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RESISTIVITY-LOG

The document discusses resistivity, porosity, and sonic logs used in geological formations to identify hydrocarbon zones, measure electron density, and assess acoustic transit times. Resistivity logs help differentiate between oil, gas, and water-bearing areas, while porosity logs measure liquid-filled porosity and sonic logs evaluate acoustic velocities. Each logging method provides essential data for understanding the composition and characteristics of subsurface formations.

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7 views

RESISTIVITY-LOG

The document discusses resistivity, porosity, and sonic logs used in geological formations to identify hydrocarbon zones, measure electron density, and assess acoustic transit times. Resistivity logs help differentiate between oil, gas, and water-bearing areas, while porosity logs measure liquid-filled porosity and sonic logs evaluate acoustic velocities. Each logging method provides essential data for understanding the composition and characteristics of subsurface formations.

Uploaded by

izen bellido
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RESISTIVITY LOG

Resistivity logs record the resistance of interstitial fluids to the flow of an electric current, either
transmitted directly to the rock through an electrode or magnetically induced deeper into the
formation from the hole. (Harraz, H., 2012)
Resistivity log helps by identifying hydrocarbon zones, as hydrocarbons show higher resistivity
than water. This helps you differentiate between oil, gas, and water-bearing areas. It can also
estimate water saturation by combining resistivity with porosity data, which indicates how much
of the formation contains water versus hydrocarbons. Resistivity logs help identify the lithology
of the formation, such as sandstone or limestone, by revealing its electrical characteristics.

POROSITY LOG

The Density Log measures the electron density Pe, of the formation (the electron density is the
number of electrons per unit volume). The density logging tool emits gamma rays from a
chemical source which interact with the electrons of elements in the formation. Detectors in the
tool count the returning gamma rays. These returning gamma rays are related to the election
density of the elements in the formation.

The Neutron Log measures the amount of hydrogen in the formation being logged. Since the
amount of hydrogen per unit volume is approximately the same for oil and water, the neutron log
measures the Liquid Filled Porosity (the porosity excluding the Gas-Filled Porosity). The
neutron logging tool emits neutrons from a chemical source which collide with nuclei of
elements in the formation. The element in the formation with the mass closest to a neutron is
hydrogen. Due to the parity in mass, the neutron in a neutron-hydrogen collision loses
approximately half of its energy. With enough collisions, the neutron eventually loses enough
energy and is absorbed by the hydrogen nucleus and a gamma ray is emitted. The neutron
logging tool measures these emitted gamma rays. Other hydrogen atoms may be present in clays
in the rock, or in the rock itself and corrections for these other hydrogen atoms are required.

The Sonic Log measures the acoustic transit time, Δt, of a compressional sound wave traveling
through the porous formation. The logging tool consists of one or more transmitters and a series
of receivers. The transmitters act as sources of the acoustic signals which are detected by the
receivers. The time required for the signal to travel through one foot of the rock formation is the
acoustic transit time, Δt. The acoustic travel time, then, is the reciprocal of the sonic velocity
through the formation. The units of Δt are micro-seconds/ft (μsec/ft) or millionths of a second
per foot.
Reference for por log

Hall, H. N.: “Compressibility of Reservoir Rocks,” Trans. AIME (1958) 198, 209.
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