Design and Analysis of A Simplified Non-isolated

Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for Energy Storage

Systems
2022 International Conference on Intelligent Controller and Computing for Smart Power (ICICCSP) | 978-1-6654-7258-6/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICICCSP53532.2022.9862364

Gaurav1, Nakka Jayaram1, Sukanta Halder2, Kaibalya Prasad Panda1, P S V Kishore1

1 Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem, India, 534101
2Department of Electrical Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT), Surat, India, 395007
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract—To retain voltage and frequency stability in the weight, compactness, relative simplicity and ease of use
power system network, non-conventional energy sources like solar compared to the majority of isolated topologies [21].
and wind require energy storage systems. Energy storage devices However, conventional bidirectional topologies have certain
(ESDs) such as batteries and super capacitors require
drawbacks in terms of the voltage gain necessary for specific
bidirectional DC-DC converters (BDDC) to enable power
exchange under the required conditions. In this paper, a novel applications [22]-[23]. For solving this problem, some of the
bidirectional DC-DC converter is proposed which has quadratic techniques adopted in DC-DC converters are soft switching,
voltage gain in both boost and buck operating modes. It has low turning on and off the switch at zero-voltage and zero current
charging and discharging ripple, continuous input and output switching, at some instant of time which make use of resonance
current capability, wide conversion range. All these features help between inductors and capacitors. Interleaved structure, in
the DC bus and storage devices work together more efficiently.
which the current splitting (io/n) takes place and the ripple
The suggested converter is analyzed in step-up and step-down
modes and it is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment cancelation is effectively achieved by this technique. Other
accordance with the converter design. Further, the mathematical techniques such as inductors coupling, switched capacitor-
analysis in various conditions is explained. Finally, experimental based design technique, even hybridized switched capacitor-
data confirm the performance of the suggested converter. inductor based converters are used to achieve higher voltage
gain and enhance the efficiency simultaneously. In some of the
Index Terms— Quadratic converter, DC-DC converter, non- DC-DC converters, hard-switching techniques are used to
isolated, bidirectional.
improve the voltage gain of converters. Because of the high
gain required in many applications, the converters mostly
I. INTRODUCTION
operate at a high duty-cycle and frequency which frequently
The ESDs play a significant role in the development of green results in a more delay for turning off the power semiconductors
energy in the present scenario [1] – [4]. Renewable energy device, resulting in not only lower efficiency but also higher
sources (RES) are used to reduce the consumption of fossil costs. However, it causes problems like electromagnetic
fuels and it is used for the integration of off-grid [5] and on-grid interference (EMI) [20], [24]. In recent years several quadratic
[6]-[8] applications. Because of the uncertain, floating nature of
Buck-Boost converters have been developed which has the
the most renewable energy sources, they are unsuitable for
capability of power exchange in both the direction, the literature
stand-alone operation [8] – [10]. Some of RES like hydrogen
and fuel cells contains high electrochemical energy but usually study in [23] - [26] gives sufficient information to solve the
require back up power at initial condition [8], [9]. Generally, it above issues.
is required to have energy storage devices such as super- Considering all the above issues, a transformer less
capacitors and batteries to compensate the fluctuation so that BDDC with quadratic voltage gain is proposed in this paper.
the stability of power system will be maintained and power The block diagram of the system using the proposed converter
can flow smoothly to the load side [11]. is shown in Fig. 1. The key features of the proposed converter
In such case, BDDC plays a key role for transferring the are:
power from ESD to the other parts of the system [12]. There are (a) Input and output currents are non-pulsating
numerous DC-DC converters have been developed in recent
decades which are presented in literature [12], [17]. ESDs are (b) Reduced voltage and current ripples
determined by the operational conditions. Different isolated
(c) Bidirectional property with minimum number of
topologies of BDDCs have been described in the literature for
components
achieving the objective to integrate with ESDS. These structures
have large number of switching devices and a transformer that Further, Section II introduces the proposed topology
increases the switching losses and cost, also the control of these including the detailed analysis of the converter. A comparison
systems is more complex [18–19]. In order to overcome these is carried out in Section III to verify the advantages. Section IV
limitations, many transformer-less topologies have been and V explores the simulation and experimental results under
mentioned in [16]-[18]. Typically, these topologies have different operating conditions. Finally, Section VI concludes
superior efficiency and lower complexity, lower magnetic the work.

978-1-6654-7258-6/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE

Authorized licensed use limited to: Saveetha Engineering College. Downloaded on November 06,2024 at 05:24:24 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 αVs + (1 − α )(Vs − Vc ) = 0 (1)
αVc + (1 − α )(Vc − Vbus ) = 0 (2)

Solving the above two equations (1) and (2), the gain of
proposed converter in discharge mode is given by equation (3).

Vbus 1 (3)
=
Fig. 1. Schematic block diagram of a hybrid energy storage system with a Vs (1 − α )2
bidirectional converter.

Buck mode (charging mode): For the charging operation

II. PROPOSED POWER CONVERTER OPERATION of proposed converter, the energy from load Vbus is delivered to
The circuit diagram of the proposed converter is Vs. In this mode, the switches T2, T3 are in off state, and the
shown in Fig.2 which is appropriate for battery or super switch T4 is always in on state. Switch T1 is the only switch
capacitor-based renewable energy applications. This quadratic responsible for the energy transfer. The operation of the
DC-DC converter has a larger conversion range, continuous proposed converter in CCM is validated by steady state analysis.
input and output current. This converter also has a simplified In one complete switching period, the converter is operating in
interfacing control technique since only one switch needs to be both charging and discharging modes.
controlled for each mode of operation. The other switches
present in the topology are either always on or off. The First condition: Initially when the switch is T1 is on during
operating modes of proposed converter has been analyzed in the interval 0<t<αTS, the current in both inductors L1 and L2
both boost and buck modes. While discharging, the converter rises in linear way. The energy from DC bus is transferred to L2
acts as a boost converter in which the energy is delivered from and the capacitor C present in this topology starts releasing its
source side to load side (VS to Vbus). The discharge mode is stored energy and gives to L1 which is depicted in Fig. 3(c).
having two conditions in one switching period which is
represented by two equivalent circuits shown in Fig. 3(a) and Second condition: In this condition, the switch T1 is turned
(b). In the discharging condition, for simplifying the analysis, off for a time period (1-α)Ts. Current in L1, L2 falls linearly and
the proposed converter is assumed to be in continuous- the energy stored in inductors is transferred to the capacitor and
conduction mode (CCM) in steady-state. It is also presumed to the Vbus respectively which is shown in the Fig. 3(d).
that capacitor C does have a large enough value so that the
voltage across it is stable. The voltage gain of proposed topology during charging mode is
obtained by applying the same volt-sec balance on the inductors.
Boost mode (discharge mode): In this operating mode, The equations shown in (4), (5) are obtained using the above
the switches T1 and T4 are off and the switch T3 is always on stated principal which are represented below.
switched on to avoid increased switching losses. Switch T2 is
the only single switch responsible for energy transfer through α (Vc − VS ) − (1 − α )VS = 0 (4)
duty cycle α. (5)
α (Vc − Vbus ) − (1 − α )VC = 0
First condition: In this mode, the switch T2 is turned on,
and the two inductors L1 and L2 are charged, with current By solving the above equations (4) and (5), the gain of the
increasing linearly in them. The input source charges the converter is obtained and is given by equation (6).
inductor L1, and the capacitor's stored energy is transmitted to
the inductor L2. Fig. 3(a) depicts the corresponding circuit.  Vbus  2
  =α (6)
 Vs 
Second condition: As shown in Fig. 3(b), the switch T2 is
off for second mode of operation, and it is complementary of
the first mode (1-α)Ts. In this mode, the two inductors present
in circuit discharge, and the energy stored in inductors is
delivered to the capacitor present in the circuit and to the load
V bus.

The gain of the converter in this boost mode is calculated

by volt-sec balance principal on the inductors. The following
relationships are obtained which are represented in equations
(1), and (2).

Fig. 2. Bidirectional proposed converter topology.

Authorized licensed use limited to: Saveetha Engineering College. Downloaded on November 06,2024 at 05:24:24 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 leads to higher order circuit and the cost of overall converter
becomes more.
IV. SIMULATION ANALYSIS
Simulations are used to validate the proposed bidirectional
quadratic converter and its operating modes. The
MATLAB/Simulink platform is used to run these simulations.
The converter is simulated using the following parameters: VS
= 25 V, Vbus = 175 V, L1 = 2.2 mH, L2 = 1.5 mH, C = 150 F,
and the switching frequency is 15 kHz. The simulation results
in discharge (boost) and charge (buck) mode, are shown in Figs.
4 and 5. Figure 4 depicts the input voltage Vs, voltage across
the capacitor VC, and output voltage (Vbus) (a). The suggested
converter's high voltage conversion ratio is validated by the
preceding results. In Fig. 4(b), current ripple in two inductors is
also nearly similar in magnitude which validates continuous
nature of inductor current. The voltage across the switch T1 and
stress across T2 is validated from the Fig. 4(c) & (d).
Fig. 5 shows the simulation results under charging mode. This
result confirms the CCM mode of operation. Fig. 5(a) shows the
input voltage Vs, capacitor voltage VC which is nearly 60 V and
the output voltage (Vbus). The inductor currents are

Fig. 3. Operating modes (a), (b) Circuit in discharge operation. (c), (d)
Circuit in charging operation

III. COMPARISON WITH OTHER TOPOLOGIES

Table I compares the proposed topology to existing
quadratic gain buck-boost topologies. The proposed topology
can only support bidirectional power flow. The topologies in
[13], [14] have discontinuous input current although they are
having less component which has advantage in overall cost
minimization. The topologies in [15], [16] have continuous
input current like the proposed topology but the proposed
topology has a smaller number of components especially
reduction in one MUR860 diode which reduces the conduction
loss in the circuit. For non-conventional energy applications,
continuous input current is the main advantage of proposed Fig. 4. Simulation analysis, (a) Input voltage, capacitor voltage, load voltage in
topology, and also it has reduced charge discharge ripple. The discharging mode, (b) Both inductor current IL1, IL2, (c) Voltage of thyristorVT1
higher number of reactive components present in [15], [16] (d) Voltage of thyristorVT2.

Authorized licensed use limited to: Saveetha Engineering College. Downloaded on November 06,2024 at 05:24:24 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 TABLE I COMPARISON EVALUATION OF VARIOUS QUADRATIC BUCK –BOOST CONVERTER WITH PROPOSED TOPOLOGY
COMPONENTS [13] [14] [15] [16] PROPOSED
Switches 1 2 2 2 4
Diode 3 2 3 3 2
Inductor 2 2 2 2 2
Capacitor 2 3 3 3 1
Total 8 8 10 10 9
Voltage gain 2
α (2 − α )
 α   2α   2α  1
      2 2
 (1 − α ) 2   (1 − α ) 2  (1 − α ) (1 − α )
 (1 − α )     
Voltage stress 1 1 1 1  Vt1 = Vl 2 
 
(1 − α ) (1 − α ) (1 − α ) (1 − α )  Vt 2 = V1 + Vbus − VL1 
2 2 2
1+ α  Vt 3 = Vc1 
 α   α   α   
      (1 − α )
2
 Vt 4 = Vbus 
 (1 − α )   (1 − α )   (1 − α ) 
BPF NO NO NO NO YES

illustrated in Fig. 5 (b) & (d), which shows the continuous

nature of inductor current. The stress across the switches T1
and T2 are presented in Fig. 5 (c) & (e), respectively.

V. EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION
A prototype is developed in the laboratory for
experimental validation in both modes for the proposed
topology. The experimental set up comprises of dSPACE
1104 controller, four MOSFET switches (IRF740), and two
diodes (MUR860). The gate driver circuit is built using
TLP250 opto-coupler, which provides isolation and enables
amplification of the switching pulses. A load resistance of
approximately 1kW is used in the setup and a 4-channel
oscilloscope (TDS1000C) is used for collecting the resulted
signals. All the system specification are mentioned in Table
II.
In discharge cycle mode, the duty cycle is taken as 0.65.
Fig. 6(a) depicts the input voltage VS, capacitor voltage VC,
and output voltage Vbus, and all experimental results are
validated with simulation results. Fig. 6(a) also depicts that
the power converter has a high voltage gain and that the
capacitor voltage falls within the input and output voltage
range. The continuous inductor currents iL1 and iL2 can be
found using Figs. 6 (b) and (c). The stress of the switches T1
and T2 is also shown in Fig. 6 (b) and (c).
The findings in charge mode are shown in Fig. 7. The
results of input voltage, capacitor voltage, and output voltage
are presented in Fig. 7(a). The inductor currents iL1

TABLE II: SYSTEM PARAMETERS

System parameter Attributes
L1 1.2 mH
L2 2.2 mH
C1 150μF
V1 25V
Fig. 5. Simulation analysis (a) input voltage, capacitor voltage, load voltage
(b) Inductor current L1 (c) Voltage of thyristor VT1 (d) Inductor current L2
V2 175 V
(e) Voltage of thyristor VT2 f 15KHZ
R 350 Ω, 1 kW

Authorized licensed use limited to: Saveetha Engineering College. Downloaded on November 06,2024 at 05:24:24 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 (a) (b) (c)
Fig. 6. Discharge mode: Experimental results (0.2 ms/div): (a) Input voltage (25 V/div), voltage across capacitor (70 V/div), output voltage (top to bottom) (180
V/div), (b) Stress on switch T1 (180 V/div), current in inductor L1 (0.2 A/div), (c) Stress on switch T2 (20 V/div) and current in inductor L2 (0.2 A/div).

(a) (b) (c)

Fig.7. Charging mode: Experimental results (0.2 ms/div): (a) Input voltage (180 V/div), capacitor voltage (70 V/div), output voltage (bottom to top) (25 V/div), (b)
Stress on switch T1 (50 V/div), current in inductor L1 (0.2 A/div), (c) Stress on switch T2 (70 V/div) and current in inductor L2 (0.2 A/div).

and iL2 are presented in Fig. 7(b) & 7(c), which validates [2] V. Fern˜ao Pires, D. Foito, and A. Cordeiro, “Bidirectional boost/buck
quadratic converter for distributed generation systems with electrochemical
the converter operation in CCM. In this mode duty cycle is storage systems,” in Proc. IEEE Inter. Conf. Renew. Energy Res. Appl.,
taken as 0.35. The substantial drop in output voltage is Nov. 2016, pp. 879–884.
confirmed, which is verified using the obtained experimental [3] P. K. Sorte, K. P. Panda and G. Panda, "Current Reference Control Based
MPPT and Investigation of Power Management Algorithm for Grid-Tied
result. In the charging state, the voltage stress of switch T1
Solar PV-Battery System," IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 386-
and stress on switch T2 are shown in Fig. 7(b) & 7(c). The 396, March 2022.
simulation results are in satisfactory correlation with the [4] P. K. Sorte, K. P. Panda, R. Peesapati and G. Panda, "An Improved
experimental results of proposed topology. Control Strategy for Single-Phase Single-Stage Grid-Tied PV System With
Current Reference MPPT Control," 2020 IEEE International Conference on
Computing, Power and Communication Technologies (GUCON), pp. 461-
VI. CONCLUSION 466, 2020.
[5] E. Karden, S. Ploumen, B. Fricke, T. Miller, and K. Snyder, “Energy
This paper proposes a modified transformer less storage devices for future hybrid electric vehicles,” Elsevier, J. Power
BDDC with a quadratic gain, which is suitable for renewable Sources, vol. 168, no. 1, pp. 2–11, 2007.
energy applications according to its design consideration and [6] S. Vazquez, S. M. Lukic, E. Galvan, L. G. Franquelo, and J. M. Carrasco,
advantages. In comparison to conventional Buck-Boost “Energy storage systems for transport and grid applications,” IEEE Trans.
Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 12, pp. 3881–3895, Dec. 2010.
quadratic converter, it has a quadratic nature of voltage gain [7] A. Payman, S. Pierfederici, and F. Meibody-Tabar, “Energy
in both the modes (boost/buck) at low value of duty cycle. It management in a fuel cell/super capacitor multisource/multi load electrical
has characteristic to operate respectively in both the hybrid system,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 2681–
2691,Dec. 2009.
operating modes, boost and buck with the requirement of
[8]S. Ding and F. Wang, “A new negative output buck–boost converter with
present distributed generation network. Furthermore, this wide conversion ratio,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 64, no. 12,pp.
converter has non pulsating nature of input and output 9322–9333, Dec. 2017.
currents, reduced ripple current, and better operational [9] S. Mekhilef, R. Saidur, and A. Safari, “A review on solar energy use in
flexibility for connecting the renewable energy source and industries,” Elsevier, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1777–
1790, 2011.
the storage devices. Keeping in consideration to maintain the [10] T. A. Nhi. Nguyen, Duong D. Le, G. Moshi, C. Bovo, and A. Berizzi,
stability criteria of power system network, the proposed DC- “Sensitivity analysis on locations of energy storage in power systems with
DC converter topology may recommend for applications wind integration,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 5185–
with the integration of energy storage devices, batteries or 5193,Nov./Dec. 2016.
[11] P. Xiong and C. Singh, “Optimal planning of storage in power systems
super capacitors. The proposed converter is mathematically integrated with wind power generation,” IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy,vol.
examined and for authenticity and it is verified using a 7, no. 1, pp. 232–240, Jan. 2016.
prototype built in laboratory conditions. [13] J. Fu, B. Zhang, D. Qiu, and W. Xiao, “A novel single switch cascaded
DC-DC converter of boost and buck-boost converters,” in Proc. 16thEur.
Conf. Power Electron. Appl., Lappeenranta, Finland, Aug. 2014,pp. 1–9.
REFERENCES. [14] H. Ardi and A. Ajami, “Study on a high voltage gain SEPIC based DC–
DC converter with continuous input current for sustainable energy
[1] S. Murali, K. P. Panda and G. Panda, "PV-HESS fed BLDC Driven applications,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 33, no. 12,pp. 10403–
Water Pumping System with PSO-based MPP Tracking Employing Zeta 10409, Dec. 2018.
Converter," 2018 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT
Asia), pp. 196-201, 2018.

Authorized licensed use limited to: Saveetha Engineering College. Downloaded on November 06,2024 at 05:24:24 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
[15] S. Miao, F. Wang, and X. Ma, “A new transformer less buck–boost [22] R. D. Middle brook, “Small-signal modeling of pulse-width modulated
converter with positive output voltage,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.,vol. 63, switched-mode power converters,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 76, no. 4,pp. 343–354,
no. 5, pp. 2965–2975, May 2016. Apr. 1988.
[16] J. C. Rosas-Caro, V. M. Sanchez, J. E. Valdez-Resendiz,J. C. Mayo- [22] A. Samosir and A. Yatim, “Implementation of dynamic evolution
Maldonado, F. Beltran-Carbajal, andA. Valderrabano-Gonzalez, “Quadratic control of bidirectional DC-DC converter for interfacing ultra capacitor
buck-boost converter with positive output voltage and continuous input energy storage to fuel-cell system,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no.
current for PEMFC systems,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 42, no. 51, pp. 10,pp. 3468–3473, Oct. 2010.
30400–30406,Dec. 2017. [23] A. K. Rathore, D. R. Patil, and D. Srinivasan, “Non-isolated
[17] J. C. Rosas-Caro, J. E. Valdez-Resendiz, J. C. Mayo-Maldonado, A. bidirectional soft-switching current-fed LCL resonant DC/DC converter to
Alejo-Reyes, and A. Valderrabano-Gonzalez, “Quadratic buck–boost interface energy storage in DC microgrid,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 52,
converter with positive output voltage and minimum ripple point design, no. 2, pp. 1711–1722, Mar./Apr. 2016.
”IET Power Electron., vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 1306–1313, Jun. 2018. [24] L. H. S. C. Barreto et al., “A quasi-resonant quadratic boost converter
[18] S. Ding and F. Wang, “A new negative output buck–boost converter using a single resonant network,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 52,no. 2,
with wide conversion ratio,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 64, no. 12,pp. pp. 552–557, Apr. 2005.
9322–9333, Dec. 2017. [25] M. A. Khan, A. Ahmed, I. Husai, Y. Sozer, and M. Badawy,
[19] J. Li and J. Liu, “A negative-output high quadratic conversion ratio “Performance analysis of bidirectional DC–DC converters for electric
DC–DC converter with dual working modes,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vehicles,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 3442–3452, Jul./Aug.
vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 5563–5578, Jun. 2019. 2015.
[20]D. Zhang, D. Y. Chen, and F. C. Lee, “An experimental comparison of [26] M. R. Banaei and H. A. F. Bonab, “A novel structure for single-switch
conducted EMI emissions between a zero-voltage transition circuit and a non isolated transformer less buck–boost DC–DC converter,” IEEE Trans
hard switching circuit,” in Proc. IEEE Power Electron. Spec. Conf., 1996, .Ind. Electron., vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 198–205, Jan. 2017.
pp. 1992–1997.
[21] M. R. Banaei and S. G. Sani, “Analysis and implementation of anew
SEPIC-based single-switch buck–boost DC–DC converter with continuous
input current,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 33, no. 12,pp. 10317–
10325, Dec. 2018.

Authorized licensed use limited to: Saveetha Engineering College. Downloaded on November 06,2024 at 05:24:24 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.