Outline Differentiation Rules

Calculus I -Differentiation Rules

Jihoon Lee

Department of Math. CAU

Week 2, Spring semester, 2025

Outline Differentiation Rules

1 Differentiation Rules
Product and Quotient Rules, Trigonometric Functions
The Chain Rule and Implicit Differentiation
Derivatives of Logarithmic functions
Rate of Change in Science and Engineering
Exponential Growth and Decay
Related rates
Outline Differentiation Rules

Product and Quotient Rules, Trigonometric Functions

Product Rules

Product Rule
If f and g are both differentiable, then
d d d
(f (x)g (x)) = f (x) (g (x)) + g (x) (f (x)).
dx dx dx

Example
If f (x) = xe x , then find n-th derivative f (n) (x).
Outline Differentiation Rules

Product and Quotient Rules, Trigonometric Functions

Product rule
Outline Differentiation Rules

Product and Quotient Rules, Trigonometric Functions

Quotient Rules

Quotient Rule
If f and g are both differentiable, then
 ′
f gf ′ − g ′ f
= .
g g2

Example
ex
Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve y = (1+x 2 )
at the
1
point (1, 2 e).
Outline Differentiation Rules

Product and Quotient Rules, Trigonometric Functions

Derivatives of trigonometric functions

We note that

sin(x + h) = sin x cos h + cos x sin h.

sin(x + h) − sin x sin x cos h + cos x sin h − sin x

lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
cos h − 1 sin h
= sin x · lim + cos x · lim
h→0 h h→0 h

Derivative of sine function

d
(sin x) = cos x
dx
Outline Differentiation Rules

Product and Quotient Rules, Trigonometric Functions

Derivative of sine function

Outline Differentiation Rules

Product and Quotient Rules, Trigonometric Functions

Derivatives of trigonometric functions

Derivative of cosine function

Similarly, we have
d
(cos x) = − sin x
dx

By the quotient rule, we have

Derivatives of trigonometric functions
d d
(tan x) = sec2 x (cot x) = − csc2 x
dx dx
d d
(sec x) = sec x tan x (csc x) = − csc x cot x
dx dx
Outline Differentiation Rules

Product and Quotient Rules, Trigonometric Functions

Derivatives of trigonometric functions

Example
sec x
Differentiate f (x) = 1+tan x . For what values of x does the graph
of f have a horizontal tangent?
Outline Differentiation Rules

The Chain Rule and Implicit Differentiation

Chain Rule

Chain Rule It turns out that the derivative of the composite

function f ◦ g is the product of the derivatives of f and g .
Chain Rule
If g is differentiable at x and f is differentiable at g (x), then the
composite function F = f ◦ g defined by F (x) = f (g (x)) is
differentiable at x and F ′ is given by the product

F ′ (x) = f ′ (g (x)) · g ′ (x).

In Leibniz notation, if y = f (u) and u = g (x) are both

differentiable functions, then
dy dy du
= · .
dx du dx
Outline Differentiation Rules

The Chain Rule and Implicit Differentiation

Example

√
1) Find F ′ (x) if F (x) = x 2 + 1.

2) Differentiate y = sin(x 2 ).

Power rule and Chain rule

If n is any real number, and g (x) is differentiable, then

d
[g (x)]n = n[g (x)]n−1 · g ′ (x).
dx
Outline Differentiation Rules

The Chain Rule and Implicit Differentiation

Examples

1) Differentiate y = e cos x .

2) Differentiate y = ax , where a > 0 is a constant.

3) Differentiate y = sin(cos(tan x)).

Outline Differentiation Rules

The Chain Rule and Implicit Differentiation

Implicit Function

In some cases, it is better to express the relation in the implicit

function form like f (x, y ) = k. It is contrasted with the explicit
function form y = f (x).
x 2 + y 2 = 25 is a typical example.
Outline Differentiation Rules

The Chain Rule and Implicit Differentiation

Folium of Descartes

x 3 + y 3 = 6xy
Descartes proposes a problem to Fermat for finding a tangent line
at any point. Fermat easily solved the problem.
Outline Differentiation Rules

The Chain Rule and Implicit Differentiation

Implicit Differentiation

Example
dy
(a) If x 2 + y 2 = 25, then find dx .

(b) Find an equation of tangent to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 25 at the

point (3, 4).
Outline Differentiation Rules

The Chain Rule and Implicit Differentiation

Implicit Differentiation

Example
(a) Find y ′ if x 3 + y 3 = 6xy .

(b) Find the tangent of folium of Descartes x 3 + y 3 = 6xy at the

point (3, 3).

(c) At what points in the first quadrant is the tangent line

horizontal?
Outline Differentiation Rules

The Chain Rule and Implicit Differentiation

Example

Example
Find y ′ if sin(x + y ) = y 2 cos x.

Example
If x 2 + xy + y 3 = 1, find the value of y ′′′ at the point where x = 1.
Outline Differentiation Rules

The Chain Rule and Implicit Differentiation

Example

1) Find y ′′ if
x 4 + y 4 = 16.

2) Prove that
1
(f −1 )′ (x) =
f ′ (f −1 (x))
provided that the denominator is nonzero.
Outline Differentiation Rules

The Chain Rule and Implicit Differentiation

Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions

(arcsinx)′

d 1
(sin−1 x) = √ .
dx 1 − x2

(arctanx)′

d 1
(tan−1 x) = .
dx 1 + x2
Outline Differentiation Rules

The Chain Rule and Implicit Differentiation

Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions

Derivatives
d −1 x) 1
= − √1−x d −1 x) = x √x12 −1
dx (cos 2 dx (sec
d −1 x) 1
= − 1+x d −1 x) = − x √x12 −1
dx (cot 2 dx (csc

Example
√
Find y ′ if y = x arctan x.
Outline Differentiation Rules

The Chain Rule and Implicit Differentiation

2nd week Homework(Due : March 14th)

1) The figure shows a circular arc of length s and a chord of

length d, both subtended by a central angle θ. Find
s
lim .
θ→0+ d

2) Find the 1000th derivative of f (x) = xe −x .

Outline Differentiation Rules

The Chain Rule and Implicit Differentiation

2nd week Homework(Due : April 1st)

√ √
3) If x 4 + y 4 = 8, then find y ′′ at the point ( 2, − 2).
q 
4) Find f ′ (x) if f (x) = arctan 1−x
1+x (x ̸= −1).
5) Two curves are orthogonal if their tangent lines are
perpendicular at each point of intersection. Show that the
families of curves

y = cx 2 , x 2 + 2y 2 = k

are orthogonal trajectories of each other, that is, every curve

in one family is orthogonal to every curve in the other family.
Outline Differentiation Rules

The Chain Rule and Implicit Differentiation

Summary

Product Rule, Quotient Rule

Derivatives of trigonometric functions
Chain Rule
Implicit Function Differentiation
Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions
Outline Differentiation Rules

Derivatives of Logarithmic functions

(loga x)′

Derivatives of Logarithmic functions

d 1
(loga x) = .
dx x ln a
d 1
(ln x) =
dx x
d g ′ (x)
(ln g (x)) =
dx g (x)
Outline Differentiation Rules

Derivatives of Logarithmic functions

Examples

 
1) Find y ′ if y = ln √x+1
x−2
.

2) Find y ′ if y = ln |x|.
Outline Differentiation Rules

Derivatives of Logarithmic functions

Logarithmic Differentiation
3) Differentiate the following functions
3√
x 4 x 2 +1
(a) y = (3x+2)5

√
(b) y = x x

f (x) = ln x

ln(1 + x) − ln 1 1
f ′ (1) = lim = lim ln(1 + x) x
x→0 x x→0
 n
1
e = lim 1 + .
n→∞ n
Outline Differentiation Rules

Rate of Change in Science and Engineering

Rate of Change : Physics

Instantaneous rate of change of y with respect to x

dy ∆y
= lim
dx ∆x→0 ∆x
Outline Differentiation Rules

Rate of Change in Science and Engineering

Rate of Change : Physics

Velocity, Acceleration
The position of a particle is given by

s = f (t) = t 3 − 6t 2 + 9t

Find the velocity at time t. When is the particle at rest? When is

the particle moving forward? Find the accerelation at time t.
When is the particle speed up?
Outline Differentiation Rules

Rate of Change in Science and Engineering

Rate of Change : Physics

linear density
If rod or wire is nonhomogeneous, then the average density is given
by
∆m f (x2 ) − f (x1 )
= ,
∆x x2 − x1
where f (x) is a mass measured from its left end to the point x.
The linear density is given by
∆m dm
ρ = lim = .
∆x→0 ∆x dx
Outline Differentiation Rules

Rate of Change in Science and Engineering

Rate of Change : Physics

current
A current exists whenever electric charges move. If ∆Q is the net
charge that passes through this surface during a time period ∆t,
then the average current during this time interval is defined as ∆Q
∆t .

∆Q dQ
I = lim = .
∆t→0 ∆t dt
Outline Differentiation Rules

Rate of Change in Science and Engineering

Rate of Change : Chemistry

Rate of reaction
An example of chemical reaction is

2H2 + O2 → 2H2 O.

If we have the reaction A + B → C , then

d[A] d[B] d[C ]
the rate of reaction = − =− =
dt dt dt
[A] denotes the number of moles of the reactant A per litre. If we
have the reaction aA + bB → cC + dD, then the rate of reaction is
1 d[A] 1 d[B] 1 d[C ] 1 d[D]
− =− = =
a dt b dt c dt d dt
Outline Differentiation Rules

Rate of Change in Science and Engineering

Rate of Change : Biology

Blood velocity
Consider the blood vessel by a cylindrical tube with radius R and
length l

The law of laminar flow or Poiseuille’s law

P
v= (R 2 − r 2 )
4ηl
dv
velocity gradient = dr .
Outline Differentiation Rules

Rate of Change in Science and Engineering

Rate of Change : Economics

Marginal cost
Suppose C (x) is the total cost that a company incurs in producing
x units of a certain commodity. The function C is called a cost
function.

marginal cost = C ′ (x).

Outline Differentiation Rules

Rate of Change in Science and Engineering

Example

Example
Suppose that the cost (in dollars) for a company to produce x pairs
of a new line of jeans is C (x) = 2000 + 3x + 0.01x 2 + 0.0002x 3 .
(a) Find the marginal cost function.
(b) Find C ′ (100) and its meaning. What does it predict?
(c) Compare C ′ (100) with the cost of manufacturing the 101st
pair of jeans.
Outline Differentiation Rules

Rate of Change in Science and Engineering

Summary

Logarithmic Differentiation
Applications of differentiation in sciences and engineering
Outline Differentiation Rules

Exponential Growth and Decay

Law of natural growth/decay

Law of natural growth/decay

If the rate of change of y (t) is proportional to its size,

dy
= ky
dt
We call the above as the law of natural growth if k > 0 or the law
of natural decay if k < 0.

Theorem
The only solutions of dy /dt = ky are the exponential functions

y (t) = y (0)e kt .
Outline Differentiation Rules

Exponential Growth and Decay

Law of natural growth/decay

Population growth
The rate P1 dP
dt is the relative growth rate.
By the Malthus’ law,
dP
= kP, P(t) = P0 e kt
dt

Example
Use the fact that the world population was 2560 million in 1950
and 3040 million in 1960 to model the population of the world in
the second half of the 20th century. What is the relative growth
rate? Use the model to estimate the world population in 1993 and
to predict the population in the year 2020
Outline Differentiation Rules

Exponential Growth and Decay

Law of natural growth/decay

Radioactive decay
Radioactive substances decay by spontaneously emitting radiation.
If m(t) is the mass remaining from an initial mass m0 of the
substance after time t, then

m(t) = m0 e kt k is negative const.

half-life : the time required for half of any given quantity to decay

Example
The half-life of radium-226 is 1590 years. (a) A sample of
radium-226 has a mass of 100 mg. Find a formula for the mass of
the sample that remains after t years. (b) Find the mass after
1000 years correct to the nearest milligram. (c) When will the
mass be reduced to 30 mg?
Outline Differentiation Rules

Exponential Growth and Decay

Law of natural growth/decay

Newton’s law of cooling

The rate of cooling of an object is proportional to the temperature
difference between the object and its surroundings, provided that
this difference is not too large
dT
= k(T − Ts )
dt

Example
A bottle of soda pop at room temperature (72◦ F) is placed in a
refrigerator where the temperature is 44◦ F. After half an hour the
soda pop has cooled to 61◦ F.
(a) What is the temperature of the soda pop after another half
hour?
(b) How long does it take for the soda pop to cool to 50◦ F?
Outline Differentiation Rules

Exponential Growth and Decay

Law of natural growth/decay

Continuously Compound Interest

If $1000 is invested at 6% interest, compounded annually, then
after 1 year the investment is worth $1060, after 2 years it’s worth
1000(1.06)2 = 1123.60, and after t years it’s worth $1000(1.06)t .
Outline Differentiation Rules

Related rates

Related rates example

Example
Air is being pumped into a spherical balloon so that its volume
increases at a rate of 100cm3 /s. How fast is the radius of the
balloon increasing when the diameter is 50 cm?
Outline Differentiation Rules

Related rates

Related rates example

Example
A ladder 5 m long rests against a vertical wall. If the bottom of
the ladder slides away from the wall at a rate of 1 m/s, how fast is
the top of the ladder sliding down the wall when the bottom of the
ladder is 3 m from the wall?
Outline Differentiation Rules

Related rates

Related rates example

Example
A water tank has the shape of an inverted circular cone with base
radius 2 m and height 4 m. If water is being pumped into the tank
at a rate of 2m3 /min, find the rate at which the water level is
rising when the water is 3 m deep.
Outline Differentiation Rules

Related rates

Related rates example

Example
Car A is traveling west at 50km/h and car B is traveling north at
60km/h. Both are headed for the intersection of the two roads. At
what rate are the cars approaching each other when car A is 0.3
km and car B is 0.4 km from the intersection?
Outline Differentiation Rules

Related rates

Related rates example

Example
A man walks along a straight path at a speed of 4 m/s. A
searchlight is located on the ground 20 m from the path and is
kept focused on the man. At what rate is the searchlight rotating
when the man is 15 m from the point on the path closest to the
searchlight?
Outline Differentiation Rules

Related rates

2nd week Homework(Due : April 1st)

6) Find y ′ if x y = y x .
7) Find y ′′ if y = ln ln ln x.
8) Newton’s Law of Gravitation says that the magnitude F of the
force exerted by a body of mass m on a body of mass M is
GmM
F =
r2
where G is the gravitational constant and r is the distance
between the bodies.
(a) Find dF /dr and explain its meaning. What does the
minus sign indicate?
(b) Suppose it is known that the earth attracts an object with
a force that decreases at the rate of 2 N/km when r = 20,000
km. How fast does this force change when r = 10,000 km?
Outline Differentiation Rules

Related rates

2nd week Homework(Due : April 1st)

9) When a cold drink is taken from a refrigerator, its

temperature is 5◦ C. After 25 minutes in a 20◦ C room its
temperature has increased to 10◦ C.
(a) What is the temperature of the drink after 50 minutes?
(b) When will its temperature be 15◦ C?
10) If a snowball melts so that its surface area decreases at a rate
of 1 cm2 /min, find the rate at which the diameter decreases
when the diameter is 10 cm.
11) A runner sprints around a circular track of radius 100 m at a
constant speed of 7 m/s. The runner’s friend is standing at a
distance 200 m from the center of the track. How fast is the
distance between the friends changing when the distance
between them is 200 m?
Outline Differentiation Rules

Related rates

Week2 Homeworks

12) A car is traveling at night along a highway shaped like a

parabola with its vertex at the origin (see the figure left). The
car starts at a point 100 m west and 100 m north of the origin
and travelsin an easterly direction. There is a statue located
100 m east and 50 m north of the origin. At what point on
the highway will the car’s headlights illuminate the statue?
13) The figure in the right shows a circle with radius 1 inscribed in
the parabola y = x 2 . Find the center of the circle.
Outline Differentiation Rules

Related rates

Summary

Law of Natural Growth and Decay

Related Rates