failures.
weight and external loads (snow, wind, -​ It also enhances energy efficiency,
rain). drainage, and cost-effectiveness, while
-​ Knowing the components (rafters, trusses, complying with building codes and
beams) helps prevent structural failures design requirements.
and collapses.

Enhances Design and Construction Skills Note: While it is uncertain whether roof trusses
-​ it allows students to create functional and will be included in the periodical exam, it is still
aesthetically pleasing structures. recommended that you review the material
-​ Helps students understand different roof
thoroughly to be well-prepared. Please refer to
types (gable, hip, mansard) and their
the handout provided by our student
appropriate uses.
teacher for reference. ^-^
Improves Blueprint Reading and Drafting
Abilities
-​ Being able to interpret roof framing symbols, I am currently making a Quizlet flashcard set
dimensions, and specifications is crucial for as one of my techniques for reviewing. If you
careers in architecture and construction. would like to use it, I will send it later.
-​ Enhances ability to draft and design roof
plans accurately in manual and CAD BEST OF LUCK!
drawings. love, Cristel :D

Helps in Cost Estimation and Material Selection

-​ helps in calculating material requirements,
costs, and labor estimates.
-​ Allows students to choose the best
materials for durability, budget, and
sustainability.

Prepares for Real-World Applications

-​ Whether working in architecture,
engineering, or construction, knowledge of
roof framing plans is a basic requirement.
-​ It bridges the gap between theory and
practical application in the field.

Promotes Sustainable and Energy-Efficient

Designs
-​ Familiarity with roof ventilation, insulation,
and sustainable materials helps in designing
eco-friendly buildings.
-​ Helps in integrating solar panels, green
roofs, and rainwater collection into modern
designs.