Relay Settings Calculations

Contents
1. Introduction 2

2. Technical Data of the Lines 3

a) =E01 - Line-1 3

3. Protection Settings Calculations for Lines 4

a) =E01 - Line-1 4

4. Technical Data of the Power Transformers 9

a) =E02 (Transformer – 1 ) 9

b) =E06 (Transformer – 2 ) 9

5. Protection Settings Calculations for Power Transformers 10

a) =E02 (Transformer - 1) 10

6. Protection Settings Calculations for Power Transformers 15

b) =E06 (Transformer - 2) 15

7. 11kV Switchgear Protection Settings 20

a) 11kV Incoming Protection Settings 20

b) 11kV Outgoing Protection Settings 22

1. Introduction

This technical report refers to the electrical protections of all 132kV switchgear. All calculations
are based on the available documentation/ information. These settings may be revaluated during
the commissioning, according to actual and/or measured values. Protection selectivity is partly
considered in this report, and could be also revaluated. Names of parameters in this calculation
may differ from those in appropriate device.

This document is considered for following protections:

 =E01 – Line-1  -F21, -F51

 =E02 – TR-1  -F87, -F51
 =E06 – TR-2  -F87, -F51
 11kV Switchgear
2. Technical Data of the Lines

a) =E01 - Line-1

Conductor Type : ACSR Lynx

Length : 27.8 km
Type : ZM Type Tower
Positive sequence impedance : 0.1583 + j0.4004 (0.431 ∠68.4°) Ω/ km
Zero sequence impedance : 0.3246 + j1.228 (1.27 ∠75.2°) Ω/ km
Current capacity A : 487

Next Shortest / Longest Line

Conductor Type : ACSR Lynx

Length : 36 km
Type : ZM Type Tower
Positive sequence impedance : 0.1583 + j0.4004 (0.431 ∠68.4°) Ω/ km
Zero sequence impedance : 0.3246 + j1.228 (1.27 ∠75.2°) Ω/ km
Current capacity A : 487
3. Protection Settings Calculations for Lines

a) =E01 - Line-1

i. SEL-311C Distance Protection Settings

Current and Voltage Transformers:

Current Transformer Ratio = 1200-600-300/5 (Note: 600/5 tap has been selected)

Voltage Transformer Ratio = 132000/110

Transformation factor = C.T. Ratio / V.T. Ratio

= (600/5) / (132000/110)

= 0.1 (multiplication factor)

Protection Element Setting:

Functional Scope:

Impedance characteristics selection is purely based on the application and system requirement. Two types of
characteristics are offered for application as follows:
• Mho characteristics
• Quadrilateral characteristics
Mho characteristics are very much preferred for EHV system due to the inherent high speed and characteristics
expansion quality. Therefore, Mho characteristic has been selected for phase faults and it is recommended to
use Quadrilateral Impedance characteristic for phase to ground faults.

Zero Sequence Compensation Factor for ground faults:

Zero sequence compensation factor can be applied independently to all zones if required.
The feature is useful where line impedance characteristics change between sections or where hybrid circuits are
used. For the protected line, same compensation factor is applied for all zones.

|Zo-Z1| 1 |Z0|
k0M = = ( -1 )
3|Z1| 3 |Z1|

(Zo-Z1)
k0A = ∠
Z1

1 1.27
k0M = ( -1 )
3 0.431

k0M = 0.649

And
(1.27 ∠75.2 - 0.431 ∠68.4)
k0A = ∠
0.431 ∠68.4

k0A = 10.27o
Distance Zone-1:

Direction: Forward
Typically the zone 1 reach is required to be 80% - 90% of the line impedance.
Set zone 1 phase reach = 80 %

For Phase Faults:

Z1P = 0.8 x 27.8 x 0.1 x 0.431 = 0.958 Ω

 Z1P = 0.958 Ω

For Ground Faults:

XG1 = 0.8 x 27.8 x 0.1 x 0.4004 = 0.890 Ω

 XG1 = 0.890 Ω

For resistive reach, tower footing resistance and arc resistance should be included and appropriate values of 5Ω
and 15Ω have been selected for them respectively.
Hence,

RG1 = 0.8 x 27.8 x 0.1 x 0.1583 + 0.1 x 20 = 2.35 Ω

 RG1 = 2.35 Ω

The zone1 time delay (Z1PD & Z1GD) is generally set to zero, giving instantaneous operation. Zone1 is consid-
ered to be the main protection for the line to be protected, hence no intentional time delay is allowed.
 Z1PD & Z1GD = 0 cyc (0 msec)

Distance Zone-2:

Direction: Forward
Typically required zone 2 reach impedances = 100% line impedances of the protected section + 50% impedance
of adjacent shortest line.

For Phase Faults:

Z2P = 1 x 27.8 x 0.1 x 0.431 + 0.5 x 36 x 0.1 x 0.431 = 1.974 Ω

 Z2P = 1.974 Ω

For Ground Faults:

XG2 = 1 x 27.8 x 0.1 x 0.4004 + 0.5 x 36 x 0.1 x 0. 4004 = 1.833 Ω

 XG2 = 1.833 Ω

RG2 = 1 x 27.8 x 0.1 x 0.1583 + 0.5 x 36 x 0.1 x 0.1583 + 0.1 x 20 = 2.72 Ω

 RG2 = 2.72 Ω

The zone2 time delay (Z2PD & Z2GD) is set to coordinate with zone1 fault clearance time for adjacent lines. The
total fault clearance time will consist of the downstream zone1 operating time plus the associated breaker open-
ing time. Allowance must also be made for the zone2 elements to reset following clearance of an adjacent line
fault and also for safety margin.

 Z2PD & Z2GD = 17.5cyc (350 msec)

Distance Zone-3:

Direction: Forward
Typically required zone 3 forward reach impedance = 100% line impedances of the protected section + 120%
impedance of adjacent longest line.

For Phase Faults:

Z3P = 1 x 27.8 x 0.1 x 0.431 + 1.2 x 36 x 0.1 x 0.431 = 3.06 Ω

 Z3P = 3.06 Ω
For Ground Faults:

XG3 = 1 x 27.8 x 0.1 x 0.4004 + 1.2 x 36 x 0.1 x 0. 4004 = 2.84 Ω

 XG3 = 2.84 Ω

RG3 = 1 x 27.8 x 0.1 x 0.1583 + 1.2 x 36 x 0.1 x 0.1583 + 0.1 x 20 = 3.12 Ω

 RG3 = 3.12 Ω

The Zone3 time delay (Z3PD & Z3GD) is typically set with some considerations made for Zone2 fault clearances.

 Z3PD & Z3GD = 35cyc (700 msec)

Non-Homogeneous Correction Angle:

Ground reach settings (reach & angle) are set according to the positive sequence line impedance. The Top line
of ground quadrilateral characteristics is not fixed as a horizontal reactance line. To account for phase angle tol-
erances in the line CT, VT and relay itself and short length of the line, The Top line is tilted upwards. Value of
TANG = -3° has been selected.

Load Impedance and Load Encroachment:

The value for forward load impedance is calculated in view of the full load of the transmission line with an addi-
tional margin of over loading. The second consideration is the tripping of one circuit and the transmission of total
power through one circuit only without having any effect on normal distance protection functionalities

Maximum drop in voltage due to increase in load

Zload (min) =
1.732 x Maximum load current can be transmitted through a single circuit

Maximum drop in the voltage = 80% of the voltage level

= 0.8 x 132000 = 105.6 kV
Maximum Load current = 487 A

105.6kV
Zload (min) = = 125.2 Ω
1.732 x 487 A

0.1 x 125.2 = 12.52 Ω

From the minimum load impedance, it can be seen that load encroachment is not a problem for distance protec-
tion; Hence, Load Encroachment has been chosen to be disabled.

Power Swing Detection/ Out of Step Detection:

Since power swing/ out of step is a serious condition for the system because of the flow of heavy equalizing cur-
rents. However the condition of power swing can be easily detected using the rate of change of impedance prin-
ciple in the outer zones. Power swing has been proposed to be blocked in all zones. However, settings have
been mentioned below for reference. Timer “out of step blocking time delay – OSBD” is selected to 2 cycles.

Settings selected:

1st Zone Blocking

2nd Zone Blocking
3rd Zone Blocking

Power swing or out of step is detected between the two outer zones zone-5 and zone-6 with settings:

 X1T5 = 1.2 x Z3P = 1.2 x 3.06 = 3.672Ω

 R1R5 = 1.2 x Z3P / 2 x sin (Z1 ANG) = 1.2 x 3.672 / 2 Sin(64.8) = 2.37Ω

 X1T6 = X1T5 + (R1R6 – R1R5) = 3.672 + (4.752 - 2.37) = 6.054Ω

 R1R6 = 0.9 X ZL min x cos (A) = 0.9 x 13.3 x 0.397 = 4.752 Ω

  Where,

ZL min = (VLN / IL max ) x 0.85 = [ (132 x 10³/ √3) ] / 487 ] x 0.85 = 13.3 Ω

cos A = cos [ 45° + ( 90°- Z1 ang) ] = Cos [ 45° + ( 90° - 68.4° ) ] = 0.397

Switch on to Fault (SOTF):

The switch-onto-fault function is a complementary function to the distance protection function. With the switch-
onto-fault function, a fast trip is achieved for a fault on the whole line, when the line is being energized. The
SOTF tripping is generally non-directional in order to secure a trip at a nearby three phase fault when a line po-
tential transformer is used. The non-directional trip will also give a fast fault clearing when the bus is energized
from the line, with a fault on the bus. The switch-onto-fault function can be activated either externally or automati-
cally, internally, by using the information from dead-line-detection.

In this application SOTF is activated.

The proposed settings are:

SOTF voltage reset  VRSTPU = 0.80 p.u.

52A enable time delay  52AEND = 5 cyc
Close enable time delay  CLOEND = 5 cyc
SOTF duration  SOTFD = 10 cyc

Fuse failure scheme OR Loss of Potential (LOP):

The scheme is selected for blocking of distance relay during a P.T failure condition without a fault of transmission
line.
Option “Y1” is selected now when LOP condition occurs, the voltage-polarized directional elements and all dis-
tance elements are disabled. This setting for ELOP also disables the overcurrent elements that these voltage-
polarized directional elements control.
 ii. SEL-351A Back-up Over Current Settings

Current and Voltage Transformers:

Current Transformer Ratio = 1200-600-300/5 (Note: 600/5 tap has been selected)

Back up over current settings:

Over current relay is used as back up on transmission line with a definite time delay of 0.8sec. This delay is se-
lected keeping in mind the consideration for selection of Zone 3 time of distance protection. Pick up of relay is
selected 120% of the line primary current.

Considering the 120% load of line:

Iload = 600 x 1.2 = 720 A

So,

Ipick-up = 720 / 120 = 6A

 50P1P = 6A
 67P1D = 0.8 sec

Now,

For earth fault protection, 125 A has been selected with same time delay of 0.8 second.

Ipick-up = 125 / 120 = 1.0 A

 50G1P = 1.0 A
 67G1D = 0.8 sec
4. Technical Data of the Power Transformers

a) =E02 (Transformer – 1 )

Type of cooling : ONAN / ONAF

Vector Group : Dyn11
Rated Voltage HV V : 132000
Rated Voltage LV V : 11500
Full Load current HV A : 87.48 / 113.72
Full Load current LV A : 1004.12 / 1305.35
Rated Power MVA : 20 / 26
% impedance at normal tap (12 no.) : 10.15% / 13.20 %
Type of tap changer : On load
Voltage at maximum tap V : 145200
Voltage at minimum tap V : 118800

b) =E06 (Transformer – 2 )

Type of cooling : ONAN / ONAF

Vector Group : Dyn11
Rated Voltage HV V : 132000
Rated Voltage LV V : 11500
Full Load current HV A : 43.7 / 56.9
Full Load current LV A : 502 / 652.7
Rated Power MVA : 10 / 13
% impedance at normal tap (12 no.) : 10.15% / 13.20 %
Type of tap changer : On load
Voltage at maximum tap V : 145200
Voltage at minimum tap V : 118800
5. Protection Settings Calculations for Power Transformers

a) =E02 (Transformer - 1)

i. SEL-787 Transformer Differential Protection

Current and Voltage Transformers:

Current Transformer Ratio HV side = 200-100/5 (Note: 200/5 tap has been selected)
Current Transformer Ratio LV side = 1600-800/5 (Note: 1600/5 tap has been selected)
Voltage Transformer Ratio = 132000/110

Protection Element Setting:

Functional Scope:

The relay (SEL-787) use the transformer MVA rating as a common reference point, TAP scaling converts all sec-
ondary currents entering the relay from the two windings to per unit values, thus changing the ampere values
into dimensionless multiples of TAP. Throughout the text, the term “TAP” refers to the per-unit value common to
both windings. This method ensures that, for full-load through-current conditions, all incoming current multiples of
tap sum to 1.0 and all outgoing current multiples of tap sum to –1.0, with a reference direction into the transform-
er windings.

The relay uses a standard equation to set TAPn, based on settings entered for the particular winding (n denotes
the winding number.):

MVA x 1000
TAPn = xC
√3 x VWDG x CTRn

Where;

C = 1 if WnCT is connected in Y and

C = √3 if WnCT is connected in D
MVA = Maximum Transformer capacity
VWDG = Winding line-line voltage settings in kV
CTRn = Current transformer ratio setting

The relay calculates TAPn with the following limitations:

 The tap settings are with-in the range 0.1 x Inomn and 6.2 x Inomn

 The ratio TAPmax / TAPmin ≤ 7.5

So,

 TAP1 (HV side) = 2.84

 TAP2 (LV side) = 4.08

Differential Pick-up:

Spill current calculation due to following Constant Errors:

 Tap changer regulation

 Magnetizing currents of CTs and Power transformer

Maximum full load current of transformer at normal tap (tap no. 12) =113.7 A

Corresponding maximum full load current at secondary side of C.T = In = 113.7/ 40 = 2.84 A

Maximum full load current of transformer at max.tap (tap no. 1) = 103.39 A

Corresponding maximum full load current at secondary side of C.T = In1 = 103.39/ 40 = 2.58 A
 = 0.9In

Differential current at maximum tap position = | In - In1|= | In– 0.9In| = 0.1In

Maximum full load current of transformer at min. tap (tap no. 23) = 126.36 A

Corresponding maximum full load current at secondary side of C.T. = In23 = 126.36/ 40 = 3.15 A

= 1.11In

Differential current at minimum tap position = | In17 - In| = | 1.11In – In| = 0.11In

Thus,

Tap changer regulation error = 11 %

HV side CT magnetizing current = 0.005 % (approx)
LV side CT magnetizing current = 0.007 % (approx)

Maximum differential current = 11% + 0.005% + 0.007% = 11.012%

Considering safety margin based on variations of above factors due to variation in system and environment, the
pick-up value of differential current is to be selected as:

Pick-up value of differential current = 25%

 O87P (Differential Element Pick-up) = 0.25 pu

Slope-1 Setting:

As per manufacturer's guide line, the tripping characteristic is characterized by two slopes.

Slope-1 is taking care mainly for differential currents (variable errors) at lower current range due to:

For example:

Tap changer's regulation range of power transformer and CT transformation manufacturing limitations.

CT HV side transformation error = 10%

CT LV side transformation error = 5%

Relay input CT error = 6%

Total error, Idiff = 21%

These errors increases with increase in load, to find the suitable slope consider Idiff = 30%

Therefore at full load, current I1 = 1 and due to 30% errors I2 = 0.7

Then according to stabilizing current equation,

Istab= | I1 | + | I2 | = | 1 | + | 0.7 | = 1.7

If the slope selected is 0.1, then

Idiff, y = m. x + b (slope equation)

= 0.1 x 1.7

Idiff = 0.170

Though we have 30% differential current but relay shall give tripping at 17.0%, therefore this value is not suitable.

Now, the slope selected is 0.15 at full load

Idiff, y = m. x + b (slope equation)

 = 0.15 x 1.7

Idiff = 0.255

Though we have 30% differential current but relay shall give tripping at 25.5%, therefore this value is also not
suitable.

Now, the slope selected is 0.25 at full load

Idiff, y = m. x + b (slope equation)

= 0.25 x 1.7
Idiff = 0.425

Therefore, from the above calculations we found that slope = 0.25 is better compensated for errors.

Thus, suitable setting of slope-1 is 25%

 SLP1 = 25%

Slope-2 Setting:

During external faults, the relay changes to high-security mode and switches from Slope 1 to Slope 2 to avoid
relay mal-operation resulting from CT saturation. In contrast to small CT errors for load current, CT errors during
external faults can be quite large. Although CT saturation resulting from high current magnitude is less likely to
occur with low-impedance relays, the dc component of the primary current can still cause severe CT saturation.
During CT saturation, current resulting from CT errors appears as differential current and can cause relay mal-
operation. To avoid relay mal-operation, set Slope 2 as high as possible. Normally, a high Slope 2 setting causes
slow tripping for evolving faults (external-to-internal faults). So, slope-2 has been selected at 45%.

Element IRS1 is the limit of restraining current for slope 1 operation; intersection where slope 2 begins. A good
choice of IRS1 is approximately 6.0 per unit of tap and same is selected.

 SLP2 = 45%
 IRS1 = 6

Differential Unrestrained:

The purpose of the instantaneous unrestrained current element is to react quickly to very heavy current levels
that clearly indicate an internal fault. The unrestrained differential element only responds to the fundamental fre-
quency component of the differential operating current.

% impedance of transformer at extreme lower tap (tap no. 23) = 13 % = 0.13 pu

Fault MVA at the extreme lower tap = 26 / 0.13 = 200 MVA

Considering this maximum fault MVA, we can calculate maximum fault current If

200
If = = 874 A
√3 x 132kV

Corresponding secondary current on CT = 874 / 40 = 21.87 A

 U87P (Un-restrained Differential Pick-up) = 20 A

In special cases it may be advantageous to delay the trip signal of the protection. But for this case we will not use
this delay time, and relay will give tripping command as soon as it senses differential condition above threshold.
Therefore Time delay is set zero.

2nd HARMONIC:

The Inrush current can amount to a multiple of the rated current and is characterized by a considerable 2 nd har-
monic content which is practically absent in the case of short-circuit. Stabilization during inrush condition via 2nd
harmonic content in differential current is also detected by relay which just initiates blocking of the tripping. 2nd
harmonic content can be measured roughly through relay itself during switching-ON transformer condition and
can be adjusted accordingly.

Selected Value = 15%

 PCT2 = 15

5th HARMONIC:

Steady state over excitation of transformer is characterized by odd harmonic. The fifth (5 th) harmonic is common-
ly used to avoid tripping on over-excitation.

Selected value = 40%

 PCT5 = 40
 ii. SEL-351A Transformer HV Over Current

Current and Voltage Transformers:

Current Transformer Ratio = 200-100/5 (Note: 200/5 tap has been selected)

Protection Element Setting:

Pick-up Setting:

Considering 20% overloading of the transformer

HV side current at 20% over loading = (1.2 x 26MVA) / (√3 x 132kV)

= 136.46 A

Corresponding secondary current = 136.46 / 40

= 3.40 A

Hence:

51PP (for phase fault element) = 3.40 A

For earth element, 20% of the phase pick-up has been selected, hence:

51GP (for earth fault element) = 0.68 A

Time Multiplier Setting:

Maximum through fault current at % Z = 21.87 A

Multiple of Pick up = 21.87 / 3.40 = 6.43

As per IEC Normal Inverse Characteristic Top = 0.14 x 1 / (6.43^0.02- 1) = 3.69 s at TMS = 1

For selectivity to back-up over current protection, tripping time Top is chosen as 0.6 second.

So,
Time Multiplier Setting (TMS) or Time Dial = 0.16

51PTD = 0.16

For Earth Fault:

Multiple of Pick up = 21.87 / 0.68 = 32.16

As per IEC Normal Inverse Characteristic Top = 0.14 x TMS / (32.16^0.02 - 1) = 1.94 s at TMS = 1

For selectivity to back-up over current protection, tripping time is chosen as 0.6 second.

So,
Time Multiplier Setting (TMS) or Time Dial = 0.31

51GTD = 0.31
6. Protection Settings Calculations for Power Transformers

b) =E06 (Transformer - 2)

iii. SEL-787 Transformer Differential Protection

Current and Voltage Transformers:

Current Transformer Ratio HV side = 200-100/5 (Note: 200/5 tap has been selected)
Current Transformer Ratio LV side = 1600-800/5 (Note: 1600/5 tap has been selected)
Voltage Transformer Ratio = 132000/110

Protection Element Setting:

Functional Scope:

The relay (SEL-787) use the transformer MVA rating as a common reference point, TAP scaling converts all sec-
ondary currents entering the relay from the two windings to per unit values, thus changing the ampere values
into dimensionless multiples of TAP. Throughout the text, the term “TAP” refers to the per-unit value common to
both windings. This method ensures that, for full-load through-current conditions, all incoming current multiples of
tap sum to 1.0 and all outgoing current multiples of tap sum to –1.0, with a reference direction into the transform-
er windings.

The relay uses a standard equation to set TAPn, based on settings entered for the particular winding (n denotes
the winding number.):

MVA x 1000
TAPn = xC
√3 x VWDG x CTRn

Where;

C = 1 if WnCT is connected in Y and

C = √3 if WnCT is connected in D
MVA = Maximum Transformer capacity
VWDG = Winding line-line voltage settings in kV
CTRn = Current transformer ratio setting

The relay calculates TAPn with the following limitations:

 The tap settings are with-in the range 0.1 x Inomn and 6.2 x Inomn

 The ratio TAPmax / TAPmin ≤ 7.5

So,

 TAP1 (HV side) = 1.42

 TAP2 (LV side) = 2.039

Differential Pick-up:

Spill current calculation due to following Constant Errors:

 Tap changer regulation

 Magnetizing currents of CTs and Power transformer

Maximum full load current of transformer at normal tap (tap no. 12) =56.9 A

Corresponding maximum full load current at secondary side of C.T = In = 113.7/ 40 = 2.84 A

Maximum full load current of transformer at max.tap (tap no. 1) = 103.39 A

Corresponding maximum full load current at secondary side of C.T = In1 = 103.39/ 40 = 2.58 A

= 0.9In

Differential current at maximum tap position = | In - In1|= | In– 0.9In| = 0.1In

Maximum full load current of transformer at min. tap (tap no. 23) = 126.36 A

Corresponding maximum full load current at secondary side of C.T. = In23 = 126.36/ 40 = 3.15 A

= 1.11In

Differential current at minimum tap position = | In17 - In| = | 1.11In – In| = 0.11In

Thus,

Tap changer regulation error = 11 %

HV side CT magnetizing current = 0.005 % (approx)
LV side CT magnetizing current = 0.007 % (approx)

Maximum differential current = 11% + 0.005% + 0.007% = 11.012%

Considering safety margin based on variations of above factors due to variation in system and environment, the
pick-up value of differential current is to be selected as:

Pick-up value of differential current = 25%

 O87P (Differential Element Pick-up) = 0.25 pu

Slope-1 Setting:

As per manufacturer's guide line, the tripping characteristic is characterized by two slopes.

Slope-1 is taking care mainly for differential currents (variable errors) at lower current range due to:

For example:

Tap changer's regulation range of power transformer and CT transformation manufacturing limitations.

CT HV side transformation error = 10%

CT LV side transformation error = 5%

Relay input CT error = 6%

Total error, Idiff = 21%

These errors increases with increase in load, to find the suitable slope consider I diff = 30%

Therefore at full load, current I1 = 1 and due to 30% errors I2 = 0.7

Then according to stabilizing current equation,

Istab= | I1 | + | I2 | = | 1 | + | 0.7 | = 1.7

If the slope selected is 0.1, then

Idiff, y = m. x + b (slope equation)

= 0.1 x 1.7

Idiff = 0.170

Though we have 30% differential current but relay shall give tripping at 17.0%, therefore this value is not suitable.

Now, the slope selected is 0.15 at full load

 Idiff, y = m. x + b (slope equation)

= 0.15 x 1.7

Idiff = 0.255

Though we have 30% differential current but relay shall give tripping at 25.5%, therefore this value is also not
suitable.

Now, the slope selected is 0.25 at full load

Idiff, y = m. x + b (slope equation)

= 0.25 x 1.7
Idiff = 0.425

Therefore, from the above calculations we found that slope = 0.25 is better compensated for errors.

Thus, suitable setting of slope-1 is 25%

 SLP1 = 25%

Slope-2 Setting:

During external faults, the relay changes to high-security mode and switches from Slope 1 to Slope 2 to avoid
relay mal-operation resulting from CT saturation. In contrast to small CT errors for load current, CT errors during
external faults can be quite large. Although CT saturation resulting from high current magnitude is less likely to
occur with low-impedance relays, the dc component of the primary current can still cause severe CT saturation.
During CT saturation, current resulting from CT errors appears as differential current and can cause relay mal-
operation. To avoid relay mal-operation, set Slope 2 as high as possible. Normally, a high Slope 2 setting causes
slow tripping for evolving faults (external-to-internal faults). So, slope-2 has been selected at 45%.

Element IRS1 is the limit of restraining current for slope 1 operation; intersection where slope 2 begins. A good
choice of IRS1 is approximately 6.0 per unit of tap and same is selected.

 SLP2 = 45%
 IRS1 = 6

Differential Unrestrained:

The purpose of the instantaneous unrestrained current element is to react quickly to very heavy current levels
that clearly indicate an internal fault. The unrestrained differential element only responds to the fundamental fre-
quency component of the differential operating current.

% impedance of transformer at extreme lower tap (tap no. 23) = 13 % = 0.13 pu

Fault MVA at the extreme lower tap = 26 / 0.13 = 200 MVA

Considering this maximum fault MVA, we can calculate maximum fault current I f

200
If = = 874 A
√3 x 132kV

Corresponding secondary current on CT = 874 / 40 = 21.87 A

 U87P (Un-restrained Differential Pick-up) = 20 A

In special cases it may be advantageous to delay the trip signal of the protection. But for this case we will not use
this delay time, and relay will give tripping command as soon as it senses differential condition above threshold.
Therefore Time delay is set zero.
2nd HARMONIC:

The Inrush current can amount to a multiple of the rated current and is characterized by a considerable 2nd har-
monic content which is practically absent in the case of short-circuit. Stabilization during inrush condition via 2nd
harmonic content in differential current is also detected by relay which just initiates blocking of the tripping. 2 nd
harmonic content can be measured roughly through relay itself during switching-ON transformer condition and
can be adjusted accordingly.

Selected Value = 15%

 PCT2 = 15

5th HARMONIC:

Steady state over excitation of transformer is characterized by odd harmonic. The fifth (5th) harmonic is common-
ly used to avoid tripping on over-excitation.

Selected value = 40%

 PCT5 = 40
 iv. SEL-351A Transformer HV Over Current

Current and Voltage Transformers:

Current Transformer Ratio = 200-100/5 (Note: 200/5 tap has been selected)

Protection Element Setting:

Pick-up Setting:

Considering 20% overloading of the transformer

HV side current at 20% over loading = (1.2 x 26MVA) / (√3 x 132kV)

= 136.46 A

Corresponding secondary current = 136.46 / 40

= 3.40 A

Hence:

51PP (for phase fault element) = 3.40 A

For earth element, 20% of the phase pick-up has been selected, hence:

51GP (for earth fault element) = 0.68 A

Time Multiplier Setting:

Maximum through fault current at % Z = 21.87 A

Multiple of Pick up = 21.87 / 3.40 = 6.43

As per IEC Normal Inverse Characteristic Top = 0.14 x 1 / (6.43^0.02- 1) = 3.69 s at TMS = 1

For selectivity to back-up over current protection, tripping time Top is chosen as 0.6 second.

So,
Time Multiplier Setting (TMS) or Time Dial = 0.16

51PTD = 0.16

For Earth Fault:

Multiple of Pick up = 21.87 / 0.68 = 32.16

As per IEC Normal Inverse Characteristic Top = 0.14 x TMS / (32.16^0.02 - 1) = 1.94 s at TMS = 1

For selectivity to back-up over current protection, tripping time is chosen as 0.6 second.

So,
Time Multiplier Setting (TMS) or Time Dial = 0.31

51GTD = 0.31
7. 11kV Switchgear Protection Settings

a) 11kV Incoming Protection Settings

i. SEL-551C LT Over-Current and Earth Fault

Current Transformers:

Current Transformer Ratio = 1600-800/5 (Note: 1600/5 tap has been selected)

Protection Element Setting:

Transformer full load current on 11.5kV side = 1305.35 A

And with 20% Over load = 1566.42 A

Now,

For Phase Element:

Plug Setting Is = (1566.42 / 1600) x In

= 4.89

Hence, selected Plug settings

Is = 4.8

% impedance of transformer at extreme lower tap (tap no. 23) = 13 % = 0.13 pu

Fault MVA at the extreme lower tap = 26 / 0.13 = 200 MVA

Considering this maximum fault MVA, we can calculate maximum fault current I f on LV Side

200
If = = 10.04 kA
√3 x 11.5kV

Corresponding secondary current on CT = 10041 / 320 = 31.37 A

And,

Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM) = 31.37 / 4.89 = 6.41

As per IEC Normal Inverse Characteristic Top = 0.14 x TMS / (6.410.02 - 1) = 3.63s at TMS=1
Operating time/Tripping Time chosen as = 0.4 sec
Time Multiplier Setting or Time Dial = 0.11

 51P1P = 4.8
 51P1TD = 0.11

For Earth Fault Element:

Plug Setting Calculated = 0.2 x In = 0.2 x 5 = 1

Plug Setting Selected Is =1A
And,
As per IEC Normal Inverse Characteristic Top = 0.14 x TMS / (300.02 - 1) = 1.99s at TMS=1
Operating time / Tripping Time chosen as = 0.4 sec
Time Multiplier Setting or Time Dial = 0.2

 51G1P = 1
 51G1TD = 0.2
 ii. CDG21 LT Neutral Standby AC series Earth Fault

Current Transformers:

Current Transformer Ratio = 1600-800/5 (Note: 1600/5 tap has been selected)

Protection Element Setting:

For Earth Fault Element:

Plug Setting Calculated = 0.2 x In = 0.2 x 5 = 1

Plug Setting Selected Is =1A
And,
Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM) = 30
Operating time , Top = 0.4 sec
Time Multiplier Setting xt = 0.2
Range available = 0.05---1.00
Time Multiplier Setting (for 1.3sec Curve) = 0.3

Instantaneous Element = Blocked

 b) 11kV Outgoing Protection Settings

i. SEL-551C Feeder Over-Current and Earth Fault

Current Transformers:

Current Transformer Ratio = 400-200/5 (Note: 400/5 tap has been selected)

Protection Element Setting:

For Phase Element:

Plug Setting Calculated = 0.9 x In = 0.9 x 5 = 4.5

Plug Setting Selected Is =4A

Secondary Fault current on CT = 10041 / 80 = 125.5 A

Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM) = 125.5 / 4 = 31.37

PSM Selected = 30
As per IEC Normal Inverse Characteristic Top = 0.14 x TMS / (300.02 - 1) = 1.99s at TMS=1
Operating time / Tripping Time chosen as = 0.4 sec

Time Multiplier Setting or Time Dial = 0.2

 51P1P = 4
 51P1TD = 0.2

Instantaneous Element

Plug Setting Range = 0.5 ….. 80 A

Plug Setting Selected Is = 10 x In = 50 A
 50P1P = 50

For Earth Fault Element:

Plug Setting Calculated = 0.2 x In = 0.2 x 5 =1

Plug Setting Selected Is =1A
And,
Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM) = 125.5
As per IEC Normal Inverse Characteristic Top = 0.14 x TMS / (1250.02 - 1) = 1.386s at TMS=1
Operating time / Tripping Time chosen as = 0.4 sec
Time Multiplier Setting or Time Dial = 0.3
 51G1P = 1
 51G1TD = 0.3

Instantaneous Element

Plug Setting Range = 0.5 ….. 80 A

Plug Setting Selected Is = 8 x In = 40 A
 50G1P = 40

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