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Ebasco_ECE 110 Lab 1

The laboratory report details an experiment on Amplitude Modulation (AM) using SCILAB software, focusing on analyzing AM signals with varying modulation indices. The experiment involved generating and plotting the carrier, modulating, and amplitude-modulated signals, confirming that the carrier amplitude varies according to the modulating signal. Results showed a modulation index indicating a 50% modulation depth, with suggestions for future work including testing different modulation indices.

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8 views5 pages

Ebasco_ECE 110 Lab 1

The laboratory report details an experiment on Amplitude Modulation (AM) using SCILAB software, focusing on analyzing AM signals with varying modulation indices. The experiment involved generating and plotting the carrier, modulating, and amplitude-modulated signals, confirming that the carrier amplitude varies according to the modulating signal. Results showed a modulation index indicating a 50% modulation depth, with suggestions for future work including testing different modulation indices.

Uploaded by

Joseph Joestar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ECE 110: Communications 1 – Principles of Communication Systems

Laboratory Report 1
Amplitude Modulation Using SCILAB
Software
March 5, 2025

2nd Sem AY 2024-2025

Submitted by:

Allen Chreed Ebasco

Submitted to:

Engr. Lovely Mae D. Balamad


1.0 OBJECTIVES

 To analyze Amplitude Modulation (AM) signals with different

modulation indices and other types of AM signals.

2.0 EQUIPMENT / APPARATUS

 SCILAB Software

3.0 THEORY

Amplitude Modulation (AM) is a technique used in electronic

communication, most commonly for transmitting information via a radio

carrier wave. AM works by varying the amplitude of the carrier signal in

proportion to the amplitude of the message signal (modulating signal).

The equation for an AM wave is:

s ( t )=( A c + A m cos ( 2 π f m t ) )cos( 2 π f c t ¿ )¿where:

 Ac = Amplitude of the carrier signal

 f c = Carrier frequency

 Am = Amplitude of the modulating signal

 f m = Modulating frequency

The modulation index (m) is given by:

Am
m=
Ac

which determines how much the carrier amplitude varies. If m>1, the

signal is over-modulated, leading to distortion. If m=1 , it is 100%

modulated, and if m<1, it is under-modulated.

4.0 LABORATORY PROCEDURE


1. Open SCILAB and create a new script.

2. Define the parameters:

 Carrier frequency = 5 kHz

 Amplitude of carrier = 9 V

 Modulating frequency = 500 Hz

 Amplitude of modulating signal = 4.5 V

 Sampling time = 100 ms

3. Use the SCILAB code provided below to generate and plot the AM

signal.

4. Run the script and observe the generated graphs for the carrier

signal, modulating signal, and amplitude-modulated signal.

5.0 SCILAB CODE

// Define parameters
fc = 5000; // Carrier frequency in Hz
Ac = 9; // Amplitude of carrier signal in V
fm = 500; // Modulating frequency in Hz
Am = 4.5; // Amplitude of modulating signal in V
fs = 10*fc; // Sampling frequency (10 times carrier frequency)
t = 0:1/fs:0.1; // Time vector for 100 ms

// Generate signals
carrier = Ac * cos(2 * %pi * fc * t);
modulating = Am * cos(2 * %pi * fm * t);
modulated = (Ac + modulating) .* cos(2 * %pi * fc * t);

// Plot Carrier Signal


subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t, carrier);
title("Carrier Signal");
xlabel("Time (s)");
ylabel("Amplitude (V)");
grid();

// Plot Modulating Signal


subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t, modulating);
title("Modulating Signal");
xlabel("Time (s)");
ylabel("Amplitude (V)");
grid();

// Plot AM Signal
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t, modulated);
title("Amplitude Modulated Signal");
xlabel("Time (s)");
ylabel("Amplitude (V)");
grid();

6.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of the experiment are presented in three graphical

representations. The first graph (Figure 1) illustrates the carrier signal,

which is a high-frequency cosine wave with a constant amplitude. The

second graph (Figure 2) represents the modulating signal, which is a

lower-frequency cosine wave that dictates the variations in the carrier

wave. Finally, the third graph (Figure 3) shows the amplitude-modulated

(AM) signal, where the carrier wave’s amplitude is modulated according to

the amplitude variations of the modulating signal.

From the analysis of the generated AM waveform, it can be

observed that the amplitude of the carrier varies in direct proportion to

the modulating signal. The modulation index is calculated as: which

indicates a 50% modulation depth. This means that the carrier amplitude

fluctuates between 4.5V and 13.5V, following the variations in the

modulating wave. The expected AM characteristics are clearly observed,

demonstrating the fundamental principles of amplitude modulation.


Figure 1. Carrier Signal

Figure 2. Modulating Signal

Figure 3. Amplitude Modulated Signal

7.0 CONCLUSION

This experiment demonstrated the generation of an Amplitude

Modulated (AM) signal using SCILAB. The results confirm that AM varies

the carrier amplitude according to the modulating signal. The modulation

index was calculated, and its effect on the waveform was observed.

Future work can include testing different modulation indices and analyzing

frequency spectra.

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