Co-ordinate Geometry

Transformation of Co-ordinates
Translation of Axes
1) Find the new coordinates of the point (1, -2) when the origin is changed to (1, -1) the new axes being
parallel respectively to the original.

2) Transform to parallel axes through the point (1, -2) the equation 𝑦 2 – 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 8 = 0.

3) Transform the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 12 = 0 on transferring the origin to (3, -2).

4) Find the coordinates of the point on transferring the origin to which the equation

𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 5 = 0 does not contain linear terms in x & y. Also find the new
equation.

5) Transform to parallel axes through (-2, 2), the equation 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 10𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 21 =
0
Rotation of Axes

1. Transform the equation 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 2√2 𝑥 − 10√2 𝑦+ = 0 when the axes are turned
through 45° .

2. Transform the axes inclined at 45° the equation 𝑥 4 +𝑦 4 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 .

3. Transform the equation 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 − √2 𝑥 = 0 into an equation removing 𝑥𝑦 term by rotating

the co-ordinated system.

4. Show that the equation 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 0 by transferring to axes through the point (−1,0)
inclined at an angle of 45° with the original axes becomes √2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 = 0 .

Pair of Straight Lines

a) Write down the general equation of the second degree.

b) To find the condition that the general equation of the second degree may represent two straight lines
also find the Point of intersection of the two lines.
c) Prove that, A homogeneous equation of second degree always represents a pair of straight lines
passing through the origin.

1. Prove that the equation 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 + 8𝑥 + 14𝑦 + 8 = 0 represents two straight lines. Find
their point of intersection.
2. Find the value of k so that equation 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑘𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 9 = 0 may represent a pair of
straight lines.
3. For what value of λ will the equation λ𝑥 2 − 10𝑥𝑦 + 12𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 − 16𝑦 − 3 = 0 represent a pair of
straight lines? Also find the equations of the lines.
 Angle Between the Pair of Straight Lines
a) To find the angle between the lines represented by the equation
𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 and also find the condition that the above line may be perpendicular and
parallel.

1. Find the angle between the straight lines represented by the equation,
2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑦 2 = 0.
2. Find the angle between the pair of straight lines
(i) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 = (𝑥 cos𝛽 − 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽)2
(ii) 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 = 0
3. Show that the two straight lines 𝑥 2 (𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 + 𝑦 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 0. Make with the
axis of x, angles such that the difference of their tangents is 2.
4. Prove that the equation 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 − 29𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 18 = 0 Represents two straight lines.
Find their point of intersection and the angle between these two lines.

Pair of Bisectors
1. Find the equation of the bisectors of the angle between the lines 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑦 2 = 0

2. Prove that the straight lines 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 𝜆 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 0 have the same

pair of bisectors for all values of 𝜆 .
3. If the pair of straight lines 𝑥 2 − 2𝑝𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 − 2𝑞𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 0 be such that

each pair bisects the angles between the other pair, then prove that 𝑝𝑞 = −1 .

Lines through the Origin and the Points of Intersection of a Line and Curve

1. Find the angle between the lines joining the origin to the intersection of the lines 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2 =
0 with the curve 𝑦 2 − 17𝑥𝑦 + 10𝑥 + 16𝑦 − 12 = 0

2. Show that the lines joining the origin to the intersection of 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 =
0 and 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 1 are at right angles.

3. Find the angle between the lines joining the origin to the intersection of the lines 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2 =
0 with the curve 𝑦 2 − 17𝑥𝑦 + 16𝑦 − 12 = 0

4. Find the angle which the chord 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 − 0 of the 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 4 = 0 subtends at the
origin.

5.Prove that the angle between the lines joining the origin to points of intersection of the line 𝑦 =
2√2
3𝑥 + 2 with the curve 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 11 is 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ).
3
 System of circle
1. Find the angle of intersection of the circles

2 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 16𝑦 + 28 = 0 and 𝑥² + 𝑦² + 2𝑥 − 5 = 0
2. Find the angle at which the circles

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 intersect.
3 Find the angle of intersection of the circles

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 1 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 12 = 0

Orthogonal circles
a) Define Orthogonal circles.
1. Show that the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 4 = 0 and
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑥 + 14𝑦 + 58 = 0 intersect at the right angles.
2. Show that the circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 12 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 12 = 0 are
orthogonal to each other.

Radical Axis and Radical Centre

a) Define Radical Axis and Radical Centre.

1. Find the radical axis of the circles
2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 5 = 0
3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 7𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 11 = 0
2. Find the radical axis and the length of common chord of the two circles
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 4 = 0 and
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4 = 0
3. Find the radical axis of the circles
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5 = 0
3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 7𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 11 = 0 Ans.𝑥 + 10𝑦 = 2

4. Find the radical centre of the circles

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1 = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 5 = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 15 = 0
Also find equation of the circle cutting them orthogonally.
5. Find the radical centre of the circles

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 1 = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 5 = 0
7 11
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0 Ans.(6 , 6 )
 Vector Analysis
Gradient, Divergence, Curl
A) Find the gradient of
1. 𝐴(x, y, z) = 𝑥 4 𝑦 3 𝑧 3 + 𝑥𝑦 3 − 5𝑦 2 𝑧 2
2. 𝐹(x, y, z) = 𝑥 4 𝑦 3 − 𝑦 3 − 𝑧 2 at the point (-1, 0, 2).
3. 𝑉(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) at the point (2, 0, 5).
Directional Derivatives
B) Find the Directional Derivatives of
i) 𝐹(x, y, z) = 𝑥 4 − 𝑦 3 − 𝑧 2 at the point (-1, 1, 2) in the direction of A = 2i+ 2j + k
ii) 𝐹(x, y, z) = 𝑥 −4 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 2 at the point (-1, 0, 2) in the direction of A = i+ 2j - 3k
iii) 𝑉(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 at the point (1, 0, 5) in the direction of A = 2i-2j + k

Divergence
C) Find the Divergence of
i) 𝐴(x, y, z) = 𝑒 4𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝒊 + 𝑦 3 𝒋 − 𝑧 3 𝒌
ii) 𝐴(x, y, z) = 2𝑥 −4 𝒊 + 𝑦 3 𝒋 − 5𝑦𝑧 3 𝒌 at the point (-1, 0, 4)
iii) 𝑉(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 5 𝒊 + 6𝑥𝑦 3 𝒋 − 𝑦𝑧 4 𝒌 at the point (1, 0, 2)
Curl
D) Find the Curl of
i) 𝐴(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 𝒊 + 𝑥𝑦 3 𝒋 + 𝑦𝑧 3 𝒌
ii) 𝐴 = 𝑥 2 𝑧 2 𝒊 − 2𝑦 2 𝑧 2 𝒋 + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧𝒌 at the point (-1, 0, 8)

1. Let 𝛷 = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 − 4𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 . Find the directional derivative of 𝛷 at 𝑃(1, 3, 1) in the direction of 2i - j -

2k
2. Suppose Find ∇. A or (div A) at the point P(1, -1, 1).
3. Determine the constant a so that the following vector is solenoidal.
𝑉 = (−4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 3𝑧)𝑖 + (−2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 5𝑧)𝑗 + (5𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧)𝑘
4. Suppose A = 𝑥 2 𝑧 2 𝑖 − 2𝑦 2 𝑧 2 𝑗 + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧𝑘. Find ∇ × 𝐴 (or curl A) at the point 𝑃 = (1, −1, 1).