32

TE

Electrolysis

Chapter preview Some substances decompose when electricity passes through them.

32.1 Electrolysis — a process involving redox reactions

32.2 Electrolysis of molten sodium chloride
32.3 Electrolysis of sodium chloride solution
32.4 Electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate solution
32.5 Electrolysis of dilute sulphuric acid
32.6 Factors affecting preferential discharge of ions
32.7 Electroplating: an application of electrolysis
32.8 Environmental impact of the electroplating industry

Prior knowledge & Quick review

(For Chapter 32)
 All answers
Applications of electrolysis in
modern life

Some reactive metals (e.g. aluminium and magnesium) are used in making electronic products. These
metals are extracted from their ores by electrolysis. In addition, the metals (e.g. copper) used in making
the circuit of these products need to be of very high purity. These metals are purified by electrolysis.

The manufacture of these smart watches requires using different pure metals.

Think about...
1 What is the meaning of the term ‘electrolysis’?


2 The set-up used for conducting electrolysis is called an electrolytic cell. How does an electrolytic
cell work?

3 Do you know other applications of electrolysis?

After studying this chapter, you should be able to answer the above questions.

electrolysis 電解
electrolytic cell 電解池
 Electrolysis 32
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32.1 Electrolysis — a process involving redox
reactions
Electrolysis means decomposition by electricity. When electricity
passes through an electrolyte which is melted (i.e. in molten state) or
dissolved in water (i.e. in an aqueous solution), redox reactions take place.
During electrolysis, the electrolyte decomposes and electrical energy is
converted to chemical energy.

Electrolysis is carried out in electrolytic cells. A simple set-up for

electrolysis is shown in Figure 32.1.

d.c. power supply – in the

laboratory, a battery is often used.
This acts as an ‘electron pump’.

rheostat – for varying the resistance of the

Learning tip circuit, thus regulating the current.
The ammeter and the ammeter – for measuring
rheostat may be omitted the electric current
in some electrolytic passing through the electron flow
circuit. The unit of
set-ups.
current is ampere, A.

anode cathode

anion cation

electrolyte (either melted or

dissolved in water)

Figure 32.1 A simple set-up for electrolysis

The terms listed in Table 32.1 are commonly used in electrolysis.

Term Meaning

Electrolytic cell The set-up in which electrolysis is carried out.

Electrolyte A compound that conducts electricity when melted

or dissolved in water.

Electrode A conductor that is immersed in the electrolyte and

connected to a d.c. power supply. It is usually solid
metal or graphite.

electrode 電極 electrolyte 電解質 ammeter 安培計 d.c. power supply 直流電源

electrolysis 電解 electrolytic cell 電解池 ampere 安培 rheostat 變阻器
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VII Redox Reactions, Chemical Cells and Electrolysis
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Term Meaning

Anode The electrode at which oxidation takes place. It is

connected to the positive terminal of a d.c. power
supply. It is the positive electrode in the electrolytic
cell.

Cathode The electrode at which reduction takes place. It is

connected to the negative terminal of a d.c. power
supply. It is the negative electrode in the electrolytic
cell.

Anion During electrolysis, anions (negative ions) are

attracted towards the anode (+).

Cation During electrolysis, cations (positive ions) are

attracted towards the cathode (–).

Table 32.1 Terms commonly used in electrolysis

Key point
Electrolysis is a process in which redox reactions take place when
electricity passes through an electrolyte (either melted or dissolved in
water).

Comparing a chemical cell and an electrolytic cell

In a chemical cell, chemical changes cause electrons to flow outside the
cell. That is, the cell generates electricity. In an electrolytic cell, the passage
of electricity (through electrodes) causes chemical changes to occur in the
electrolyte, i.e. electrical energy produces chemical changes. See Figure 32.2.

Chemical cells

Chemical Electrical
changes energy

Electrolytic cells
(electrolysis)

Figure 32.2 Comparing chemical cells and electrolytic cells

anion 陰離子 cathode 陰極

114 anode 陽極 chemical cell 化學電池
cation 陽離子
 Electrolysis 32
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Figure 32.3 shows an electrolytic cell connected to a chemical cell.

CHEMICAL CELL

positive electrode negative electrode

(cathode) (anode)

electron
flow

positive electrode negative electrode

(anode) (cathode)
electrolyte

ELECTROLYTIC CELL

Figure 32.3 An electrolytic cell connected to a chemical cell

We should note that:

• the cathode (+) of the chemical cell is connected to the anode (+) of
the electrolytic cell.

• the anode (–) of the chemical cell is connected to the cathode (–) of
the electrolytic cell.

Key point
Oxidation always takes place at the anode while reduction always
takes place at the cathode.

The similarities and differences between a chemical cell and an

electrolytic cell are summarized in Table 32.2.

Chemical cell Electrolytic cell

Function A device for generating electricity A device for bringing about

from chemical changes chemical changes by electrical
energy

Type of reaction involved Redox reaction Redox reaction

Polarity of electrode cathode Positive electrode (+); reduction Negative electrode (–); reduction
and chemical change anode Negative electrode (–); oxidation Positive electrode (+); oxidation

Table 32.2 Similarities and differences between a chemical cell and an electrolytic cell

oxidation 氧化<作用/反應> polarity 極性

reduction 還原<作用/反應>
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Class practice 32.1
At which electrodes does oxidation occur in a chemical cell and an electrolytic
cell respectively?
Chemical cell Electrolytic cell
A. Positive electrode Negative electrode
B. Negative electrode Positive electrode
C. Positive electrode Positive electrode
D. Negative electrode Negative electrode

32.2 Electrolysis of molten sodium chloride

Flipped classroom As learnt in Chapter 10, sodium is extracted by the electrolysis of
Electrolysis of
molten sodium chloride. Figure 32.4 shows a set-up for the electrolysis of
molten sodium
chloride using molten sodium chloride.
graphite electrodes
electron
flow

anode cathode
(graphite) (graphite)

crucible

molten sodium
Figure 32.4 The set-up for the
chloride
electrolysis of molten sodium chloride
heat using graphite electrodes

Figure 32.5 shows the changes at the surfaces of electrodes during the
electrolysis of molten sodium chloride.
d.c. power supply as
an ‘electron pump’
‘electron pump’ draws electrons ‘electron pump’ forces
away from the anode electrons into the cathode

Cl
Cl

anode cathode
(graphite) + (graphite)
Cl
– Na Na
+
Na
– Na
Cl
–
Cl
crucible Na
+ molten
– sodium
Cl
Figure 32.5 The changes at the + chloride
Na
surfaces of electrodes during the
electrolysis of molten sodium chloride

molten sodium chloride 熔融氯化鈉 heat

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 Electrolysis 32
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At the cathode:
Think about it + –
Why does Na() instead Na () + e Na() (reduction)
of Na(s) form during the +1 0
electrolysis of molten
Thus, a silvery liquid forms at the cathode.
sodium chloride?

The positive terminal of the d.c. power supply draws electrons away
from the anode of the electrolytic cell. This makes the anode positively
– –
Learning tip charged. Cl ions are attracted to the anode. Each Cl ion loses one
–
In electrolysis, the term electron to form a Cl atom. We say that the Cl ion is discharged. The
‘discharge’ means
chlorine atoms would join up in pairs to form chlorine molecules.
gaining or losing of
electrons to become
electrically neutral. At the anode:
– –
2Cl () Cl2(g) + 2e (oxidation)
–1 0
What’s wrong
What is wrong with the Thus, a yellowish green gas evolves at the anode.
following sentence?
‘A brown gas evolves at During electrolysis, the number of electrons gained by cations is equal
the anode when the
molten sodium chloride
to that lost by anions. The overall reaction is thus:
is replaced by molten
2NaCl() 2Na() + Cl2(g) (redox)
sodium iodide in Figure
32.4.’
The discharge of ions takes place only on the surface of electrodes.

Key point
During electrolysis, electrons move between the electrodes through
the external circuit and mobile ions move in the electrolyte.

Class practice 32.2

1. The diagram below shows a set-up for the electrolysis of molten lead(II)
bromide.

graphite graphite
electrode X electrode Y

crucible

molten lead(II)
bromide

heat

(a) What is the expected observation at each electrode during the

electrolysis?
(b) Write the half equation for the reaction that occurs at each electrode.
Cont’d
discharge 放電
molten lead(II) bromide 熔融溴化鉛(II)
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2. Which of the following statements concerning electrolysis is/are correct?

(1) Negative ions move towards the anode through the external circuit.
(2) Electrons move from the anode to the cathode of an electrolytic cell
through the external circuit.
(3) The cathode of an electrolytic cell is connected to the positive
terminal of a chemical cell.
A. (1) only
B. (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (2) and (3) only

32.3 Electrolysis of sodium chloride solution

Electrolysis of very dilute sodium chloride solution

Experiment 32.1
Investigating the effect Consider the electrolysis of very dilute sodium chloride solution using
of concentration on graphite electrodes in an electrolytic cell (Figure 32.6).
preferential discharge of
ions
oxygen

Experiment video hydrogen

Investigating the effect
of concentration on electrolytic cell
preferential discharge
of ions
very dilute
graphite sodium chloride
Experiment 32.2 solution

Investigating the
electrolysis of dilute
sodium chloride solution Figure 32.6 Electrolysis of very
– –
using microscale e e dilute sodium chloride solution
apparatus using graphite electrodes

Experiment video Ionic compounds are electrolytes. When sodium chloride dissolves in
Investigating the water, it dissociates to form mobile ions.
electrolysis of dilute
sodium chloride solution water + –
using microscale apparatus NaCl(s) Na (aq) + Cl (aq) dissociation

mobile ions

+ –
Water itself ionizes very slightly to form H (aq) and OH (aq) ions.

+ –
H2O() H (aq) + OH (aq) ionization
molecules
mobile ions

very dilute sodium chloride solution 非常稀的氯化鈉溶液

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 Electrolysis 32
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+
Flipped classroom Therefore, in very dilute sodium chloride solution, there are Na (aq)
Electrolysis of – + –
ions and Cl (aq) ions, as well as H (aq) ions and OH (aq) ions.
sodium chloride
solution using
graphite electrodes Ions present in very dilute NaCl solution:

Cation Anion
+ –
From sodium chloride (NaCl) Na (aq) Cl (aq)
+ –
From water (H2O) H (aq) OH (aq)

At the cathode (graphite electrode):

+ +
During the electrolysis, both Na (aq) and H (aq) ions are attracted to the
+
cathode. H (aq) ions are preferentially discharged (reduced) to form
+ +
hydrogen gas because H (aq) is lower than Na (aq) in the Electrochemical
Series. See Figure 32.7.
Learning tip
+ –
The reaction at the cathode 2H (aq) + 2e H2(g) (reduction)
can also be written as: +1 0
–
2H2O() + 2e
–
H2(g) + 2OH (aq)
CATIONS
+
K
2+
Ca
+
Na
2+
Mg
increasing ease of
3+
Al discharge at the cathode
2+ (increasing readiness to
Zn gain electrons)
2+
Fe
2+
Pb
+
H
2+
Cu OH
–
...

–
Ag
+ I
...

– increasing ease of
Br discharge at the anode
– (increasing readiness to
Cl
lose electrons)
–
NO3
2–
SO4
ANIONS

Figure 32.7 The order of discharge of ions according to their positions in the
Electrochemical Series

Electrochemical Series 電化序

preferentially discharged 優先放電
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VII Redox Reactions, Chemical Cells and Electrolysis
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+
Water molecules ionize continuously to replace the H (aq) ions
discharged.
+ –
H2O() H (aq) + OH (aq)
+
for replacing the H (aq)
ions discharged
–
The excess OH (aq) ions around the cathode make the solution there
alkaline. If a few drops of universal indicator are added to the solution,
the solution around the cathode turns blue.

At the anode (graphite electrode):

– – –
Both Cl (aq) and OH (aq) ions are attracted to the anode. OH (aq) ions are
–
preferentially discharged (oxidized) to form oxygen gas because OH (aq) is
–
higher than Cl (aq) in the Electrochemical Series. See Figure 32.7 again.
Learning tip – –
Graphite is not 4OH (aq) O2(g) + 2H2O() + 4e (oxidation)
completely inert. The –2 0

oxygen liberated would

–
react with the graphite Water molecules ionize continuously to replace the OH (aq) ions
(carbon) electrode to +
discharged. The excess H (aq) ions around the anode make the solution
form carbon dioxide.
there acidic. If a few drops of universal indicator are added to the solution,
the solution around the anode turns red.

Overall reaction:
Combination of the two half equations results in:
Learning tip 2H2O() 2H2(g) + O2(g)
In Chapter 38, you will Volume ratio: 2 1
learn that for all gases
under the same Changes in the electrolytic solution:
conditions, mole ratio =
volume ratio. The overall equation shows that the reaction is indeed the electrolysis
of water. As the mole ratio of H2 to O2 formed is 2 : 1, their volume ratio
will also be 2 : 1. See Figure 32.8. As electrolysis continues, water is
decomposed. The concentration of sodium chloride solution increases.

NaCl

–
Na
+
Cl
– –
e e
+ –
H OH
+ –
Figure 32.8 H (aq) and OH (aq) ions are
H2 O preferentially discharged in the electrolysis
discharged of very dilute sodium chloride solution using
graphite cathode graphite anode graphite electrodes.

universal indicator 通用指示劑

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Summary of discharge of ions and observable changes:

At the cathode At the anode

+ – –
Half equation 2H (aq) + 2e H2(g) 4OH (aq)
–
O2(g) + 2H2O() + 4e

Observable Colourless gas bubbles Colourless gas bubbles

changes evolve evolve

Example 32.1

Predicting anodic and cathodic reactions as well as observable changes during the
electrolysis of very dilute sodium chloride solution
The diagram below shows a set-up for the electrolysis of 0.01 M sodium chloride solution using
graphite electrodes.

graphite electrode X graphite electrode Y

0.01 M NaCl(aq)

(a) State and explain the expected observation at each of the following electrodes during the
electrolysis.
(i) Electrode X
(ii) Electrode Y
(b) Write the half equation for the reaction that occurs at each of the following electrodes.
(i) Electrode X
(ii) Electrode Y
(c) If a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator are added to the solution, what would be observed
around electrode X? Explain briefly.

Solution
+
(a) (i) Colourless gas bubbles evolve. H (aq) ions are preferentially discharged to form H2(g) because
+ +
H (aq) is lower than Na (aq) in the Electrochemical Series.
–
(ii) Colourless gas bubbles evolve. OH (aq) ions are preferentially discharged to form O2(g)
– –
because OH (aq) is higher than Cl (aq) in the Electrochemical Series.
+ –
(b) (i) 2H (aq) + 2e H2(g)
– –
(ii) 4OH (aq) O2(g) + 2H2O() + 4e
– + +
(c) The solution around electrode X would turn pink as [OH (aq)] > [H (aq)] when H (aq) ions are
consumed.

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Electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride
solution
1. Using graphite electrodes
Now consider the electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride
solution using graphite electrodes in an electrolytic cell (Figure 32.9).

hydrogen chlorine

electrolytic cell

concentrated sodium
graphite electrodes chloride solution

Figure 32.9 Electrolysis of concentrated – –

e e
sodium chloride solution using graphite
electrodes

Ions present in concentrated NaCl solution:

Cation Anion
+ –
From sodium chloride (NaCl) Na (aq) Cl (aq)
+ –
From water (H2O) H (aq) OH (aq)

At the cathode (graphite electrode):

+ +
During electrolysis, both Na (aq) and H (aq) ions are attracted to the
+
cathode. H (aq) ions are preferentially discharged (reduced) to form
+ +
hydrogen gas because H (aq) is lower than Na (aq) in the Electrochemical
Series.
+ –
2H (aq) + 2e H2(g) (reduction)
+1 0

At the anode (graphite electrode):

– –
Both Cl (aq) and OH (aq) ions are attracted to the anode. The positions of
Learning tip – –
In electrolysis of Cl (aq) and OH (aq) in the Electrochemical Series are not too far apart (see
–
concentrated sodium Figure 32.7 again). Due to the high concentration of Cl (aq) in the
chloride solution, chlorine –
gas is the main product at
solution, Cl (aq) ions are preferentially discharged (oxidized) to form
–
the anode. Some OH (aq) chlorine gas as the main product.
ions are also discharged to – –
form oxygen gas. 2Cl (aq) Cl2(g) + 2e (oxidation)
–1 0

concentrated sodium chloride solution 濃氯化鈉溶液

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 Electrolysis 32
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If a few drops of universal indicator are added to the solution, the
solution around the anode turns red and then colourless very quickly.

When chlorine dissolves in water, hydrochloric acid and

hypochlorous acid form. Hydrochloric acid turns universal indicator
red. Hypochlorous acid turns the universal indicator colourless because
of its bleaching action.

Cl2(g) + H2O() HCl(aq) + HOCl(aq)

hydrochloric hypochlorous
acid acid

Overall reaction:
Combination of the two half equations results in:
+ –
2H (aq) + 2Cl (aq) H2(g) + Cl2(g)
Volume ratio: 1 1

The overall equation shows that the volume ratio of H2(g) formed at
the cathode and Cl2(g) formed at the anode is 1 : 1. However, the actual
volume of Cl2(g) collected would be smaller than that of H2(g). This is
because Cl2(g) is quite soluble in water.

Changes in the electrolytic solution:

As electrolysis goes on, water molecules ionize continuously to replace the
+
H (aq) ions discharged.
+ –
H2O() H (aq) + OH (aq)
+
for replacing the H (aq)
ions discharged

– –
OH (aq) ions accumulate. At the same time, Cl (aq) ions are consumed.
The electrolytic solution therefore gradually becomes concentrated in
sodium hydroxide, which is alkaline. See Figure 32.10.

Learning tip –
NaCl e
Platinum cannot be used
as electrodes for the –
Na
+
Cl
electrolysis of concentrated
sodium chloride solution e
–

because the chlorine + –

H OH
produced attacks the
platinum.
H2O
discharged
graphite cathode graphite anode

+ –
Figure 32.10 H (aq) and Cl (aq) ions are preferentially discharged in the
electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride solution using graphite electrodes.
hydrochloric acid 氫氯酸
hypochlorous acid 次氯酸
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Summary of discharge of ions and observable changes:

At the cathode At the anode

+ – – –
Half equation 2H (aq) + 2e H2(g) 2Cl (aq) Cl2(g) + 2e

Observable Colourless gas bubbles A yellowish green gas

changes evolve evolves

2. Using mercury cathode and graphite anode

When concentrated sodium chloride solution is electrolysed using a
mercury cathode (Figure 32.11), sodium rather than hydrogen is
produced at the cathode.

Learning tip plastic-covered graphite

Mercury is toxic. Water wire (as anode)

is added to the left arm

of the U-tube in order concentrated sodium
to prevent the water chloride solution
evaporation of mercury.

bare platinum wire

mercury (as cathode)

Figure 32.11 A simple set-up for the electrolysis of concentrated sodium

chloride solution using a mercury cathode and a graphite anode

Industrially, sodium metal is extracted on similar principles. But they

use a more efficient and larger scale set-up.

Ions present in concentrated NaCl solution:

Cation Anion
+ –
From sodium chloride (NaCl) Na (aq) Cl (aq)
+ –
From water (H2O) H (aq) OH (aq)

Learning tip
Sodium amalgam is a At the cathode (mercury electrode):
liquid alloy of sodium in + +
Although Na (aq) is a much weaker oxidizing agent than H (aq), the use of
mercury. It can be
+ +
considered as a solution mercury as the cathode favours the discharge of Na (aq) ions. Na (aq) ions
of sodium metal in are preferentially discharged (reduced) to form sodium metal, which
mercury.
immediately dissolves in the mercury cathode to give sodium amalgam.

concentrated sodium chloride solution 濃氯化鈉溶液 sodium amalgam 鈉汞齊 bare 外露的
124 mercury cathode 汞陰極
 Electrolysis 32
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+ –
Na (aq) + e Na(s) (reduction)
+1 0

Na(s) + Hg() Na/Hg()

sodium amalgam

At the anode (graphite electrode):

– –
Due to the high concentration of Cl (aq) in the solution, Cl (aq) ions are
preferentially discharged (oxidized) to give chlorine gas as the main
product.
– –
2Cl (aq) Cl2(g) + 2e (oxidation)
–1 0

Overall reaction:
Combination of the two half equations results in:
+ –
2Hg() + 2Na (aq) + 2Cl (aq) 2Na/Hg() + Cl2(g)

Changes in the electrolytic solution:

+ –
As electrolysis continues, both the amounts of Na (aq) ions and Cl (aq)
ions decrease. The sodium chloride solution thus becomes more and
more dilute. See Figure 32.12.

discharged

– NaCl e
–
e
+ –
Na Cl

+ –
H OH

H2O

mercury cathode graphite anode

+ –
Figure 32.12 Na (aq) and Cl (aq) ions are preferentially discharged in the electrolysis of
concentrated sodium chloride solution using a mercury cathode and a graphite anode.

Summary of discharge of ions:

At the cathode At the anode

+ – – –
Half equation Na (aq) + e Na(s) 2Cl (aq) Cl2(g) + 2e
Na(s) + Hg() Na/Hg()
sodium amalgam

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Class practice 32.3
The diagram below shows a set-up for studying the electrolysis of
concentrated sodium chloride solution. Both electrodes are made of
graphite.

electrode X electrode Y

concentrated NaCl(aq)

After passing electricity through the cell for some time, gases are collected
at both electrodes.
(a) With the help of the half equations, explain the formation of the gas (i) at
electrode X and (ii) at electrode Y respectively.
(b) Write the ionic equation for the overall reaction in the electrolysis.
(c) If a few drops of litmus solution are added to the concentrated sodium
chloride solution, the solution around electrode X turns red and then
colourless. Explain this observation.

32.4 Electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate solution

Experiment 32.3
1. Using graphite electrodes
Investigating the effect The set-up for the electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate solution using
of electrodes on
graphite electrodes is shown in Figure 32.13.
products of electrolysis

Experiment video
Investigating the effect
of electrodes on graphite cathode graphite anode
products of electrolysis

copper(II) sulphate
solution

Figure 32.13 A set-up for the electrolysis of copper(II)

sulphate solution using graphite electrodes

copper(II) sulphate solution 硫酸銅(II) 溶液

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Ions present in CuSO4 solution:

Cation Anion
2+ 2–
From copper(II) sulphate (CuSO4) Cu (aq) SO4 (aq)
+ –
From water (H2O) H (aq) OH (aq)

At the cathode (graphite electrode):

2+
Cu (aq) ions are preferentially discharged (reduced) to form copper metal
2+ +
because Cu (aq) is lower than H (aq) in the Electrochemical Series.
2+ –
Cu (aq) + 2e Cu(s) (reduction)
+2 0

At the anode (graphite electrode):

–
OH (aq) ions are preferentially discharged (oxidized) to form oxygen gas
– 2–
because OH (aq) is higher than SO4 (aq) in the Electrochemical Series.
– –
4OH (aq) O2(g) + 2H2O() + 4e (oxidation)
–2 0

Overall reaction:
Combination of the two half equations results in:
2+ –
2Cu (aq) + 4OH (aq) 2Cu(s) + O2(g) + 2H2O()

Changes in the electrolytic solution:

2+
The concentration of Cu (aq) ions decreases, so the blue colour of the
2+ –
solution fades gradually. As Cu (aq) and OH (aq) ions are consumed and
+ 2–
H (aq) and SO4 (aq) ions remain, the electrolytic solution eventually
changes to acidic (with H2SO4(aq)). See Figure 32.14.

discharged
–
e CuSO4

2+ 2−
Cu SO4

–
e
+ –
H OH

H2O

graphite cathode graphite anode

2+ –
Figure 32.14 Cu (aq) and OH (aq) ions are preferentially discharged in
the electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate solution using graphite electrodes.

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Summary of discharge of ions and observable changes:

At the cathode At the anode

2+ – –
Half equation Cu (aq) + 2e Cu(s) 4OH (aq)
–
O2(g) + 2H2O() + 4e

Observable Reddish brown solid Colourless gas bubbles

changes deposits on the surface of evolve
electrode

2. Using copper electrodes

A set-up for the electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate solution using copper
electrodes is shown in Figure 32.15.

copper cathode copper anode

copper(II) Figure 32.15 A set-up for the

sulphate electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate
solution solution using copper electrodes

Ions present in CuSO4 solution:

Cation Anion
2+ 2–
From copper(II) sulphate (CuSO4) Cu (aq) SO4 (aq)
+ –
From water (H2O) H (aq) OH (aq)

At the cathode (copper electrode):

2+
Cu (aq) ions are preferentially discharged (reduced) to form copper
2+ +
metal because Cu (aq) is lower than H (aq) in the Electrochemical Series.
2+ –
Cu (aq) + 2e Cu(s) (reduction)
+2 0

At the anode (copper electrode):

2– –
In this case, neither of the anions, SO4 (aq) and OH (aq) ions, will be
2+
discharged. Instead, the copper electrode itself dissolves to form Cu (aq)
ions (oxidized).
2+ –
Cu(s) Cu (aq) + 2e (oxidation)
0 +2
copper(II) sulphate solution 硫酸銅(II) 溶液
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With reference to the Electrochemical Series, Cu(s) is a stronger
– 2–
reducing agent than OH (aq) and SO4 (aq) ions.

2+ –
Cu (aq) + 2e Cu(s)

O2(g) + 2H2O() + 4e
–
4OH (aq)
– stronger
reducing agent
2– – 2–
S2O8 (aq) + 2e 2SO4 (aq)

Changes at the electrodes:

The copper cathode becomes thicker as copper deposits on it. The copper
2+
anode becomes thinner as it dissolves to form Cu (aq) ions. Theoretically,
Think about it
Why is the increase in increase in mass of cathode = decrease in mass of anode
mass of cathode equal to
the decrease in mass of
Changes in the electrolytic solution:
anode?
2+
The number of moles of Cu (aq) ions discharged at the cathode is equal to
2+
the number of moles of Cu (aq) ions formed at the anode. Therefore, the
concentration of copper(II) sulphate solution does not change. The
intensity of blue-coloured solution thus remains unchanged. See Figure
32.16.

electron
flow

copper cathode copper anode

copper deposited 2+
Cu
2+
Cu
copper(II) sulphate
solution

2+
Figure 32.16 The Cu (aq) ions discharged at the cathode and
2+
the Cu (aq) ions formed at the anode are equal in amounts.

Summary of discharge of ions and observable changes:

At the cathode At the anode

2+ – 2+ –
Half equation Cu (aq) + 2e Cu(s) Cu(s) Cu (aq) + 2e

Observable Reddish brown solid Copper electrode

changes deposits on the surface of dissolves
electrode

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All answers TE
Class practice 32.4
The diagram below shows a set-up for studying the electrolysis of 1.0 M copper(II) sulphate solution.

graphite electrode X graphite electrode Y

1.0 M copper(II)
sulphate solution

(a) It is observed that colourless gas bubbles evolve at electrode X during the electrolysis. What is this gas?
Explain your answer.
(b) State and explain the expected observation around electrode Y during the electrolysis.
(c) Is there any colour change of the copper(II) sulphate solution during the electrolysis? Explain your answer.
(d) Suppose that electrode X is made of copper instead of graphite.
(i) State the colour change, if any, of the solution during the electrolysis. Explain your answer.
(ii) Write the half equations for the anodic and cathodic reactions respectively.

32.5 Electrolysis of dilute sulphuric acid

Distilled water is a poor conductor of electricity because pure water ionizes
Experiment 32.4
very slightly. It hardly gives any observable changes when it is electrolysed.
Investigating the
If we add some dilute sulphuric acid to distilled water, the solution will
electrolysis of dilute
sulphuric acid become a good conductor of electricity. It can be electrolysed using inert
electrodes.
Experiment video
Investigating the A Hofmann voltameter can be used for the electrolysis of dilute
electrolysis of dilute sulphuric acid using platinum electrodes (Figure 32.17).
sulphuric acid
dilute sulphuric acid

oxygen
hydrogen
(1 volume)
(2 volumes)
stopcock

platinum foil platinum foil platinum foil

Figure 32.17 The electrolysis (cathode) (anode)
of dilute sulphuric acid using a
Hofmann voltameter
dilute sulphuric acid 稀硫酸
130 Hofmann voltameter 霍夫曼電量計
 Electrolysis 32
TE
+
When sulphuric acid dissolves in water, it ionizes to form H (aq) and
2–
SO4 (aq) ions.
water
+ 2–
H2SO4() 2H (aq) + SO4 (aq)
molecules
mobile ions

Ions present in dilute H2SO4:

Cation Anion
+ 2–
From sulphuric acid (H2SO4) H (aq) SO4 (aq)
+ –
From water (H2O) H (aq) OH (aq)

At the cathode (platinum electrode):

+
H (aq) ions are the only cations present. They are discharged (reduced) to
form hydrogen gas.
+ –
2H (aq) + 2e H2(g) (reduction)
+1 0

At the anode (platinum electrode):

–
OH (aq) ions are preferentially discharged (oxidized) to form oxygen gas
– 2–
because OH (aq) is higher than SO4 (aq) in the Electrochemical Series.
– –
4OH (aq) O2(g) + 2H2O() + 4e (oxidation)
–2 0
H2SO4

+ 2−
Overall reaction:
H SO4

+
Combination of the two half equations results in:
–
H –
e e
2H2O() 2H2(g) + O2(g)
+ –
H OH Volume ratio: 2 : 1

H2 O The electrolysis of dilute sulphuric acid is actually the electrolysis of

discharged
water.
platinum cathode platinum anode

+
Figure 32.18 H (aq) and OH (aq)
– Changes in the electrolytic solution:
+
ions are preferentially discharged The amount of water molecules decreases and the amounts of H (aq) and
during the electrolysis of dilute 2–
SO4 (aq) ions from the sulphuric acid remain unchanged. In other words,
sulphuric acid using platinum
electrodes. the concentration of sulphuric acid gradually increases. See Figure
32.18.

Summary of discharge of ions and observable changes:

At the cathode At the anode

+ – –
Half equation 2H (aq) + 2e H2(g) 4OH (aq)
–
O2(g) + 2H2O() + 4e
Observable Colourless gas bubbles Colourless gas bubbles
changes evolve evolve
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VII Redox Reactions, Chemical Cells and Electrolysis
All answers TE
Example 32.2

Investigating the electrolysis of water

An experiment is carried out to study the electrolysis of water containing a little dilute sulphuric
acid using a Hofmann voltameter. The diagram below shows the Hofmann voltameter for the
electrolysis.

water with a little

dilute sulphuric
acid added

platinum electrodes

(a) Explain why a little dilute sulphuric acid is added to the water.
(b) Write the half equation for the reaction occurring at each of the following electrodes:
(i) Platinum cathode
(ii) Platinum anode
(c) What is the theoretical volume ratio of the gas produced at the cathode to that at the anode?
Explain briefly.
(d) Suggest a test for each product obtained in the electrolysis.

Solution
(a) This is to increase the electrical conductivity of water.
+ –
(b) (i) 2H (aq) + 2e H2(g)
– –
(ii) 4OH (aq) O2(g) + 2H2O() + 4e
(c) The overall equation for the electrolysis is 2H2O() 2H2(g) + O2(g).
The mole ratio of H2 to O2 produced is 2 : 1. Hence, the theoretical volume ratio of H2 to O2
produced is 2 : 1.
(d) H2 burns with a ‘pop’ sound. O2 relights a glowing splint.

Class practice 32.5

An experiment is carried out to investigate the electrolysis of water with a
little dilute sodium hydroxide solution using a Hofmann voltameter.
(a) State ALL cationic species and anionic species present in the solution.
Cont’d

132
 Electrolysis 32
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(b) Deduce the products formed at the anode and the cathode respectively.
(c) Write the half equation for the anodic reaction and that for the cathodic
reaction.
(d) Do you expect the pH of the solution to increase, decrease, or remain
unchanged during the electrolysis? Explain briefly.

32.6 Factors affecting preferential discharge of

ions

Experiment 32.5 From the electrolysis of the substances mentioned in Sections 32.2–32.5,
Investigating the
it is found that preferential discharge of ions depends on the following
electrolysis of tin(II) factors:
chloride solution using
microscale apparatus • position of ions in the Electrochemical Series
• concentration of ions in the electrolytic solution
Experiment video
Investigating the • nature of electrodes
electrolysis of tin(II)
chloride solution using The main products and changes in the electrolytic solution during the
microscale apparatus electrolysis of these substances are summarized in Table 32.3.

Molten substance or Electrodes Main products Change in the electrolytic

aqueous solution Cathode Anode Cathode Anode solution

Molten sodium
graphite graphite Na() Cl2(g) /
chloride

Very dilute sodium

graphite graphite H2(g) O2(g) becomes concentrated
chloride solution

Concentrated sodium changes to alkaline

graphite graphite H2(g) Cl2(g)
chloride solution (with NaOH(aq))

Concentrated sodium
mercury graphite Na(s) Cl2(g) becomes dilute
chloride solution

changes to acidic (with

Copper(II) sulphate
graphite graphite Cu(s) O2(g) H2SO4(aq)); the blue colour of
solution
the solution fades gradually

Copper(II) sulphate 2+
copper copper Cu(s) Cu (aq) no change
solution

Dilute sulphuric acid platinum platinum H2(g) O2(g) becomes concentrated

Table 32.3 Main products and changes in the electrolytic solution during the electrolysis of some substances

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VII Redox Reactions, Chemical Cells and Electrolysis
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Example 32.3

Predicting the changes in an electrolysis

The diagram below shows a set-up for the electrolysis of concentrated sodium bromide solution.
After passing electricity through the cell for a period of time, gas bubbles are observed at electrode P.

graphite electrode P graphite electrode Q

concentrated sodium
bromide solution

(a) Name the gas produced at electrode P. Write the half equation for the reaction that occurs.
(b) Which electrode, P or Q, is the cathode? Explain your answer.
(c) What ion(s) would migrate towards electrode Q?
(d) A brown colour appears around electrode Q. Write the half equation for the reaction that occurs.
(e) The brown colour gradually extends from electrode Q to the bottom of the U-tube. Explain this
observation.
(f) Suggest TWO ways to speed up the electrolysis, using the same set-up and chemicals.

Solution

(a) Hydrogen
+ –
2H (aq) + 2e H2(g)
(b) P. This is because reduction takes place at P.
(c) Hydroxide ions and bromide ions
– –
(d) 2Br (aq) Br2(aq) + 2e
(e) The bromine formed at electrode Q dissolves in water and diffuses to the bottom of the U-tube./
Bromine water is denser than water and so it sinks to the bottom of the U-tube.
(f) 1. Increase the current by reducing the resistance of the rheostat.
2. Immerse the electrodes deeper into the electrolytic solution.

concentrated sodium bromide solution 濃溴化鈉溶液

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Example 32.4

Predicting changes in two electrolytic cells connected in series

The diagram below shows a set-up in which two electrolytic cells are connected in series. All the
electrodes are made of graphite.

P Q R S

crucible
molten sodium
concentrated sodium
chloride
chloride solution
heat

Electrolytic cell 1 Electrolytic cell 2

(a) No current flows in the set-up when the sodium chloride is in solid state. The ammeter shows a
non-zero reading when the solid sodium chloride is heated to molten. Explain these observations.
(b) Identify the anodes and the cathodes in the Electrolytic cells 1 and 2 respectively.
(c) What ions are present in Electrolytic cells 1 and 2 respectively?
(d) (i) What would be observed at electrodes P, Q, R and S respectively during electrolysis? Explain
briefly.
(ii) Write the half equation for the reaction occurring at each electrode.

Solution
(a) Solid sodium chloride does not conduct electricity because its ions are not mobile. However, when
sodium chloride is melted, the ions become mobile and can conduct electricity.
(b) In Electrolytic cell 1, Q is the anode; P is the cathode.
In Electrolytic cell 2, S is the anode; R is the cathode.
+ –
(c) In Electrolytic cell 1, the ions present are Na () and Cl ().
+ – + –
In Electrolytic cell 2, the ions present are Na (aq), Cl (aq), H (aq) and OH (aq).
+
(d) (i) At P, a silvery liquid forms. Na () ions are discharged to form Na().
–
At Q, a yellowish green gas bubbles evolve. Cl () ions are discharged to form Cl2(g).
+
At R, colourless gas bubbles evolve. H (aq) ions are preferentially discharged to form H2(g)
+ +
because H (aq) is lower than Na (aq) in the Electrochemical Series.
–
At S, a yellowish green gas bubbles evolve. Cl (aq) ions are preferentially discharged to form
–
Cl2(g) because the concentration of Cl (aq) in the concentrated NaCl(aq) is much higher than
–
that of OH (aq).
+ –
(ii) At P, Na () + e Na()
– –
At Q, 2Cl () Cl2(g) + 2e
+ –
At R, 2H (aq) + 2e H2(g)
– –
At S, 2Cl (aq) Cl2(g) + 2e

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VII Redox Reactions, Chemical Cells and Electrolysis
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Example 32.5
Integrated
Predicting changes in a chemical cell and in an electrolytic cell that are connected
together
The diagram below shows a set-up in which electrons are flowing through the connecting wires.

copper electrode Q
zinc electrode P carbon electrode S
carbon electrode R

Zn(NO3)2(aq) AgNO3(aq)

Beaker 1 Beaker 2

(a) In Beaker 1, one of the electrodes dissolves and forms ions. Write the half equation for the
reaction that occurs at each of the following electrodes.
(i) Electrode P (ii) Electrode Q
(b) State the expected observation at electrode Q.
(c) State and explain the expected observation at each of the following electrodes.
(i) Electrode R (ii) Electrode S
(d) What is the function of Beaker 1 in the above set-up?
(e) Which electrodes are the anodes in Beakers 1 and 2 respectively?
(f) Predict, with an explanation, what will happen in the set-up if the AgNO3(aq) in Beaker 2 is
replaced by heptane.

Solution
2+ –
(a) (i) Zn(s) Zn (aq) + 2e
+ –
(ii) 2H (aq) + 2e H2(g)
(b) Colourless gas bubbles evolve.
–
(c) (i) Colourless gas bubbles evolve. OH (aq) ions are preferentially discharged to form O2(g)
– –
because OH (aq) is higher than NO3 (aq) in the Electrochemical Series.
+
(ii) Silvery solid deposits on the electrode. Ag (aq) ions are preferentially discharged to form Ag(s)
+ +
because Ag (aq) is lower than H (aq) in the Electrochemical Series.
(d) It acts as a chemical cell to provide electricity for the electrolysis to occur in Beaker 2.
(e) Electrode P and electrode R are the anodes in Beakers 1 and 2 respectively.
(f) No electrons will flow through the conducting wires because heptane is not an electrolyte.

136
 Electrolysis 32
All answers
Key point
Factors affecting the preferential discharge of ions:
• position of ions in the Electrochemical Series
• concentration of ions in the electrolytic solution
• nature of electrodes

Class practice 32.6

1. The diagram below shows the set-up used in an electrolysis experiment.
All electrodes are made of graphite.

X Y P Q

dilute sulphuric dilute copper(II)

acid sulphate solution

Which of the following statements concerning the set-up is correct?

A. Reddish brown solid deposits on the surface of electrode P.
B. The colour of dilute copper(II) sulphate solution remains unchanged.
C. Electrode Y is an anode.
D. Colourless gas bubbles evolve at both electrodes X and P.

2. An experiment is carried out using the following set-up:

lead electrode Y
magnesium platinum
electrode X platinum electrode Q
electrode
P
MgSO4(aq) CuSO4(aq)

Which of the following statements concerning the set-up is correct?

A. Silvery solid deposits on the surface of electrode Y.
B. Hydroxide ions are discharged at electrode X.
C. The colour of the copper(II) sulphate solution fades gradually.
D. Oxidation occurs at electrode Q.

137
VII Redox Reactions, Chemical Cells and Electrolysis TE

32.7 Electroplating: an application of electrolysis

Electroplating is a process that plates (coats) a thin layer of metal on
Experiment 32.6
an object by electrolysis. A metal object is electroplated to improve its
Electroplating
appearance and protect it from corrosion. See Figure 32.19.

Experiment video
Electroplating

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 32.19 (a) Spoon plated with silver. (b) Water tap plated with chromium. (c) Food
cans plated with tin

Set-up for electroplating

Silver, chromium, tin, nickel and copper are metals most commonly
plated on objects. Figure 32.20 shows the set-up for electroplating silver on
a metal key.
Learning tip
• When electricity
passes through the
electrolyte,
dicyanoargentate ions
–
(Ag(CN)2 ) dissociate to
give silver ions
+
(Ag (aq)) and cyanide silver anode +
– Ag
ions (CN (aq)). key (as cathode)
–
• CN (aq) ions and
–
OH (aq) ions (from +
Ag
water) are also potassium dicyanoargentate
attracted to the anode solution (KAg(CN)2(aq)) (electrolyte)
but none of them will
be discharged. Figure 32.20 A set-up for electroplating silver on a metal key

At the anode (silver electrode):

+
During electroplating, the silver electrode dissolves to form Ag (aq) ions.
+ –
Ag(s) Ag (aq) + e (oxidation)
0 +1

electroplating 電鍍
138 potassium dicyanoargentate 二氰合銀酸鉀
 Electrolysis 32
TE
At the cathode (the metal key):
Learning tip
+ +
H (aq) ions are not Ag (aq) ions are preferentially discharged to form silver metal. The metal
discharged because
+ key becomes coated with silver.
H (aq) is higher than
+
Ag (aq) in the + –
Ag (aq) + e Ag(s) (reduction)
Electrochemical Series.
+1 0

Changes in the electrolytic solution:

The concentration of potassium dicyanoargentate solution does not
change. The solution remains colourless.
Learning tip
Objects such as plastics Before electroplating, the objects to be plated have to be cleaned by
and glass can also be
organic cleaning agents to remove greasy dirt. Besides, careful control of
electroplated. They are
first sprayed with a layer conditions (e.g. current and voltage of the circuit) is necessary to obtain a
of powdered graphite or uniform and firm deposit of metal on the objects. In case an unreasonably
metal, and then
electroplated in the usual
high voltage is used, hydrogen gas would form at the cathode. The gas
way. bubbles hinder the metal deposition on the surface of the objects.

Key point
Electroplating is a process that plates a thin layer of metal on an
object by electrolysis. In electroplating,
• the anode is the plating metal.
• the cathode is the object to be plated.
• the electrolyte is an aqueous solution containing ions of the
plating metal.

Skill corner 32.1

Drawing a set-up for electroplating

Note the following points when drawing a set-up for electroplating an object with copper.
1 Draw the d.c. power source with correct poles

4 The object to be plated is

2a Label the anode, i.e. copper copper completely immersed in the
(the plating metal) electrolyte
2b Connect the anode to the
object to be 5a Label the cathode, i.e.
positive pole of the power source
plated the object to be plated
5b Connect the cathode to
3 Label a suitable copper(II) sulphate
the negative pole of the
electrolyte solution
power source

dirt 污垢 hinder 阻礙
greasy 沾油脂的
139
VII Redox Reactions, Chemical Cells and Electrolysis
TE
Example 32.6

Copper plating on a metal key

An experiment is carried out to electroplate a metal key with copper. The set-up for the electroplating
is shown below.

copper strip
metal key

copper(II) sulphate solution

(a) Explain why the greasy dirt on the metal key has to be removed before electroplating.
(b) State ALL the ions present in the electrolyte.
(c) Write the half equation for the reaction that occurs at the anode.
(d) Explain why copper metal deposits on the key during the electroplating.
(e) State, with an explanation, any observable change in the solution during the electroplating.

Solution
(a) Greasy dirt hinders the conduction of electricity. It also hinders copper in depositing on the
surface of the key.
2+ 2– + –
(b) Cu (aq), SO4 (aq), H (aq) and OH (aq)
2+ –
(c) Cu(s) Cu (aq) + 2e
2+ + 2+
(d) Cu (aq) is lower than H (aq) in the Electrochemical Series. Therefore, Cu (aq) is preferentially
discharged at the cathode to form Cu(s).
2+
(e) There is no observable change in the solution during electroplating because for every Cu (aq) ion
2+
discharged at the cathode, one Cu (aq) ion forms at the anode. The concentration of the
CuSO4(aq) remains unchanged.

Chemistry in daily life

Extraction of aluminium from its ore by electrolysis

Electrolysis is used to extract aluminium from bauxite (a common ore of
aluminium). The bauxite used is purified and then mixed with cryolite (sodium
aluminium fluoride, Na3AlF6). The mixture melts at about 950°C, which is much
lower than the melting point of pure aluminium oxide (2040°C). Thus, less
energy is needed to melt the electrolyte for the electrolysis. The mixture is
electrolysed using graphite electrodes as shown in the diagram on next page.

bauxite 鋁土礦 sodium aluminium fluoride 氟化鋁鈉

140 cryolite 冰晶石
 Electrolysis 32
TE

graphite
anode (+) graphite
cathode (–)

a molten mixture of
aluminium oxide and
cryolite

molten aluminium

tapping hole
steel cell

The chemical changes occurring in the extraction process are:

3+ –
At graphite cathode (–): Al () + 3e Al()
2– –
At graphite anode (+): 2O () O2(g) + 4e

The molten aluminium produced will sink to the bottom and run off
through the tapping hole of the electrolytic cell.

STSE issue 32.1

Refining of copper by electrolysis
Thousands of tonnes of copper are used to make
electric wires every year. A little impurity will reduce its
electrical conductivity, so the copper must be of high
purity. After the extraction of copper from its ores, the
copper may still contain impurities such as zinc, iron, block of impure pure copper
copper (anode) sheet (cathode)
silver and gold. It can be purified by electrolytic
refining.

In electrolytic refining of copper, the anode is

copper(II) sulphate
impure copper. The cathode is a sheet of pure copper.
solution (electrolyte)
The electrolyte is an aqueous solution of a soluble salt
of copper e.g. copper(II) sulphate solution. An electrolytic cell for the refining of copper

During the refining process, copper is ‘transferred’ from the impure copper anode to the pure copper
cathode. Any impurities in the copper anode either dissolves (if it is a stronger reducing agent than copper) in
the electrolytic solution or deposits under the anode (if it is a weaker reducing agent than copper).

At the anode (block of impure copper):

2+
Copper atoms ionize (lose electrons) to form Cu (aq) ions which enter the electrolytic solution. Thus, the
impure copper block dissolves and becomes thinner.
2+ –
Cu(s) Cu (aq) + 2e

At the cathode (pure copper sheet):

2+
Cu (aq) ions are preferentially discharged (gain electrons) to form copper metal. Thus, the pure copper sheet
becomes thicker.
2+ –
Cu (aq) + 2e Cu(s)

electrolytic refining 電解提煉

141
VII Redox Reactions, Chemical Cells and Electrolysis
All answers TE
Class practice 32.7
The diagram below shows a set-up in which silver is being plated on a spoon.

battery

metal M

spoon

aqueous solution of
silver compound Q

Which of the following statements concerning the above set-up is correct?

A. M must be silver.
B. Q can be silver chloride.
C. The spoon is connected to the negative pole of the battery.
D. Electrons flow from metal M to the spoon through the solution.
(HKDSE 2014 Paper 1A Q11)

32.8 Environmental impact of the electroplating

industry

Pollution problems associated with the

electroplating industry and measures for reducing
them
The wastewater from the electroplating industry contains various harmful
substances. If these substances are discharged into the environment
without treatment, they cause serious pollution (Figure 32.21). Some
harmful substances, their impacts and the measures for reducing the
pollution are listed below.

Acids and alkalis

Acids and alkalis change the pH of the water and even kill the aquatic
Figure 32.21 Untreated life.
wastewater causes serious
pollution. Measures for reducing pollution:
Before discharge, acidic wastewater is commonly neutralized with
calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) or treated with sodium carbonate. Alkaline
wastewater can be neutralized with sulphuric acid.
acid 酸
142 alkali 鹼
 Electrolysis 32
TE
Heavy metal ions
Heavy metal ions, such as ions of nickel, chromium and cadmium, are
readily absorbed into the bodies of living organisms e.g. shellfish and
plants. These ions accumulate within the organism or along the food
chain. Eventually, humans may get poisoned by eating them.

Measures for reducing pollution:

• Some heavy metal ions can be recovered by adding iron powder to
the wastewater before discharge. Metals less reactive than iron such as
nickel, copper and tin can be displaced out from the solutions
2+ 2+ 2+
containing the metal ions (Ni (aq), Cu (aq) and Sn (aq)).
Learning tip
Refer to Book 2A, • Heavy metal ions can also be removed by precipitating them as
Chapter 14, p.23–28 for insoluble hydroxides.
the reaction between
alkalis and metal ions in
• Sodium hydroxide solution is often added to the wastewater
aqueous solution.
containing nickel(II) ions to precipitate out nickel(II)
hydroxide. The precipitate is then filtered off before discharge.
2+ –
Ni (aq) + 2OH (aq) Ni(OH)2(s)
3+
• Chromium(III) ions, Cr (aq), are less toxic than dichromate ions,
2– 2– 3+
Cr2O7 (aq). Cr2O7 (aq) ions are first reduced to Cr (aq) ions by
adding sodium sulphite in the presence of an acid.
2– 2– + 2– 3+
3SO3 (aq) + Cr2O7 (aq) + 8H (aq) 3SO4 (aq) + 2Cr (aq) + 4H2O()

Chromium(III) ions are then precipitated as chromium(III)

hydroxide by adding sodium hydroxide solution. The precipitate
is filtered off before discharge.
3+ –
Cr (aq) + 3OH (aq) Cr(OH)3(s)

Cyanides
Cyanides are highly toxic. They react with acids to generate lethal
hydrogen cyanide gas.
+ –
H (aq) + CN (aq) HCN(aq)
(from acid) cyanide ion hydrogen cyanide

Measures for reducing pollution:

The use of cyanides during the electroplating process should be avoided
and alternatives to cyanides can be used.

cyanide 氰化物 hydrogen cyanide 氰化氫 lethal 致命的

heavy metal ion 重金屬離子 recover 回收
143
VII Redox Reactions, Chemical Cells and Electrolysis
All answers
Key point
The wastewater from the electroplating industry contains various
harmful substances such as acids, alkalis, heavy metal ions and
cyanides.

Class practice 32.8

In a copper-plating factory, the wastewater contains copper(II) ions.
(a) Explain why copper(II) ions have to be removed from the wastewater
before the wastewater is discharged.
(b) Suggest a chemical method to remove copper(II) ions from the
wastewater.

Chemistry in daily life

‘Poisonous green snow’ fallen in Russia

A Russian chrome factory was suspected to have released toxic chromium-
containing chemicals into the environment, turning the snow green in a city in
western Russia. Some people suffered from skin rashes upon contact with the
green snow. Some even got cough and sick. Residents in the city worried about
their health. They wore face masks to prevent their face from contacting the
snow.

Green snow fallen in Pervouralsk, a city in western Russia

chrome factory 鉻工廠 Russian 俄羅斯的

144 Pervouralsk 第一烏拉爾斯克 skin rash 皮疹
 Feature reading All answers

Regenerative Fuel Cells

Fuel cells are devices that convert the chemical energy stored in a fuel (often hydrogen) to electrical
energy. They require a fuel and an oxidant (often oxygen) to operate. A hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell can
produce electricity continuously as long as hydrogen and oxygen are supplied.

Scientists are also exploring another kind of fuel cells, called ‘regenerative fuel cells’, which do not
require a continuous supply of fuel and oxidant. A regenerative fuel cell consists of an electrolyser and
a fuel cell as shown below.

electrical usage
solar cells
fuel
oxygen cell

electrolyser hydrogen

water

In the electrolyser, water is electrolysed by solar energy during periods of intense sunlight and low
electricity demand to produce hydrogen and oxygen, which are stored separately. During periods of
darkness and/or high electricity demand, the hydrogen and oxygen stored are allowed to react in the fuel
cell to produce electricity for powering electrical and electronic devices. Regenerative fuel cells are
designed for use in devices like unmanned high-altitude aircrafts, where a continuous supply of fuel and
oxidant is unavailable.

Questions
1. Suggest an industrial process for producing (a) hydrogen and (b) oxygen used in hydrogen-oxygen
fuel cells. (2 marks)
2. The chemical changes in the electrolyser are the reverse of those in the fuel cell. Write the
respective half equations for the (a) anodic reaction and (b) the cathodic reaction in the
electrolyser. (2 marks)
3. Suggest why the use of regenerative fuel cells is regarded as more environmentally friendly than
the use of fuel cells. (2 marks)

regenerative fuel cell 可再生燃料電池 unmanned high-altitude aircraft 高空無人飛機

145
 Chemical cells, redox reactions and
ti n g c o n
ec

electrolysis
ce
Co nn

p ts
Chemical cells Redox reactions in chemical cells
• A chemical cell is a device which is capable • In the following chemical cell connected to a
of converting chemical energy to electrical digital multimeter,
energy. digital multimeter (as a voltmeter)
• Chemical cells generate electricity from
connecting
chemical reactions.
salt bridge (soaked with
wire
• Primary cells are not rechargeable, e.g. saturated KNO3(aq))
zinc-carbon cells, alkaline manganese cells, copper magnesium
strip strip
silver oxide cells, fuel cells.
copper(II) magnesium
• Secondary cells are rechargeable, e.g.
sulphate sulphate
lithium ion cells, nickel metal hydride solution solution
(NiMH) cells and lead-acid accumulators.
• The multimeter reading is positive, showing that
• Primary cells are cheaper than secondary
electrons flow from Mg to Cu through the
cells. But lots of used cells, which contain
external circuit.
toxic chemicals, would be disposed of.
• Mg strip is the negative electrode as Mg loses
Their disposal would pose environmental
electrons more readily than Cu. Mg(s) is a
problems.
stronger reducing agent than Cu(s).
• Secondary cells can be recharged
• Mg strip is the anode as oxidation takes place
repeatedly but they take time to recharge.
there:
Besides, the initial cost for the cells and the 2+ –
Mg(s) Mg (aq) + 2e
battery charger is high.
• Cu strip is the cathode as reduction takes place
there:
Redox reactions
2+ –
Cu (aq) + 2e Cu(s)
• The salt bridge completes the circuit by providing
• Definitions of oxidation and reduction: ions to balance the charges in the two half cells.

Oxidation Reduction
in terms of gains loses Hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells
oxygen oxygen oxygen
in terms of loses gains • A fuel cell converts the chemical energy stored in
hydrogen hydrogen hydrogen a fuel to electrical energy.
in terms of loses gains
electrons electrons electrons load

in terms of oxidation oxidation

oxidation number number H2(g) O2(g)
number increases decreases
H2O

• An oxidizing agent is a species which porous Pt K

+
porous Pt
oxidizes others and is itself reduced. electrode electrode
–
(anode) OH (cathode)
• A reducing agent is a species which reduces
unreacted unreacted
others and is itself oxidized.
H2(g) and O2(g)
• In both chemical cells and electrolytic cells, H2O() anode cathode
compartment hot conc. compartment
oxidation takes place at the anode, and
KOH(aq) as
reduction takes place at the cathode. electrolyte
146
Hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells (Cont’d) Electrolysis of molten ionic
compounds (e.g. NaCl)
• Anodic reaction:
– –
H2(g) + 2OH (aq) 2H2O() + 2e • A simple ionic compound (in molten state)
• Cathodic reaction: breaks down to its constituent elements when
O2(g) + 2H2O() + 4e
– –
4OH (aq) electricity passes through it.
• The overall reaction is:
electron
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O() flow
• The platinum electrodes also act as a catalyst to anode cathode
speed up these reactions. (graphite) (graphite)
• The electrolyte (hot concentrated KOH(aq))
completes the circuit by allowing the ions and Cl
– crucible
+
water to flow between the two electrodes. Na
molten sodium
• Some common uses: chloride
– provide electricity for electric vehicles heat
– as remote power sources for space exploration • Ions present in molten NaCl:
+ –
• Pros of hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells: Na (), Cl ()
– produce electricity continuously as long as H2 • At the anode (positive electrode):
and O2 are supplied –
2Cl () Cl2(g) + 2e
–

– are non-polluting as water is the only product

• At the cathode (negative electrode):
• Cons of hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells: +
Na () + e
–
Na()
– risk of leakage of flammable H2, which leads to
explosion
– may still need to rely on fossil fuels for making Factors affecting preferential
H2 discharge of ions during electrolysis
– are very expensive
• Position of ions in the E.C.S.:

Electrolysis
CATIONS
+
K
2+
• Electrolysis means decomposition by electricity. Ca
+
• An electrolytic cell is a device for bringing about Na
2+ increasing ease of
chemical changes by electrical energy. Mg
3+ discharge at the cathode
positive electrode Al (increasing readiness to
negative electrode
2+
(cathode) (anode) Zn gain electrons)
2+
electron Fe –
flow 2+ OH
Pb –
+ I
positive negative electrode H increasing ease of
...

2+ – discharge at the
electrode (cathode) Cu Br
anode (increasing
(anode)
...

electrolyte –
+ Cl readiness to lose
Ag –
NO3 electrons)
• The cathode (–) of the electrolytic cell is
2–
connected to the anode (–) of the chemical cell. SO4
ANIONS
• Electrons flow from the negative electrode of the
chemical cell to the cathode of the electrolytic • Concentration of ions in the electrolytic solution:
cell. One type of ions may be more readily discharged
• During electrolysis, electrons move between the if it is present at a higher concentration.
electrodes through the external circuit and • Nature of electrodes:
mobile ions move in the electrolyte. When the electrodes used for electrolysis are not
inert, they may take part in the redox reaction.
147
 VII Redox Reactions, Chemical Cells and Electrolysis
TE
Chapter review
Progress check
Chapter review

After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

state the materials needed to construct an electrolytic cell
describe the anodic and cathodic reactions, overall reaction and observable changes of electrolyte
in electrolytic cells
predict products at each electrode of an electrolytic cell with reference to the factors affecting the
preferential discharge of ions
understand the principle of electroplating
describe the anodic and cathodic reactions, overall reaction and observable changes of electrolyte
in electroplating
understand the environmental impact of the electroplating industry

e-Dictionary
Key terms (For Chapter 32)
Page Page
1. electrolysis 電解 113 4. Hofmann voltameter 霍夫曼電量計 130
2. electrolytic cell 電解池 113 5. sodium amalgam 鈉汞齊 124
3. electroplating 電鍍 138

Key concepts
32.1 Electrolysis — a process involving redox reactions

1. Electrolysis is a process in which redox reactions take place when electricity passes through
an electrolyte (either melted or dissolved in water).

2. The anode of the chemical cell is connected to the cathode of the electrolytic cell. The
cathode of the chemical cell is connected to the anode of the electrolytic cell.

CHEMICAL CELL (a device for generating

electricity from chemical changes)
positive electrode (cathode) negative electrode (anode)

electron
flow

positive electrode negative electrode Keys:

(anode) (cathode) cation

electrolyte anion

ELECTROLYTIC CELL (a device for bringing

about chemical changes by electrical energy)

148
 Electrolysis 32
32.2 Electrolysis of molten sodium chloride

3. The products of electrolysis of molten sodium chloride are sodium and chlorine.

Chapter review
4. During electrolysis, electrons move between the electrodes through the external circuit and
mobile ions move in the electrolyte.

32.3 Electrolysis of sodium chloride solution

+ –
5. Water ionizes very slightly to give H (aq) and OH (aq):
+ –
H2O() H (aq) + OH (aq)

6. The products of the electrolysis of very dilute sodium chloride solution are hydrogen (at the
cathode) and oxygen (at the anode). The result is equivalent to the electrolysis of water.

7. The products of the electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride solution using graphite
electrodes are hydrogen (at the cathode) and chlorine (at the anode).

8. The products of the electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride solution using mercury
cathode and graphite anode are sodium (at the cathode) and chlorine (at the anode).

32.4 Electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate solution

9. The products of the electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate solution using graphite electrodes are
copper (at the cathode) and oxygen (at the anode).

10. The electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate solution using copper electrodes causes no net change in
the electrolyte. The only change is the transfer of copper from the anode to the cathode.

32.5 Electrolysis of dilute sulphuric acid

11. The products of the electrolysis of dilute sulphuric acid using inert electrodes are hydrogen (at
the cathode) and oxygen (at the anode).

32.6 Factors affecting preferential discharge of ions

12. Factors affecting the preferential discharge of ions:

(a) Position of ions in the Electrochemical Series (E.C.S.)
Cations lower in the E.C.S. are more readily discharged.
Anions higher in the E.C.S. are more readily discharged.
(b) Concentration of ions in the electrolytic solution
One type of ions may be more readily discharged if it is present at a higher concentration.
(c) Nature of electrodes

13. The main products and changes in the electrolytic solution during electrolysis of some substances
are summarized in Table 32.3 on p.133.

32.7 Electroplating: an application of electrolysis

14. Electroplating is a process that plates a thin layer of metal on an object by electrolysis.

15. In electroplating, the anode is the plating metal; the cathode is the object to be plated and the
electrolyte is an aqueous solution containing ions of the plating metal.

149
 VII Redox Reactions, Chemical Cells and Electrolysis
All answers TE
32.8 Environmental impact of the electroplating industry

16. The wastewater from the electroplating industry contains various harmful substances such
as acids, alkalis, heavy metal ions and cyanides. If these substances are discharged into the
Chapter review

environment without treatment, they cause serious pollution.

Concept map
Complete the concept map by filling in the items listed below:

acids, chemical, concentration, Electrochemical Series, electrical, electrolyte, electrolytic cells,

electroplating, heavy metal, nature

(a)
• The decomposes
(b)
• energy is converted
to (c) energy

during the Factors affecting the preferential

process discharge of ions:
(d) carried • position of ions in the
out in (e)
ELECTROLYSIS
• (f) of ions in the
application electrolytic solution
(g)
• of electrodes
(h)

wastewater contains

(i)
• and alkalis
(j)
• ions
• Cyanides

150
 Electrolysis 32
TE All answers
Chapter exercise
A. Fill in the blanks
Section 32.1 (b) of ions in the electrolytic

1. means decomposition by electricity. solution; and

During electrolysis, an electrolyte decomposes, and (c) nature of .

energy is converted to
Section 32.7
energy.

Chapter exercise
5. is a process that plates a thin layer
2. In both electrolytic cells and chemical cells, reduction of metal on an object by electrolysis.
always takes place at the , and
6. In electroplating, the is the object
oxidation always takes place at the .
to be plated; the is the plating
Section 32.2 metal.
3. During electrolysis, move
Section 32.8
between the electrodes through external circuit, and
7. The wastewater from electroplating industry often
move in the electrolyte.
contain acids, ,
Section 32.6 ions and other toxic chemicals (e.g.
4. Factors affecting the preferential discharge of ions cyanides).
during electrolysis are:
(a) of ions in the
Electrochemical Series;

B. Multiple-choice questions
Section 32.1 Section 32.3
8. Which of the following statements concerning 9. The diagram below shows a set-up for the electrolysis
electrolysis is/are correct? of concentrated potassium chloride solution with a
(1) The electrodes used in an electrolytic cell must few drops of universal indicator.
be metals.
graphite electrode X graphite electrode Y
(2) Positive ions accept electrons from the cathode.
(3) Negative ions are reduced at the positive
electrode.
A. (1) only
B. (2) only concentrated potassium
C. (1) and (3) only chloride solution with a
D. (2) and (3) only few drops of universal
indicator

What are the colours of the solution near electrode X

and electrode Y respectively after five minutes?
Near electrode X Near electrode Y
A. Blue Colourless
B. Colourless Red
C. Blue Red
D. Red Blue
151
 VII Redox Reactions, Chemical Cells and Electrolysis
All answers
Section 32.4 Section 32.7
10. Consider the electrolysis of copper(II) nitrate solution 12. The diagram below shows a set-up in which copper
using copper electrodes. Which of the following is plated on a metal medal.
statements concerning the electrolysis is correct?
A. H2(g) is produced at the cathode.
B. O2(g) is produced at the anode.
C.
2+
The concentration of Cu (aq) ions in the copper

solution remains unchanged.

+
D. The concentration of H (aq) ions in the solution
increases.
Chapter exercise

metal medal
Section 32.6
11. Which of the following solutions would produce copper(II) sulphate
oxygen during electrolysis using carbon rods as solution

electrodes? Which of the following equations represents the

(1) 10 M silver nitrate solution cathodic reaction?
(2) 10 M hydrochloric acid A.
–
4OH (aq) O2(g) + 2H2O() + 4e
–

(3) 10 M sodium hydroxide solution B. Cu(s)

2+
Cu (aq) + 2e
–

+ –
A. (1) and (2) only C. 2H (aq) + 2e H2(g)
2+ –
B. (1) and (3) only D. Cu (aq) + 2e Cu(s)
C. (2) and (3) only
Section 32.8
D. (1), (2) and (3)
13. Which of the following substances are commonly
used to treat acidic wastewater before it is discharged?
(1) Calcium hydroxide solution
(2) Sodium carbonate solution
(3) Sodium hydroxide solution
A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)

C. Structured question
Section 32.6
14. The diagram on the right shows a set-up for electrolysis
using graphite as electrodes.
(a) Explain why the bulb lights up only when a little
graphite graphite
hydrogen chloride gas is passed into distilled water. electrode Y
electrode
(1 mark) X a little
(b) After passing electricity through the cell for some time, hydrogen
chloride gas
colourless gas bubbles are produced at both electrodes
X and Y. What is the gas produced at each electrode?
(2 marks)
(c) Write the half equations for the reactions taking place at
electrodes X and Y respectively during the electrolysis. distilled water
(2 marks)
(d) Explain why different volumes of gases are produced at
the two electrodes. (1 mark)

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 Electrolysis 32
TE All answers
Exam practice
A. Multiple-choice questions
Section 32.4 3. Consider the following electrolytic cells:
1. Consider the following set-up for performing
electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate solution:
very dilute A B C D very
NaCl(aq) dilute
Hg() NaCl(aq)

graphite graphite C(s) C(s) Fe(s) Fe(s)

electrode X electrode Y

What would happen during electrolysis?

copper(II) sulphate
A. Oxygen forms around A.
solution

Exam practice
B. Chlorine forms around B.
C. Hydrogen forms around C.
Which of the following statements is correct?
D. Iron(II) ions form around D.
A. Reduction occurs at electrode X.
(HKDSE 2019 Paper 1A Q11)
B. Oxygen gas will be evolved at electrode Y.
C. The pH of the solution increases gradually. Section 32.7
D. The blue colour of the solution fades gradually. 4. The diagram below shows the set-up used in an
electroplating experiment involving four iron rods:
Section 32.6
2. In which of the following processes would the
electrolytic solution become less acidic?
(1) Electrolysis of very dilute nitric acid using
graphite electrodes
(2) Electrolysis of concentrated hydrochloric acid
using graphite electrodes
(3) Electrolysis of dilute potassium sulphate CuSO4(aq) MgSO4(aq)

solution using platinum electrodes

Rod I Rod II Rod III Rod IV
A. (1) only
B. (2) only On which of the following iron rods would a
C. (1) and (3) only metal be plated?
D. (2) and (3) only
A. Rod I
B. Rod II
C. Rod III
D. Rod IV
(HKDSE 2016 Paper 1A Q12)

153
 VII Redox Reactions, Chemical Cells and Electrolysis

B. Structured questions
Section 32.3
5. The diagram below shows a set-up for the electrolysis of molten magnesium chloride.

battery

graphite graphite
cathode anode

molten magnesium
chloride

(a) To which terminal (positive or negative) of the battery should the following electrodes of the electrolytic cell
be connected?
(i) Graphite cathode
(ii) Graphite anode
Exam practice

(2 marks)
(b) State the expected observation at each of the following electrodes, and write the half equation for the reaction
taking place.
(i) Graphite cathode
(ii) Graphite anode
(4 marks)
(c) Suggest one safety precaution in carrying out the electrolysis. (1 mark)
(d) What will be the product formed at each of the following electrodes if very dilute magnesium chloride
solution is used instead of molten magnesium chloride? Explain your answer.
(i) Graphite cathode
(ii) Graphite anode
(2 marks)

Section 32.8
6. The diagram below shows a set-up for studying the electrolysis of concentrated sodium iodide solution.

graphite graphite
electrode X electrode Y

filter paper soaked with

litmus solution and
1 2 concentrated NaI(aq)

(a) State, with an explanation, the expected observations at each of the following regions when the electrolysis has
been carried out for some time.
(i) Region 1 around electrode X (ii) Region 2 around electrode Y (4 marks)
(b) Write the equation for the overall reaction in the electrolysis. (1 mark)
(c) Would there be any change in the expected observation in (a)(i) if electrode X is replaced by a copper
electrode? Explain your answer. (1 mark)

154
 Electrolysis 32
TE
7. An electric circuit is set up as shown below. P and Q are graphite electrodes while X and Y are zinc electrodes.

Cell 1 Cell 2

X Y

concentrated KCl(aq)
with universal indicator

P Q
dilute ZnSO4(aq)

(a) (i) What are the gases collected in the tubes above electrodes P and Q respectively during the electrolysis?
(ii) Write the half equation for the reaction taking place at P and that at Q during the electrolysis.

Exam practice
(4 marks)
(b) State the respective colours of the solution around P and Q during the electrolysis. (2 marks)
(c) (i) In Cell 2, identify the anode and the cathode.
(ii) State the expected observable change at each electrode in Cell 2.
 (3 marks)
(d) The experiment is repeated with zinc electrodes X and Y replaced by platinum electrodes.
(i) What would be observed at platinum electrodes X and Y respectively during the electrolysis?
(ii) State and explain the change of the electrolyte in Cell 2 during the electrolysis.
 (3 marks)
8. The diagram below shows a set-up for studying the electrolysis of dilute copper(II) sulphate solution using different
electrodes. After passing electricity through the cells for some time, colourless gas bubbles are observed at electrode
X.
battery

graphite graphite copper copper

electrode electrode electrode electrode
X Y P Q

dilute copper(II)
sulphate solution

Cell 1 Cell 2

(a) (i) Identify the anode in Cell 1. Explain your answer.

(ii) Write the half equation for the reaction taking place at each electrode in Cell 1 during the electrolysis.
(5 marks)
(b) (i) Identify the anode in Cell 2.
(ii) Write the half equation for the reaction taking place at each electrode in Cell 2 during the electrolysis.
(iii) State the expected observation at each electrode in Cell 2.
 (5 marks)
155
 VII Redox Reactions, Chemical Cells and Electrolysis

(c) Explain why different products are produced at electrodes X and P. (2 marks)
(d) State and explain any change in the electrolytic solution in each cell during the electrolysis. (2 marks)

9. The diagram below shows a set-up for the electrolysis of a colourless solution of 1 M K2SO4(aq) containing
phenolphthalein indicator.

1 M K2SO4(aq) containing
phenolphthalein indicator

platinum electrode A platinum electrode B

(a) State, with explanation, the expected observation around the following electrodes during the electrolysis:
(i) Electrode A (ii) Electrode B (3 marks)
Exam practice

(b) Write the equation for the overall reaction in the electrolysis. (1 mark)
(c) Explain whether there are any changes in the expected observation around the following electrodes during the
electrolysis if the 1 M K2SO4(aq) is replaced with 1 M H2SO4(aq):
(i) Electrode A (ii) Electrode B (3 marks)
(HKDSE 2017 Paper 1B Q4)
Section 32.8
2+
10. The diagram below shows a set-up for nickel-plating plastic handles for drawers. Under suitable conditions, Ni (aq)
+
ions, instead of H (aq) ions, in the solution are preferentially discharged.

electrode R

handle

nickel(II) sulphate solution

(a) Before nickel-plating, the plastic handle has to be sprayed with a layer of graphite powder. Suggest the purpose
for this. (1 mark)
(b) Suggest a metal suitable for use as electrode R. (1 mark)
(c) Nickel(II) sulphate solution is the electrolyte. What is the meaning of the term ‘electrolyte’? (1 mark)
(d) Write the half equation for the reaction that takes place at each of the following places during the
electroplating:
(i) Electrode R
(ii) The handle
(2 marks)
(e) Would there be any colour change in nickel(II) sulphate solution during the electroplating? Explain your
answer. (1 mark)

156 (f) Suggest a way to remove the nickel(II) ions in the wastewater before it is discharged. (1 mark)
 Redox Reactions, Chemical Cells and Electrolysis VII
TE All answers
Part exercise
A. Multiple-choice questions
1. Refer to the following set-up: 3. Iron has the same oxidation number in the following
compounds except
A. Fe(OH)2. B. Fe2O3.
C. FeSO4. D. FeS.
salt bridge
Pb(s) electrode Zn(s) electrode 4. Which of the following statements concerning zinc
is correct?
A. It forms a soluble oxide when placed in NH3(aq).
B. It acts as a reducing agent when placed in
HCl(aq).
Pb(NO3)2(aq) Zn(NO3)2(aq)
C. It undergoes oxidation when placed in
MgCl2(aq).
Which of the following statements concerning this D. It forms an acidic solution when placed in hot
set-up are correct? H2O().

(1) Lead is the positive electrode. (HKDSE 2017 Paper 1A Q11)

2+
(2) The concentration of Zn (aq) increases
5. Which of the following species can convert iron(III)
when the cell is producing a current.
ions to iron(II) ions?
(3) Gas bubbles evolve at the lead electrode
when the cell is producing a current. A. Bromine
B. Concentrated nitric acid
A. (1) and (2) only

Part exercise
C. Potassium iodide solution
B. (1) and (3) only
D. Acidified potassium permanganate solution
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3) 6. The following diagram shows a part of the set-up of
a chemical cell.
2. The following diagram shows a chemical cell
salt bridge (soaked with saturated KNO3(aq))
connected to a voltmeter:
Co(s) electrode Pb(s) electrode

silver iron
electrode electrode

2+
2+
Co (aq) Pb (aq)
porous
1.0 M AgNO3(aq)
device
The overall cell reaction is:
2+ 2+
1.0 M Co(s) + Pb (aq) Co (aq) + Pb(s)
Fe(NO3)2(aq)
Which of the following statements concerning the
Which of the following chemical changes would set-up is INCORRECT?
occur in the chemical cell when it is producing a
A. The mass of the cobalt electrode decreases.
current? 2+
B. Lead is the positive electrode and Pb (aq) is
+ –
A. Ag (aq) + e Ag(s) reduced.
3+ –
B. Fe(s) Fe (aq) + 3e C. Lead is a stronger oxidizing agent than cobalt.
+ –
C. 2H (aq) + 2e H2(g) D. The nitrate ions from the potassium nitrate
– –
D. 4OH (aq) O2(g) + 2H2O() + 4e solution in the salt bridge move to the left test
tube. 157
 VII Redox Reactions, Chemical Cells and Electrolysis
All answers
7. Chlorine water reacts with sodium iodide solution. 10. Refer to the following set-up:
Which of the following statements about the
reaction is INCORRECT?
A. Sodium chloride and iodine are produced.
B. Iodide ions are stronger reducing agent than salt bridge
graphite graphite
chloride ions. electrode X electrode Y
C. Chlorine is a stronger oxidizing agent than
iodine.
D. Chlorine is oxidized in the reaction.

8. Refer to the following half equations:

acidified NaI(aq)
2– –
C2O4 (aq) 2CO2(g) + 2e KMnO4(aq)
– + – 2+
MnO4 (aq) + 8H + 5e Mn (aq) + 4H2O()
Which of the following statements concerning this
What is the minimum volume of 0.010 M acidified
3
set-up is/are correct?
KMnO4(aq) required to completely oxidize 15.00 cm
(1) Electrode X is the anode.
of 0.020 M Na2C2O4(aq)?
3
(2) Electrons flow from electrode Y to electrode
A. 6.00 cm
3
X in the external circuit.
B. 12.00 cm
3
(3) The colour of NaI(aq) becomes darker after the
C. 15.00 cm
3
cell has operated for some time.
D. 75.00 cm
A. (1) only
(HKDSE 2020 Paper 1A Q12)
B. (2) only
9. Which of the following statements concerning C. (1) and (3) only
hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells are correct? D. (2) and (3) only
Part exercise

(1) When used to power vehicles, they are more 11. The set-up below shows a chemical cell connected to
environmentally friendly than using petrol a voltmeter:
engine.
(2) When used in space stations, they can produce
drinking water in addition to energy.
(3) When used as a back-up power source in salt bridge
copper electrode X copper electrode Y
hospitals, they do not produce noise pollution.
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only 0.02 M CuSO4(aq) 1.00 M CuSO4(aq)

D. (1), (2) and (3)

(HKDSE 2021 Paper 1A Q22) In the set-up, electrons flow in such a direction that
2+
the concentration of Cu (aq) ions in each half cell
becomes the same eventually.
Which of the following statements concerning the
set-up is correct?
A. The salt bridge allows electrons to flow from
one half cell to the other.
B. Oxidation occurs at Y.
C. Electrons flow from Y to X in the external circuit.
D. The mass of X will decrease but the mass of
Y will increase.

(HKCEE 2006 Paper 2 Q40)

158
 Redox Reactions, Chemical Cells and Electrolysis VII
All answers
12. Which of the following statements concerning the 17. Consider the following two electrolytic cells:
term ‘cathode’ are correct?
(1) In chemical cells, cathode is the positive carbon carbon copper copper
electrode. rod rod rod rod
(2) In electrolytic cells, cathode is the negative
electrode.
(3) It is the electrode where reduction takes place.
0.1 M 0.1 M
A. (1) and (2) only CuSO4(aq) CuSO4(aq)
B. (1) and (3) only Electrolytic cell 1 Electrolytic cell 2
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3) During electrolysis, which of the following would
occur in Electrolytic cell 1 but NOT in Electrolytic
13. Which of the following methods can slow down the cell 2?
corrosion of an iron-made object? (1) Gas bubbles are given out.
(1) Connect it to a piece of lead. (2) The blue solution becomes paler.
(2) Plate a layer of copper coating completely onto (3) A reddish brown solid is deposited.
its surface. A. (1) and (2) only
(3) Connect it to the cathode of a chemical cell. B. (1) and (3) only
A. (1) only C. (2) and (3) only
B. (2) only D. (1), (2) and (3)
C. (1) and (3) only (HKDSE 2021 Paper 1A Q23)
D. (2) and (3) only
(HKDSE 2019 Paper 1A Q15) 18. The following diagram shows a set-up that is used in
an electrolysis experiment (all the electrodes are
14. In the electrolysis of very dilute HNO3(aq) using made of platinum):

Part exercise
graphite electrodes, which of the following is the
product at the anode?
A. Hydrogen
B. Oxygen
C. Nitrogen
D. Nitrogen dioxide
–3 –3
15. Which of the following solutions, when electrolysed 1.0 mol dm 1.0 mol dm
using inert electrodes, would produce gaseous AgNO3(aq) H2SO4(aq)

products at both electrodes?

(1) FeSO4(aq) Cell 1 Cell 2

(2) K2SO4(aq)
After electrolysis has been started for some time,
(3) AgNO3(aq)
1.08 g of silver deposited on one of the platinum
A. (1) and (2) only electrodes in Cell 1. How many moles of oxygen did
B. (1) and (3) only a platinum electrode in Cell 2 evolve at that time?
C. (2) and (3) only
(Relative atomic mass: Ag = 107.9)
D. (1), (2) and (3)
1.08 1
A. ×
16. In electroplating nickel on a copper cup, which of 107.9 2
the following combinations is correct? 1.08
B. ×2
Electrolyte Anode Cathode 107.9
1.08 1
A. CuSO4(aq) Nickel Copper cup C. ×
107.9 4
B. NiSO4(aq) Nickel Copper cup
1.08
C. CuSO4(aq) Copper cup Nickel D. ×4
107.9
D. NiSO4(aq) Copper cup Nickel
159
 VII Redox Reactions, Chemical Cells and Electrolysis
All answers
19. Consider the following statements and choose the best answer:
1st statement 2nd statement
During electrolysis, positive ions in the Oxidation occurs at the anode.
electrolyte move towards the anode.

A. Both statements are true and the 2nd statement is a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
B. Both statements are true but the 2nd statement is NOT a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
C. The 1st statement is false but the 2nd statement is true.
D. Both statements are false.

B. Structured questions
20. Hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells are used in International Space Station as a remote power source. The diagram below
shows the design of a kind of hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell.

external circuit

hydrogen oxygen

+
K (aq)

electrolyte
–
OH (aq)
negative electrode positive electrode
Part exercise

unreacted oxygen

water and unreacted hydrogen

(a) Suggest a source for oxygen. (1 mark)

(b) State the energy conversion involved in this fuel cell. (1 mark)
(c) Write the half equation for the change occurring at each of the following electrodes when the cell is producing
a current.
(i) The negative electrode (ii) The positive electrode (2 marks)
(d) Why is it dangerous if the reaction inside a fuel cell is not controlled? (1 mark)
(e) Suggest why hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells CANNOT function below 0°C. (1 mark)

21. The diagram below shows a set-up in which the chemical cell is made up of two half cells.

salt bridge (soaked with

Cr(s) electrode saturated KNO3(aq))
Mg(s) electrode

3+ 2+
1.0 M Cr (aq) 1.0 M Mg (aq)

160
 Redox Reactions, Chemical Cells and Electrolysis VII
(a) Referring to the Electrochemical Series in Table 30.7 on p.62, predict the direction of electron flow in the
external circuit. (1 mark)
(b) State the change in concentration of chromium(III) ions in the solution when the cell is producing a current.
Explain your answer. (1 mark)
(c) What would be observed at the magnesium electrode? Write the half equation for the change that takes place.
(2 marks)
(d) Describe how the salt bridge helps to balance the charges in the solutions of the two half cells. (2 marks)
(e) Write the ionic equation for the overall cell reaction. (1 mark)
(f) The mass of the chromium electrode increased by 0.520 g after the cell has operated for some time. Calculate
the theoretical change in mass of the magnesium electrode at that time. (2 marks)
(Relative atomic masses: Mg = 24.3, Cr = 52.0)

22. The table below shows some information of elements Y and Z.

Y Z
Atomic number 35 53
Number of occupied electron shells in the atoms 4 5
Number of electrons in the outermost shell in the atoms 7 7

(a) State the electronic arrangement of an atom of Y. (1 mark)

(b) Draw the electron diagram for a molecule of Z, showing ELECTRONS IN THE OUTERMOST SHELLS
only. (1 mark)
(c) An experiment for Y and Z is performed as shown in the set-up below. Dilute hydrochloric acid is added to the

Part exercise
K2SO3 crystals, then the whole set-up is covered with a lid.

transparent box

Container (1): aqueous solution Container (2): aqueous

of Y (reddish brown) solution of Z (pale brown)

K2SO3 crystals

(i) K2SO3 crystals react with dilute hydrochloric acid to give sulphur dioxide gas. Write a chemical equation
for the reaction, showing all state symbols.
(ii) State the expected observation in Container (1) and write an ionic equation for the reaction involved.
(iii) It is expected that the observation in Container (2) is similar to that in Container (1). Suggest a reason for
this expectation based on electronic arrangement.
(5 marks)
(HKDSE 2020 Paper 1B Q1)

161
 VII Redox Reactions, Chemical Cells and Electrolysis

23. Submarines operate both on the surface and underwater. When operating underwater, the submarine acts as a
closed system, where there is no interaction with the atmosphere. Most types of submarines use both batteries and
diesel engines to provide their energy requirements. A new type of submarine uses proton exchange membrane
(PEM) fuel cells and diesel engines. Below is a diagram of a PEM fuel cell.

load

hydrogen (H2) air, containing

gas in oxygen (O2), in

electrolyte

anode cathode

(a) (i) State the function of the electrolyte in a fuel cell. (1 mark)
(ii) Write the balanced overall redox equation that occurs in this PEM fuel cell. (1 mark)
(iii) Give two safety considerations for the safe storage of hydrogen, H2, gas on a submarine. (2 marks)
(b) (i) State two advantages of using a PEM fuel cell compared to a diesel engine when a submarine is
underwater. (2 marks)
(ii) Most submarines generate more H2 gas for their fuel cells when travelling on the surface. Explain how the
H2 gas could be generated. (2 marks)
Part exercise

(VCAA VCE 2017 Chemistry Examination, Written examination, Section B, Q6)

If you miss any of the questions, review the section(s) again.

Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Section 29.4 29.5 30.5 30.5 30.6 30.8 30.9 30.7 31.3 31.2 31.2 32.1 32.1 32.6 32.6 32.6 32.6 32.7

Question 19 20 21 22 23

Section 32.1 31.3 30.8 30.8 32.5

162
 Redox Reactions, Chemical Cells and Electrolysis VII
TE All answers
Revision test Time: 40 minutes Total: 32 marks

Instructions
1. Section A contains multiple-choice questions and Section B contains structured questions.
2. Answer ALL questions. You may write the answers on single lined paper.

Section A (11 marks)

1. In which of the following set-ups would the 3. Which of the following reactions is a redox reaction?
voltmeter shows the greatest reading? A. NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O()
A. B. B. ZnO(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2O()
C. Fe(s) + 2HCl(aq) FeCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Ag(s) Mg(s) Fe(s) Cu(s) D. MgCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + CO2(g) +
H2O()

1 M NaCl(aq) 1 M NaCl(aq) 4. The following redox reaction is feasible.

2+ 2+
Ni(s) + Sn (aq) Ni (aq) + Sn(s)
C. D. Which of the following species is the most oxidizing?
A. Ni(s)
Ag(s) Mg(s) Fe(s) Cu(s) 2+
B. Sn (aq)
2+
C. Ni (aq)
D. Sn(s)
distilled distilled
water water 5. Consider the following redox reaction:
– – + –
IO3 (aq) + 2I (aq) + 6H (aq) + 6Cl (aq)
–
3ICl2 (aq) + 3H2O()
2. Refer to the following set-up:
Which of the following statements concerning
the reaction are correct?

Revision test
(1) The oxidation number of iodine changes from
zinc strip copper strip –
+5 (for IO3 ) to +1.
(2) The oxidation number of iodine changes from
–
–1 (for I ) to +1.
1.0 M sulphuric acid (3) The oxidation number of chlorine remains
unchanged in the reaction.
What would occur when the cell in the above set-up
A. (1) and (2) only
is producing a current?
B. (1) and (3) only
A. Both metal strips dissolve gradually. C. (2) and (3) only
B. The sulphuric acid gradually turns blue. D. (1), (2) and (3)
C. Deposit forms on the surface of the zinc strip.
D. Colourless gas bubbles evolve at the surface of
the copper strip.

163
 VII Redox Reactions, Chemical Cells and Electrolysis
All answers
6. Refer to the set-up shown below: 8. Rubidium is below sodium in Group I of the Periodic
Table. Which of the following combinations about
electron flow the electrolysis of concentrated rubidium chloride
solution using inert electrodes is correct?
salt bridge
H2(g) at Cl2(g) at Product at cathode pH change of electrolyte
1 atm 1 atm A. hydrogen decreases
B. hydrogen increases
1.0 M HCl(aq) 1.0 M KCl(aq) C. rubidium decreases
D. rubidium increases
platinum platinum
electrode electrode
9. Which of the following substances remains
chemically unchanged after electricity passes
Which of the following statements concerning this through it for some time?
set-up are correct?
A. Concentrated sulphuric acid
(1) Hydrogen gas acts as a reducing agent. B. Molten lead(II) bromide
(2) The pH of the solution in the left half cell C. Lead
increases gradually. D. Dilute sodium hydroxide solution
(3) The equation for the change at the electrode in
the right half cell during operation is Cl2(g) + 10. Refer to the following electrolytic cell:
– –
2e 2Cl (aq).
A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)

7. Refer to the following set-up: copper electrode copper electrode

platinum salt bridge platinum copper(II) sulphate

electrode P electrode Q solution

Which of the following sketches correctly shows the

variation of the mass of cathode (m) with time (t)
from the start of the electrolysis?
Revision test

FeSO4(aq) KI(aq) and

and I2(aq) A. B.
Fe2(SO4)3(aq)

3+
Given that Fe (aq) is a stronger oxidizing agent than m m
I2(aq), which of the following statements concerning
this set-up is/are INCORRECT?
(1) Electrons flow from electrode P to electrode t t
Q in the external circuit. C. D.
(2) The chemical change in the left half cell can be
3+ – 2+
represented by Fe (aq) + e Fe (aq).
m m
(3) The solution mixture in the right half cell turns
darker brown when the cell has operated for
some time.
t t
A. (1) only
B. (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (2) and (3) only

164
 Redox Reactions, Chemical Cells and Electrolysis VII
All answers
11. Consider the following statements and choose the
best answer:

1st statement 2nd statement

When using a Oxidation takes place at
hydrogen-oxygen fuel the positive pole of the
cell in electrolysis, the fuel cell.
positive pole of the cell
is connected to the
cathode of the
electrolytic cell.

A. Both statements are true and the 2nd statement

is a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
B. Both statements are true but the 2nd statement
is NOT a correct explanation of the 1st
statement.
C. The 1st statement is false but the 2nd statement
is true.
D. Both statements are false.

Section B (21 marks)

12. Sulphur dioxide can be prepared from the reaction between copper and concentrated sulphuric acid.
(a) Draw a labelled diagram to show the set-up for the preparation. You are required to show how sulphur dioxide
is collected. (2 marks)
(b) Write the chemical equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)
(c) Suggest one safety precaution for the preparation. (1 mark)
(d) The sulphur dioxide collected is dissolved in water to form an aqueous solution. Predict, with an explanation,

Revision test
any reaction when the aqueous solution of sulphur dioxide is added to each of the following reagents. Write
the equation for the reaction involved, if any.
(i) Br2(aq)
(ii) FeCl2(aq)
(Hint: you are required to refer to the following half equations which are extracted from the Electrochemical
Series (E.C.S.), and are arranged according to their order in the E.C.S..)
2– + –
SO4 (aq) + 4H (aq) + 2e SO2(g) + 2H2O()
3+ – 2+
Fe (aq) + e Fe (aq)
– –
Br2(aq) + 2e 2Br (aq)
(3 marks)

165
 VII Redox Reactions, Chemical Cells and Electrolysis

13. The diagram below shows the internal structure of a silver oxide cell. The cell is made from zinc powder, silver
oxide and potassium hydroxide paste.

negative pole

potassium hydroxide paste

positive pole

The following redox reaction takes place when the cell is producing a current.
Zn(s) + Ag2O(s) ZnO(s) + 2Ag(s)
(a) Deduce, in terms of gain or loss of oxygen, the oxidizing agent in the reaction. (2 marks)
(b) Explain whether X is zinc powder or silver oxide. (1 mark)
(c) What is the function of the potassium hydroxide paste in the cell? (1 mark)
(d) Predict, with an explanation, any change in cell voltage if the silver oxide is replaced by copper(II) oxide.
(2 marks)
(e) Suggest, with TWO reasons, why this type of cells is used in digital watches. (2 marks)

14. Consider the following electrolytic cell in which the anode is brass and the cathode is platinum. Brass is an alloy of
70% copper and 30% zinc.

brass anode platinum cathode

Revision test

copper(II) sulphate solution

(a) Write the half equation for the reaction that occurs at the brass anode during the electrolysis. (1 mark)
(b) Suggest an observable change at the brass anode during the electrolysis. (1 mark)
(c) State and explain the ions that would be discharged at the platinum cathode during the electrolysis. (1 mark)
(d) Suggest an observable change in the electrolytic solution during the electrolysis. (1 mark)
(e) Predict, with an explanation, any change in the observation as suggested in (d) if the brass electrode is replaced
by a copper electrode. (2 marks)

If you miss any of the questions, review the section(s) again.

Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Section 29.2 29.3 30.5 30.8 30.9 31.2 31.2 32.6 32.6 32.4 31.3 30.8 31.2 32.6

166
 Part VII R
 edox Reactions, Chemical Cells
Exam corner and Electrolysis

1. The diagram below shows a set-up in which electrons flowing through the connecting wires. After a period
of time, a silvery substance is found to deposit on graphite electrode Z.

metal electrode X
metal electrode W graphite
graphite electrode Z
electrode
Y
H2SO4(aq) AgNO3(aq)

Beaker 1 Beaker 2

(a) Identify the negative electrodes in Beakers 1 and 2 respectively. (2 marks)

(b) What is the function of Beaker 1 in this set-up? (1 mark)
(c) What would be observed at each of the following electrodes?
(i) Electrode W
(ii) Electrode X
(iii) Electrode Y
(3 marks)
(d) Write the half equation for the chemical change occurring at electrode Y. (1 mark)
(e) Write an ionic equation for the overall reaction occurring in Beaker 2. (1 mark)

Sample answers
1. (a) Electrodes W and Z are the negative electrodes in Beakers 1 and 2 respectively. 2

(b) It is used to complete the circuit.

(c) (i) It dissolves and becomes thinner. 1

(ii) A metal deposits on its surface.

(iii) Colourless gas bubbles evolve. 1
– –
(d) 4OH (aq) O2(g) + 2H2O() + 4e 1
+ –
(e) 4Ag (aq) + 4OH (aq) 4Ag(s) + O2(g) + 2H2O() 1

167
 Exam corner

Teacher’s feedback
+
1. (a) • Well answered. The silvery substance forms on electrode Z is Ag, suggesting that Ag (aq) ions
are reduced at this electrode. Hence, electrode Z is the cathode.
• Beaker 2 is an electrolytic cell. Its cathode should be connected to the negative terminal of a
chemical cell (Beaker 1). The chemical cell forces electrons to flow from its negative terminal
(negative electrode) to the cathode of the electrolytic cell. This makes the cathode negatively
charged. Hence, electrodes W and Z are the negative electrodes.
(b) In Beaker 1, the two electrodes are made of different metals. As these metals occupy different
positions in the E.C.S., electrons can be ‘pumped’ from one electrode to the other through the
external circuit, i.e. Beaker 1 functions as a chemical cell. In this cell, W is the anode as it is the
negative electrode.
The correct answer should be:
Beaker 1 acts as a chemical cell to provide electricity for the electrolysis to occur in Beaker 2. [1]
(c) (i) Well answered. Electrode W is a metal anode. It undergoes oxidation to give water soluble
metal ions. Thus, its mass/thickness decreases.
+
(ii) Electrode X is the cathode where H (aq) ions are reduced to form H2(g). Remember that metals
do not gain electrons and form anions. Therefore, the correct answer is:
Colourless gas bubbles evolve. [1]
– –
(iii) Well answered. OH (aq) ions are preferentially discharged to form O2(g) because OH (aq) is
–
higher than NO3 (aq) in the E.C.S..

2. The diagram below shows a set-up for anodizing an aluminium can.

dilute H2SO4(aq)

aluminium can
aluminium sheet

(a) Identify the anode and the cathode in the set-up. (2 marks)
(b) List ALL ions present in the electrolyte. (1 mark)
(c) A gas is produced on the surface of aluminium sheet during the anodization.
(i) Suggest what this gas is.
(ii) Explain, with the help of the half equation, its formation.
(3 marks)
(d) Oxygen is produced on the surface of aluminium can during the anodization.
(i) Write the half equation for the reaction involved.

168
 Exam corner

(ii) The oxygen produced reacts with the aluminium can, resulting in formation of an oxide on the can’s
surface. Write the chemical equation for the reaction involved.
(2 marks)
(e) Based on your answers in (c) and (d), deduce the overall equation for the reaction taking place during the
anodization of aluminium can. (2 marks)
(f) Explain the importance of aluminium anodization. (2 marks)

Sample answers
2. (a) The anode is aluminium can and the cathode is aluminium sheet. 2
+ – 2–
(b) H (aq), OH (aq) and SO4 (aq) 1
(c) (i) Hydrogen 1
+
(ii) H (aq) ions are discharged because they are the only cations present in the electrolyte. 1
+ –
2H (aq) + 2e H2(g) 1
– –
(d) (i) 4OH (aq) O2(g) + 2H2O() + 4e 1
(ii) 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) 2Al2O3(s) 1
+ – –
(e) 4Al(s) + 2H (aq) + 2O2(g) + 4OH (aq) 2Al2O3(s) + H2(g) + 2H2O() + 2e
(f) Al2O3(s) formed on the surface of aluminium is impermeable to air and water, so the corrosion of
aluminium can be inhibited. 1

Teacher’s feedback

2. (a) Well answered. In the anodization, the anode (+) is the object to be anodized. It is connected to the
positive terminal (+) of the d.c. power supply.
(d) (ii) • Well answered. The reaction between a metal and oxygen can be represented by the
following general word equation:
metal + oxygen metal oxide
• In a balanced equation, the total number of atoms of each element in the reactants and
products must be the same.
(e) • The answer of this two-mark question includes:
(i) the correct deduction of the overall equation
(ii) the correct overall equation
• In an overall equation, electrons on the two sides of the equation must be cancelled out. That
is, there should not be any electron(s) on either side of the equation.
• Combining the equations in (c)(ii) and (d)(i) gives the overall equation of the electrolysis, i.e.
2H2O() O2(g) + 2H2(g). Multiplying the overall equation of electrolysis by 3 and then
combining this equation with the one in (d)(ii) gives the overall equation for the anodization,
i.e. 2Al(s) + 3H2O() Al2O3(s) + 3H2(g)
(f) You also need to include a description of the chemical changes taking place on the aluminium
surface during anodization. Therefore, the correct answer is:
During anodization, the surface of aluminium is oxidized to form Al2O3(s). [1]
Al2O3(s) is impermeable to air and water, so the corrosion of aluminium can be inhibited. [1]

169
 Part VII R
 edox Reactions,
Building a better answer Chemical Cells and
Electrolysis

All answers
Read the following questions and the answers of student A. Rewrite and improve the answers based on the
teacher’s feedback.

Question 1 Related to: section 29.4

Refer to the following set-up:

silver electrode salt bridge magnesium electrode

1 M silver nitrate 1 M magnesium

solution nitrate solution

State, with the help of a half equation, an expected observation at the silver electrode when the cell operates.
(2 marks)

Student A’s answer

Silver deposits on the surface of the electrode.
+ –
Ag (aq) + e Ag(s) 1

Teacher’s feedback
The question asks for an expected observation rather than what substance is produced at the silver electrode.

Question 2 Related to: section 30.5

Deduce the oxidation number of the underlined element in NH4NO3. (1 mark)

Student A’s answer

Let y be the oxidation number of the underlined element.
y × 2 + (+1) × 4 + (–2) × 3 = 0
y =1
 the oxidation number of the underlined element is 1.

Teacher’s feedback
+ –
NH4NO3 is composed of NH4 and NO3 ions. The oxidation number of an element may vary from a species to
+ –
species. Here, the oxidation number of nitrogen in NH4 ion and that in NO3 ion are different. Besides, a sign (+ or
–) should be put before the numeral (except that the oxidation number of the element is zero).

170
Answers to Chapter exercise C. Multiple-choice questions (p.41)
7. C
Chapter 28 8. D
9. A
A. Fill in the blanks (p.17)
10. B
1. electricity; chemical
Statement (3): NaCl(aq) allows ions, but not
2. Primary cells; secondary cells
electrons, to pass through it when the cell operates.
3. (a) heavy metals
Electrons move between the two electrodes
(b) carcinogenic
through the external circuit.
(c) corrosive
11. D
B. Multiple-choice questions (p.17) Magnesium is the negative electrode and copper is
4. A the positive electrode of this chemical cell. In the
2+
5. D left beaker, the formation of Mg (aq) ions creates
2–
6. D excess positive charge in the solution. SO4 (aq)
7. B ions from the salt bridge flow to this half cell to
8. B balance the positive charge. In the right beaker, the
2+
9. C consumption of Cu (aq) ions creates excess
+
10. C negative charge in the solution. Na (aq) ions from
11. C the salt bridge flow to this half cell to balance the
negative charge.
C. Structured question (p.18)
12. (a) 2.4 V 1 D. Structured questions (p.42)
(b) (i) Alkaline manganese cells are not 12. (a) From metal X to metal Y. This is because
rechargeable. 1 metal X can displace metal Y from
(ii) The maximum voltage of lithium ion cells YSO4(aq), suggesting that metal X loses
is 3.7 V, which is (much) higher than electrons more readily. 1
the operating voltage of the phone. 1 (b) (i) Negative electrode 1
2+ –
(c) Nickel metal hydride cells 1 (ii) Y (aq) + 2e Y(s) 1
(c) Metal X reacts directly with YSO4(aq) (i.e.
Chapter 29 displacement reaction occurs) and less
A. Fill in the blanks (p.40) electrons would be ‘pumped’ through the
1. metals; electrolyte external circuit. Hence, the voltage of the
2. voltage; losing cell drops rapidly soon. 1
3. higher OR
4. salt bridge When metal Y forms on the surface of metal
5. porous device X strip, the potential difference between the
two electrodes would decrease. Hence, the
B. Practice question (p.40) voltage of the cell drops rapidly soon. (1)
6. (a) Positive electrode: copper strip 13. (a) The sodium chloride solution provides a
Negative electrode: metal X strip medium that allows movement of ions to
Direction of electron flow in the external circuit: complete the circuit. 1
from metal X to copper (b) Copper is at a higher position than silver
(b) Positive electrode: metal Y strip in the E.C.S. and releases electrons. The
Negative electrode: copper strip electrons pass from the negative pole of
Direction of electron flow in the external circuit: digital multimeter to the positive pole.
from copper to metal Y Hence, a positive reading is recorded. 1
(c) Positive electrode: metal Y strip (c) The reading will drop to zero. 1
Negative electrode: metal X strip (d) The cell voltage will increase as iron is at a
Direction of electron flow in the external circuit: higher position than copper in the E.C.S.
from metal X to metal Y (or iron and silver are further apart in the
E.C.S. than copper and silver). 1
T1
 14. (a) (i) Copper container 1 (b) Cu(s) is at a lower position than H2(g) in the
(ii) Zinc strip 1 E.C.S.. The reducing power of Cu(s) is weaker
2+ 2+
(b) Zn(s) + Cu (aq) Zn (aq) + Cu(s) 1 than that of H2(g). Thus, the reaction between
+
(c) Any TWO of the following: Cu(s) and H (aq) is not feasible.
Zinc strip gradually dissolves, becomes (c) I2(aq) is at a higher position than Cl2(g) in the
smaller and thinner. 1 E.C.S.. The oxidizing power of I2(aq) is weaker
A (thin layer of) brown deposit forms on than that of Cl2(g). Thus, the reaction between
the inner wall of copper container. 1 I2(aq) and NaCl(aq) is not feasible.
The blue colour of copper(II) sulphate 11. (a) Copper metal dissolves to give a blue solution.
solution becomes paler gradually. (1) Brown fumes form (or a brown gas evolves).
– +
Cu(s) + 2NO3 (aq) + 4H (aq)
Chapter 30 2+
Cu (aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
A. Fill in the blanks (p.82) (b) The purple acidified potassium permanganate
1. (a) gains solution changes to yellowish brown.
2+ – +
(b) loses 5Fe (aq) + MnO4 (aq) + 8H (aq)
3+ 2+
(c) oxidizes; losing 5Fe (aq) + Mn (aq) + 4H2O(l)
(d) reduces; gaining (c) The orange acidified potassium dichromate
2. (a) loses solution changes to green.
2– 2– +
(b) gains 3SO3 (aq) + Cr2O7 (aq) + 8H (aq)
2– 3+
3. (a) loses 3SO4 (aq) + 2Cr (aq) + 4H2O(l)
(b) gains
C. Multiple-choice questions (p.83)
4. loses; stronger; weaker
12. B
5. charge; ion
Option (A): O2 undergoes reduction as it gains
6. (a) increases
hydrogen.
(b) decreases
Option (C): NH3 is oxidized as it loses hydrogen.
7. disproportionation
Option (D): NH3 is the reducing agent and it
B. Practice questions (p.82) undergoes oxidation.
8. (a) +3 13. D
(b) –2 The oxidation number of chlorine in Cl2, HCl, NaOCl
(c) +1 and NaClO3 are 0, –1, +1 and +5 respectively.
(d) +3 14. C
–
(e) –1 Statement (1): IO3 (aq) is reduced as the oxidation
(f) +2 number of iodine decreases from +5 to 0.
(g) +3 15. C
9. (a) The reaction is a redox reaction because the Reaction (1): it is a redox reaction because the
oxidation number of nitrogen increases from oxidation number of silver decreases from +1 to 0
+2 to +4 and that of oxygen decreases from 0 and that of oxygen increases from –2 to 0.
to –2. Reaction (3): it is a redox reaction because the
(b) The reaction is not a redox reaction because oxidation number of nitrogen decreases from +5 to
the oxidation number of every element +3 and that of oxygen increases from –2 to 0.
remains unchanged in the reaction. 16. C
+
(c) The reaction is a redox reaction because the Ag (aq) is a common oxidizing agent. Refer to Table
oxidation number of oxygen increases from –2 30.5 on p.57–58 again.
to 0 and that of fluorine decreases from 0 to 17. B
–1. Both Cl2(aq) and Fe2(SO4)3(aq) are oxidizing
10. (a) Ni(s) is at a higher position than Cu(s) in the agents. They do not undergo redox reaction with
E.C.S.. The reducing power of Ni(s) is stronger acidified potassium permanganate solution, which
than that of Cu(s). Thus, the reaction between is also an oxidizing agent.
CuSO4(aq) and Ni(s) is feasible.

T2
Chapter 31 5. Electroplating
A. Fill in the blanks (p.104) 6. cathode; anode
1. (a) anode 7. alkalis; heavy metal
(b) cathode B. Multiple-choice questions (p.151)
2. anode; cathode 8. B
3. hydrogen; oxygen Statement (3): negative ions are oxidized at the
– –
4. (a) H2(g) + 2OH (aq) 2H2O(l) + 2e positive electrode, which is the anode of an
– –
(b) O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e 4OH (aq) electrolytic cell.
B. Multiple-choice questions (p.104) 9. A
+
5. D H (aq) ions are preferentially discharged to form
–
As copper is a stronger reducing agent than silver, H2(g) at electrode X. The amount of OH (aq) ions
+
it loses electrons more readily than silver. increases at this electrode as H (aq) ions are
6. C consumed. Thus, the solution near this electrode
–
– +
At electrode P: MnO4 (aq) + 8H (aq) + 5e
– becomes alkaline. Cl (aq) ions are preferentially
2+
Mn (aq) + 4H2O(l) discharged to form Cl2(g) at electrode Y. When
2–
At electrode Q: SO3 (aq) + H2O(l)
2–
SO4 (aq) + Cl2(g) dissolves in water, HOCl(aq) forms and it
+
2H (aq) + 2e
– bleaches the solution around this electrode.
2– –
SO3 (aq) ions are oxidized and MnO4 (aq) ions are 10. C
–
reduced. Cu(s) is a stronger reducing agent than OH (aq)
–
7. D and NO3 (aq). Thus, copper anode itself dissolves
2+ 2+
to form Cu (aq) ions. At the cathode, Cu (aq) ions
C. Structured question (p.105) are preferentially discharged to form Cu(s) because
2+ +
8. (a) (i) Iodine is produced at electrode X and Cu (aq) is at a lower position than H (aq) in the
then reacts with the starch solution to E.C.S..
give a product which is dark blue in 11. B
colour. 1
–
(ii) 2I (aq) I2(aq) + 2e
–
1 Electrolytic Cathodic
Anodic reaction
solution reaction
(iii) Potassium iodide solution undergoes
oxidation because the oxidation 10 M silver – + –
4OH (aq) Ag (aq) + e
number of iodine increases from –1 to nitrate –
O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e Ag(s)
0. 1 solution
3+ – 2+
(b) (i) Fe (aq) + e Fe (aq) 1 10 M – + –
2Cl (aq) 2H (aq) + 2e
(ii) Iron(III) sulphate solution acts as an hydrochloric –
Cl2(g) + 2e H2(g)
oxidizing agent because the oxidation acid
number of iron decreases from +3 to 10 M sodium – + –
4OH (aq) 2H (aq) + 2e
+2. 1 hydroxide –
O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e H2(g)
(iii) The solution gradually changes from solution
yellow to pale green. 1
12. D
(c) From electrode X to electrode Y 1
13. A

Chapter 32 C. Structured question (p.152)

A. Fill in the blanks (p.151) 14. (a) Pure water is a poor conductor of electricity.
1. Electrolysis; electrical; chemical When hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in
+
2. cathode; anode water, it ionizes to form mobile ions (H (aq)
–
3. electrons; ions and Cl (aq)) for conducting electricity. 1
4. (a) position (b) Oxygen gas is produced at electrode X and
(b) concentration hydrogen gas is produced at electrode Y. 2
(c) electrodes

T3
 (c) At electrode X: (b) (i) Energy absorbed during bond-breaking
– – –1
4OH (aq) O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e 1 = (413 × 4 + 463 × 2) kJ mol
+ – –1
At electrode Y: 2H (aq) + 2e H2(g) 1 = 2578 kJ mol 1
(d) The equation for the overall reaction in this (ii) Energy released during bond-forming
–1
electrolysis is 2H2O(l) 2H2(g) + O2(g). = (1072 + 436 × 3) kJ mol
–1
From the equation, the mole ratio of H2 to = 2380 kJ mol 1
O2 formed is 2 : 1. According to Avogadro’s (c) The energy released during bond-forming
Law, the theoretical volume ratio of H2 to O2 is smaller than that absorbed during
formed is 2 : 1. 1 bond-breaking. Hence, the reaction is
Hence, different volumes of gases are endothermic. 1
produced at the two electrodes. (d) Enthalpy change of the reaction
–1 –1
= (2578 – 2380) kJ mol = +198 kJ mol 1
Chapter 33 (e)
A. Fill in the blanks (p.190)
1. created; destroyed; remains constant
2. volume

Enthalpy
3. pressure
4. releases/gives out; smaller
5. absorbs/takes in; greater
6. greater

B. Multiple-choice questions (p.190) 2

7. A (1 mark for correct diagram; 1 mark for correct
Let the work done be x kJ. labelling)
–211 = –256 + x
x = 45 Chapter 34
8. C A. Fill in the blanks (p.223)
(1): there is no change in the total gas volume after 1. reaction
the reaction. 2. combustion
(3): no gaseous reactants or products are involved 3. neutralization; water
in the reaction. 4. calorimetric
9. A 5. formation
C. Structured questions (p.191) B. Multiple-choice questions (p.223)
10. (a) Potassium, water, potassium hydroxide and 6. D
hydrogen 1 7. C
(b) Water trough, the atmosphere over the 8. B
solution, water, etc. 1 The enthalpy change of this reaction
(Note: in this reaction, water is one of the (50.0 + 50.0) × 1.0 × 4.2 × [(23.1 + 273) – (21.2 + 273)]
reactants as well as the solvent.) 1000
=–
(c) 2K(s) + 2H2O(l) 2KOH(aq) + H2(g) 1 50.0
0.20 ×
(d) From chemical energy to thermal energy, –1 1000
= –79.8 kJ mol
light energy and sound energy 1
(Note: from the equation, mole ratio of Pb(NO3)2 to KI is
(e) The temperature rises. Heat is transferred
1 : 2. 0.01 mol of KI required only 0.005 mol of Pb(NO3)2
from the system to the surroundings. 1
for complete reaction. Hence, KI was the limiting
(f) The total enthalpy of the reactants is
reactant.)
greater than that of the products. 1
11. (a) Covalent bonds broken: 4C–H, 2O–H 1
Covalent bonds formed: C≡O, 3H–H 1

T4
9. A (d) Any TWO of the following:
Statement (2): as one of the reactants is added by • Hold the reaction mixture using an
portions, it is inappropriate to find the maximum expanded polystyrene cup instead of
temperature rise of the reacting solution by a glass beaker. 1
subtracting the initial temperature of sodium • Cover the container with a lid. 1
hydroxide solution from the highest temperature • Stir the reaction mixture thoroughly
recorded for the reacting solution. with a stirrer. (1)
Statement (3): the enthalpy change of neutralization 14. (a) This is for breaking the strong ionic bonds
3+ 2–
between HCl(aq) and NaOH(aq) was being between the Al and O ions in Al2O3. 1
determined. (b) The ∆H f of Al2O3(s)
10. C 3351.4 –1 –1
=– kJ mol = –1675.7 kJ mol 1
2
C. Structured questions (p.224) 3
(c) 2Al(s) + O2(g) Al2O3(s)
11. (a) Propane 1 2 –1
∆H f = –1675.7 kJ mol 1
(b) It releases a large amount of heat during
combustion. 1
Chapter 35
(c) (i) Number of moles of ‘propagas’ required
3000 kJ A. Fill in the blanks (p.256)
= –1 = 1.352 mol 1
2219.2 kJ mol 1. Hess’s; independent
Mass of ‘propagas’ required
–1 B. Multiple-choice questions (p.256)
= 1.352 mol × (12.0 × 3 + 1.0 × 8) g mol
2. A
= 59.5 g 1 2x – 2y
∆H = =x–y
(ii) Heat produced 2
–1 3. A
= 14.5 mol × 2219.2 kJ mol
By applying Hess’s Law,
= 32 178.4 kJ 1 –1
∆H = [(+135.1) + (–241.8) – (–110.5) – (–45.9)] kJ mol
12. (a) Heat released –1
3 –3 –1 –1 = +49.7 kJ mol
= 400 cm × 1.0 g cm × 4.2 J g K × [(70
4. B
+ 273) – (20 + 273)] K
= 84 000 J = 84 kJ 1 1 ∆H f [Na2O(s)]
2Na(s) + O2(g) Na2O(s)
Mass of propan-1-ol needed 2
84 kJ 1 1
= –1 × (12.0 × 3 + 1.0 × 8 +
+ O2(g) + O2(g)
2021.3 kJ mol 2 2
–1 –1 –1
16.0) g mol ∆H = –510.9 kJ mol ∆H = –96.7 kJ mol
Na2O2(s)
= 2.5 g 1
By applying Hess’s Law,
(b) A greater mass of propan-1-ol is needed –1
∆H f [Na2O(s)] = [(–510.9) – (–96.7)] kJ mol
because there will be heat loss to the –1
= –414.2 kJ mol
surroundings during combustion. 1
5. C
13. (a) Precipitation 1
∆H
(b) AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + CaO(s) + H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(s)
NaNO3(aq) 1
OR ∆H f [CaO(s)] + ∆H c [H2(g)] ∆H f [Ca(OH)2(s)]
+ –
Ag (aq) + Cl (aq) AgCl(s) (1)
(c) Standard enthalpy change for the reaction Ca(s) + O2(g) + H2(g)
3 –3 –1 –1
150 cm × 1.0 g cm × 4.2 J g K × 1.3 K 6. A
=– 1 2NO2(g) N2(g) + 2O2(g) ∆H = –66.4 kJ mol
–1
–3 50 3
1.0 mol dm × dm N2(g) + 2O2(g) N2O4(g) ∆H = +5.6 × 2 kJ mol
–1

–1
1000
–1
= –16 380 J mol +) = +11.2 kJ mol
–1
= –16.4 kJ mol 1 2NO2(g) N2O4(g)
–1
∆H = [(–66.4) + (+11.2)] kJ mol
–1
= –55.2 kJ mol

T5
 C. Structured questions (p.257) 7
(b) CH3CH2COOH(l) + O2(g)
7. ∆H = [4 × (–92.3) – (–657.0)] kJ mol
–1
1 2
= +287.8 kJ mol
–1
1 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
–1
8. ∆H c [CH3CH2COOH(l)] = –1527.2 kJ mol 1
∆H
N2H4(g) + 2H2O2(g) N2(g) + 4H2O(g) (c)
∆H
CH3CH2COOH(l) + H2(g) CH3CH2CHO(l) + H2O(l)
∆H f [N2H4(g)]
+ 2 × ∆H f [H2O2(g)] 4 × ∆H f [H2O(g)]
∆H c [CH3CH2COOH(l)] + 4O2(g) + 4O2(g)
∆H c [CH3CH2CHO(l)]
N2(g) + 4H2(g) + 2O2(g) 2 + ∆H c [H2(g)]
(Two marks for any TWO the following: 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l) 1
• drawing arrows pointing in the correct By applying Hess’s Law,
direction ∆H = [(–1527.2) + (–285.8) – (–1822.7)] kJ mol
–1

• writing correct enthalpy changes alongside = +9.7 kJ mol

–1
1
the arrows 12. H2S(g) + 2O2(g) H2SO4(l)
• giving correct formulae of the chemical ∆H = –793.4 kJ mol
–1

species involved, the stoichiometric H2O(g) H2O(l) ∆H = –44.0 kJ mol

–1

coefficients and the state symbols) H2SO4(l) SO3(g) + H2O(g)

∆H = 4 × ∆H f [H2O(g)] – ∆H f [N2H4(g)] – 2 × ∆H = +176.5 kJ mol
–1

∆H f [H2O2(g)] Add the above thermochemical equations

= [4 × (–241.8) – (+95.4) – 2 × together and cancel the same species on the
–1
(–136.3)] kJ mol 1 two sides of the equation.
–1
= –790 kJ mol 1 H2S(g) + 2O2(g) H2SO4(l) ∆H = –793.4 kJ mol
–1
–1
9. (a) ∆H f [H2O(g)] = [(–285.8) + (+44.0)] kJ mol H2O(g) H2O(l) ∆H = –44.0 kJ mol
–1
–1
= –241.8 kJ mol 1 +) H2SO4(l) SO3(g) + H2O(g) ∆H = +176.5 kJ mol
–1

3351.4 –1
(b) ∆H f [Al2O3(s)] = – kJ mol H2S(g) + 2O2(g) SO3(g) + H2O(l)
2
= –1675.7 kJ mol
–1
1 By applying Hess’s Law,
–1
(c) By applying Hess’s Law, ∆H = [(–793.4) + (–44.0) + (+176.5)] kJ mol 1
–1
1 = –660.9 kJ mol 1
–1015 = 3 × ∆H f [H2O(g)] + × ∆H f [Al2O3(s)]
2
3
– × ∆H f [NH4NO3(s)]
2
1 Answers to Exam practice
–1015 = 3 × (–241.8) + × (–1675.7)
2
3 Chapter 28
– × ∆H f [NH4NO3(s)] 1
2
–1 A. Multiple-choice questions (p.19)
∆H f [NH4NO3(s)] = –365.5 kJ mol 1
1. B
10. (a) The energy released during bond-forming
2. A
is smaller than that absorbed during
Statement (2): potassium hydroxide (electrolyte of
bond-breaking. 1
nickel metal hydride cells) is corrosive while
(b) CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
–1 ammonium chloride (electrolyte of zinc-carbon
∆H = +178 kJ mol 1
cells) is mildly acidic with a pH between 4.5 and 6.
(c) By applying Hess’s Law,
Statement (3): nickel(II) hydroxide (positive
+178 = ∆H f [CaO(s)] + ∆H f [CO2(g)]
electrode of nickel metal hydride cells) contains
– ∆H f [CaCO3(s)]
nickel, which is a heavy metal.
+178 = (–635) + (–394) – ∆H f [CaCO3(s)]
3. B
∆H f [CaCO3(s)] = [(–635) + (–394)
–1 Lithium ion cells (3.7 V) are suitable for use in high-
– (+178)] kJ mol 1
–1 drained portable electronic devices such as mobile
= –1207 kJ mol 1
phones, digital cameras, notebook computers,
11. (a) CH3CH2CHO(l) + 4O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
–1 tablet computers, etc.
∆H c [CH3CH2CHO(l)] = –1822.7 kJ mol 1

T6
B. Structured questions (p.19) (c) Nickel-cadmium cells contain two heavy
4. (a) Silver oxide cells 1 metals, namely nickel and cadmium. Both
This is because they are small in size and of them are toxic to animals and plants. 1
lightweight. 1 (d) Lithium ion cells 1
(b) Lithium ion cells 1
This is because they provide a high and Chapter 29
steady voltage to power tablet computers. A. Multiple-choice questions (p.43)
Besides, they have a high energy density 1. D
and can be recharged many times after X is the positive electrode of the chemical cell.
use. 1 Hydrogen ions are discharged on this electrode to
(c) Lead-acid accumulators 1 give H2.
This is because they provide a very large 2. C
current and a very high voltage (or provide A positive voltage is recorded in both chemical
electricity at a relatively low cost) to power cells, suggesting that P is the negative electrode of
wheelchairs. Besides, they can be these cells and it has a higher tendency to lose
recharged many times after use. 1 electrons in aqueous solutions compared to Q and
(d) Zinc-carbon cells 1 R. The chemical cell formed by the P/Q couple
This is because they are of low cost and it gives a higher voltage than that formed by the P/R
is economical to use them in low-drained couple, suggesting that Q has a lower tendency to
electrical devices such as remote controls. 1 lose electrons in aqueous solutions compared to R.
5. (a) Zinc-carbon cells 3. B
This is because they are of low cost. 1 The overall reaction taking place in this cell is Zn(s)
Alarm clocks often require only a small +
+ 2Ag (aq)
2+
Zn (aq) + 2Ag(s). Precipitate of
current to operate. 1 silver chloride forms when silver ions (from silver
(b) Alkaline manganese cells nitrate solution) react with chloride ions (from
This is because they provide a steady sodium chloride solution).
voltage to power flashlights. 1 4. B
Besides, they have a wide operating Electrons flow from P to Q through the external
temperature range. 1 circuit, suggesting that P is the negative electrode
(c) For zinc-carbon cells, each dollar can run of this cell. The overall reaction taking place in this
65 minute + +
the motorized toy robot for cell is P(s) + Q (aq) P (aq) + Q(s). The voltmeter
2.5 × 2
= 13 minute 1 gives a positive reading only when its negative
For alkaline manganese cells, each dollar terminal is connected to the negative electrode of
can run the motorized toy robot for the cell (i.e. P).
170 minute
= 15.5 minute 1 B. Structured questions (p.44)
5.5 × 2
Although nickel metal hydride cells are 5. (a) It acts as an electrolyte of this cell. 1
2+ –
rechargeable, the total price for the cells (b) (i) Cu(s) Cu (aq) + 2e 1
+ –
and the battery charger for running the (ii) 2H (aq) + 2e H2(g) 1
motorized toy robot is $100 + 20.0 × 2 = (c) (i) The voltage of this cell is positive,
$140, which is rather high. Besides, nickel indicating that electrons flow from strip
metal hydride cells have a relatively short of V to copper strip through the external
shelf life compared to alkaline manganese circuit. Hence, copper strip gains
cells. 1 electrons when the cell operates. 1
Thus, alkaline manganese cells are more (ii) The voltmeter reading increases (or is
economical to buy. greater than +0.92 V) because the
6. (a) Nickel 1 difference in tendency of losing
(b) Nickel(II) hydroxide 1 electrons between V and silver is
This is because this substance is greater than that between V and
carcinogenic. 1 copper. 1

T7
 The greater the difference in tendency 8. B (85%)
of losing electrons between two metals, AgNO3(aq) decomposes in the presence of
the higher is the cell voltage. light. The equation for the reaction involved is
6. (a) Electrons flow from magnesium to iron 2AgNO3(aq) 2Ag(s) + 2NO2(g) + O2(g).
because magnesium is at a higher position 9. C
than iron in the E.C.S.. It loses electrons Reaction (1): the oxidation number of oxygen in
more readily than iron. 1 H2O2, H2O and O2 are –1, –2 and 0 respectively.
(b) Iron electrode is the positive electrode Reaction (3): the oxidation number of chlorine in
because it gains electrons. 1 Cl2, CaCl2 and Ca(OCl)2 are 0, –1 and +1
2+ –
(c) Mg(s) Mg (aq) + 2e 1 respectively.
(d) Interchange copper electrode and iron 10. B (70%)
electrode in Strawberry I. 1 The balanced equation for this redox reaction is
– – +
(e) The voltmeter reading drops to zero. 1 2I (aq) + 2NO3 (aq) + 4H (aq) I2(aq) + 2NO2(g)
+ 2H2O(l).
Chapter 30
B. Structured questions (p.86)
A. Multiple-choice questions (p.85)
11. (a) Hydrogen/H2 1
1. C
(b) Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) 1
The oxidation number of nitrogen in NO2, N2O, NO,
OR
HNO3 and HNO2 are +4, +1, +2, +5 and +3 + 2+
Zn(s) + 2H (aq) Zn (aq) + H2(g) (1)
respectively.
(c) (i) The copper(II) oxide changes from
2. A (70%)
black to reddish brown. 1
C4H10 undergoes oxidation as it gains oxygen (or
(ii) CuO(s) + H2(g) Cu(s) + H2O(l) 1
loses hydrogen) in the reaction.
It involves a redox reaction. 1
3. D
(d) Any one of the following:
Option (A): the oxidation number of sulphur
This saves chemicals. 1
decreases from +6 to +4.
This saves time on carrying out the
Option (B): the oxidation number of sulphur does
experiment. (1)
not change.
This minimizes the potential hazards of the
Option (C): the oxidation number of sulphur
experiment. (1)
decreases from +6 to –2.
This reduces chemical wastes produced. (1)
Option (D): the oxidation number of sulphur
12. HKDSE 2021 Paper 1B Q8
increases from –2 to 0. 2+ 3+
13. (a) The Fe (aq) ions are oxidized to Fe (aq)
4. C (51%)
ions by HClO3(aq) in the presence of acid.
CO2(g) has no reaction with acidified KMnO4(aq), 3+
Fe (aq) is yellowish brown in colour. 1
whereas it acts as an oxidizing agent in some
(b) Chlorine/Cl2 1
reactions, e.g., 2Mg(s) + CO2(g) 2MgO(s) + – + –
(c) 2ClO3 (aq) + 12H (aq) + 10e
C(s).
Cl2(g) + 6H2O(l) 1
5. C – + 2+
(d) 2ClO3 (aq) + 12H (aq) + 10Fe (aq)
The balanced equation for this redox reaction is 3+
– – – Cl2(g) + 6H2O(l) + 10Fe (aq) 1
3I (aq) + 2MnO4 (aq) + H2O(l) 3IO (aq) + – – +
– 14. (a) (i) 2MnO4 (aq) + 10Cl (aq) + 16H (aq)
2MnO2(s) + 2OH (aq). 2+
2Mn (aq) + 5Cl2(g) + 8H2O(l) 1
6. D
(ii) Acidified KMnO4(aq) is the oxidizing
The balanced equation for this redox reaction is
2+ – + 3+ agent because the oxidation number of
5Fe (aq) + MnO4 (aq) + 8H (aq) 5Fe (aq) +
2+ manganese decreases from +7 to +2. 1
Mn (aq) + 4H2O(l).
Concentrated hydrochloric acid is the
7. D
reducing agent because the oxidation
The balanced equation for this redox reaction is
– + + number of chlorine increases from –1
3Ag(s) + NO3 (aq) + 4H (aq) 3Ag (aq) + NO(g)
to 0. 1
+ 2H2O(l).

T8
 2–
(b) (i) The drop of KI(aq) changes from SO3 (aq) + Br2(aq) + H2O(l)
2– – +
colourless to brown. 1 SO4 (aq) + 2Br (aq) + 2H (aq) 1
– –
(ii) Cl2(g) + 2I (aq) 2Cl (aq) + I2(aq) 1 (ii) The limewater turns milky. 1
(c) (i) The drop of FeSO4(aq) changes from CO2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq)
pale green to yellowish brown. 1 CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) 1
(ii) The reaction is a redox reaction (d) The purple acidified potassium
because the oxidation number of iron permanganate solution is decolourized. 1
2– – +
increases from +2 to +3 and that of 5SO3 (aq) + 2MnO4 (aq) + 6H (aq)
2– 2+
chlorine decreases from 0 to –1. 1 5SO4 (aq) + 2Mn (aq) + 3H2O(l) 1
3+
15. (a) Cr (aq) would react with zinc metal
because Zn(s) is at a higher position than Chapter 31
Cr(s) in the E.C.S.. (or because Zn(s) is a A. Multiple-choice questions (p.106)
stronger reducing agent than Cr(s)). 1 1. B
3+ 2+
3Zn(s) + 2Cr (aq) 3Zn (aq) + 2Cr(s) 1 The green colour of nickel(II) sulphite solution
2+
(b) Mn (aq) is the weakest oxidizing agent gradually fades out. This suggests that Ni (aq)
2+

because it is at a higher position than ions are discharged at the nickel electrode.
2+ 3+
Zn (aq) and Cr (aq) in the E.C.S.. 1 2+
At nickel electrode: Ni (aq) + 2e
–
Ni(s)
2+
Mn (aq) has the lowest tendency to lose At chromium electrode: Cr(s)
3+
Cr (aq) + 3e
–

electrons. 1 2. A (79%)
(c) Manganese-manganese(II) ion half cell and 3. D
chromium-chromium(III) ion half cell 1 2+
At electrode Y: Cu (aq) + 2e
–
Cu(s). Thus,
16. Add aqueous chlorine to potassium bromide electrolyte Z is copper(II) sulphate solution.
solution and potassium iodide solution At electrode X: Fe(s)
2+ –
Fe (aq) + 2e . For this
respectively. 1 cell to operate, the anodic reaction cannot be
Both solutions of potassium bromide and 2+
Fe (aq)
3+ – 2+
Fe (aq) + e . This is because Fe (aq)
potassium iodide change from colourless to is a weaker reducing agent than Cu(s). It cannot
brown. This suggests that chorine has a 2+
reduce Cu (aq) to Cu(s). Therefore, X is iron and Y
stronger oxidizing power than bromine and is carbon.
iodine. 1 4. D (43%)
Add aqueous bromine to potassium chloride X is oxygen and Y is hydrogen. The equation for
solution and potassium iodide solution the change at electrode B is: H2(g) + 2OH (aq)
–

respectively. 1 2H2O(l) + 2e
–

The colourless potassium iodide solution turns

brown while there is no observable change for B. Structured questions (p.107)
potassium chloride solution. This suggests that 5. (a) Electrons flow from electrode X to
the oxidizing power of bromine is stronger than electrode Y because sodium atoms lose
that of iodine but is weaker than that of chlorine. 1 electrons and nickel(II) ions accept
Add aqueous iodine to potassium chloride electrons when the cell operates. 1
+ –
solution and potassium bromide solution (b) At electrode X: Na(l) Na (aq) + e 1
2+ –
respectively. There is no observable change in At electrode Y: Ni (l) + 2e Ni(l) 1
both the solutions of potassium chloride and (c) This is to keep both the sodium and the
potassium bromide. This further suggests that electrolyte in the molten state. 1
iodine has the weakest oxidizing power. 1 (d) No exhaust gas is emitted. 1
Communication mark 1 6. HKDSE 2019 Paper 1B Q7
17. (a) C(s) + 2H2SO4(l) 7. HKDSE 2020 Paper 1B Q6
CO2(g) + 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(l) 1 8. (a) X is the cathode and Y is the anode. 1
(b) Oxidizing property 1 (b) Unreacted oxygen 1
– –
(c) (i) The brown bromine water turns (c) (i) O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e 4OH (aq) 1
– –
colourless. 1 (ii) H2(g) + 2OH (aq) 2H2O(l) + 2e 1

T9
 +
(d) They have high energy conversion (d) (i) Hydrogen gas will be produced. H (aq)
efficiency. 1 ions are preferentially discharged to
+
They can operate continuously when there form H2(g) because H (aq) is at a lower
2+
is a continuous supply of H2 and O2. 1 position than Mg (aq) in the E.C.S.. 1
–
(e) Disagree. Currently, hydrogen gas used in (ii) Oxygen gas will be produced. OH (aq)
hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells is mainly ions are preferentially discharged to
–
produced by heating fossil fuels/coal/ form O2(g) because OH (aq) is at a
–
natural gas with steam. Carbon dioxide is higher position than Cl (aq) in the
emitted during the process. 1 E.C.S.. 1
6. (a) (i) Region 1 around electrode X turns
Chapter 32 blue. 1
–
A. Multiple-choice questions (p.153) The amount of OH (aq) increases at
+
1. D this electrode as the H (aq) ions are
At electrode X: 4OH (aq)
–
O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e
– consumed. Litmus solution turns blue
2+
At electrode Y: Cu (aq) + 2e
–
Cu(s) under alkaline conditions. 1
The blue colour of the copper(II) sulphate solution (ii) Region 2 around electrode Y turns
fades gradually because the concentration of brown. 1
–
2+
Cu (aq) ions decreases during electrolysis. I (aq) ions are preferentially
2. B discharged to form I2(aq), which
(1): it is actually the electrolysis of water. The nitric dissolves in NaI(aq) to form brown
–
acid thus becomes more and more concentrated. I3 (aq). 1
+ –
(2): as the electrolysis goes on, both the amounts (b) 2H (aq) + 2I (aq) H2(g) + I2(aq) 1
– +
of Cl (aq) ions and H (aq) ions decrease. The (c) No. This is because copper cannot accept
hydrochloric acid thus becomes more and more electrons at the negative electrode to form
dilute. negative ions. 1
(3): it is actually the electrolysis of water. The OR
neutral potassium sulphate solution thus becomes Yes. This is because copper and carbon
more and more concentrated. have different electrical conductivities.
3. A (69%) Region 1 around electrode X will turn blue
–
OH (aq) ions are preferentially discharged to form more quickly. (1)
–
O2(g) at electrode A (anode) because OH (aq) is at 7. (a) (i) At electrode P: hydrogen gas 1
–
a higher position than Cl (aq) in the E.C.S.. At electrode Q: chlorine gas 1
4. B (50%) (ii) At electrode P:
+ –
Rod II is the cathode of the left electrolytic cell. 2H (aq) + 2e (aq) H2(g) 1
2+
Cu (aq) ions are preferentially discharged to form At electrode Q:
– –
2+
Cu(s) at this electrode because Cu (aq) is at a 2Cl (aq) Cl2(g) + 2e 1
+
lower position than H (aq) in the E.C.S.. (b) The solution around electrode P turns blue. 1
Rod IV is the cathode of the right electrolytic cell. The solution around electrode Q turns red
2+
However, as Mg (aq) is a weaker oxidizing agent and then colourless very quickly. 1
+ +
than H (aq), H (aq) ions are preferentially (c) (i) Electrode X is the cathode and
discharged to form H2(g) at this electrode. electrode Y is the anode. 1
(ii) Colourless gas bubbles evolve at
B. Structured questions (p.154) electrode X. 1
5. (a) (i) Negative terminal 1 Electrode Y dissolves/becomes thinner. 1
(ii) Positive terminal 1 (d) (i) Colourless gas bubbles evolve at both
(b) (i) A silvery liquid forms. 1 platinum electrodes X and Y. 2
2+ –
Mg (l) + 2e Mg(l) 1 (ii) As electrolysis goes on, water is
(ii) A yellowish green gas evolves. 1 decomposed. The concentration of
– –
2Cl (l) Cl2(g) + 2e 1 ZnSO4(aq) thus increases. 1
(c) The electrolysis should be carried out in a
fume cupboard. 1
T10
 – 2+ –
8. (a) (i) OH (aq) ions are preferentially (d) (i) Ni(s) Ni (aq) + 2e 1
2+ –
discharged and oxidized to form O2(g) (ii) Ni (aq) + 2e Ni(s) 1
2+
at electrode X. Hence, this electrode is (e) No. For every Ni (aq) ion discharged at
2+
the anode. 1 the cathode, one Ni (aq) ion forms at the
(ii) At electrode X: anode during electroplating. The
– –
4OH (aq) O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e 1 concentration of nickel(II) sulphate solution
At electrode Y: does not change. 1
2+ –
Cu (aq) + 2e Cu(s) 1 (f) Add iron powder to the wastewater
(b) (i) Electrode P is the anode. 1 containing nickel(II) ions, nickel can be
(ii) At electrode P: displaced out from the wastewater, and it
2+ –
Cu(s) Cu (aq) + 2e 1 can be collected and reused. 1
At electrode Q: OR
2+ –
Cu (aq) + 2e Cu(s) 1 Add sodium hydroxide solution to the
(iii) Electrode P dissolves/becomes thinner. 1 wastewater containing nickel(II) ions to
Reddish brown solid deposits on the precipitate out nickel(II) hydroxide. The
surface of electrode Q. 1 precipitate is then filtered off before
(c) Electrode X is an inert electrode. It does not discharge. (1)
–
take part the cell reaction. Since OH (aq) is
a stronger reducing agent than SO4 (aq),
2–
Chapter 33
–
OH (aq) ions are preferentially discharged A. Multiple-choice questions (p.192)
to form O2(g). 1 1. D
Electrode P is not an inert electrode. Since 2. B
Cu(s) is a stronger reducing agent than 3. C
– 2–
OH (aq) and SO4 (aq), Cu(s) is Sublimation is an endothermic process in which
2+
preferentially discharged to form Cu (aq). 1 energy is absorbed to separate the constituent
2+
(d) In Cell 1, as the concentration of Cu (aq) particles.
ions decreases, the blue colour of the 4. C (72%)
electrolytic solution fades gradually. 1 5. C
OR The reaction also involves bond-breaking processes.
2+ –
In Cell 1, as Cu (aq) and OH (aq) ions
+
are consumed and H (aq) and SO4 (aq)
2– B. Structured questions (p.193)
ions remain, the electrolytic solution 6. (a) The reaction in set-up P is carried out at a
eventually changes to acidic (with H2SO4). (1) constant volume while the reaction in set-up
2+
In Cell 2, as the Cu (aq) ions discharged Q is carried out at a constant pressure. 1
2+
at the cathode and the Cu (aq) ions formed In set-up Q, the hydrogen gas produced
at the anode are equal in amounts. The from the reaction has to push back the air
concentration of copper(II) sulphate in the atmosphere. Work is done against
solution does not change. Hence, there is the atmospheric pressure and this
no observable change in the electrolytic consumes energy. As a result, less heat is
solution. 1 given out in the reaction in set-up Q
9. HKDSE 2017 Paper 1B Q4 compared to the reaction in set-up P. 1
10. (a) Plastic is a poor conductor of electricity. (b) The reaction in set-up Q and that in set-up
Spraying the plastic handle with graphite R are carried out at constant pressure and
powder can increase its electrical the volumes of the reaction mixtures in the
conductivity. 1 two set-ups are almost the same. 1
(b) Nickel 1 However, the numbers of moles of Mg and
(c) Electrolyte is a compound that conducts dilute H2SO4 reacting in set-up Q are
electricity when melted or dissolved in greater than that in set-up R. Hence, more
water. 1 heat is produced in the reaction in set-up Q
compared to the reaction in set-up R. 1

T11
 –
7. (a) 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) 1 and that between NO3 ions and water
(b) From light energy to chemical energy 1 molecules. 1
(c) The total enthalpy of the reactants is Therefore, heat is taken in from the
smaller than that of the products. 1 surroundings and the dissolution is
(d) endothermic. 1

Chapter 34
A. Multiple-choice questions (p.226)
Enthalpy

1. C
2. C (50%)
3. A
4. B
From sets 1 and 2, alkali X is stronger than alkali Y.
1
From sets 2 and 3, acid B is stronger than acid A.
8. (a) Calcium oxide 1
From sets 3 and 4, alkali Z is stronger than alkali Y.
(b) CaO(s) + H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(s) 1
Alkali X reacts with a weaker acid A but yet has a
(c) Aluminium is a good conductor of heat. 1
larger ∆H n than that of the reaction between alkali
(d) It is cheap and non-toxic. 1
Z and a stronger acid B. Hence, alkali X is stronger
9. (a) Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s) 2Fe(l) + Al2O3(s) 1
than alkali Z.
(b) The oxidation number of aluminium
5. A (45%)
increases from 0 to +3 and that of iron
6. A (66%)
decreases from +3 to 0. 1
(c) The reactants have a greater total enthalpy B. Structured questions (p.227)
because heat is given out to the 7. (a) Any TWO of the following:
surroundings in this reaction. 1 • Same volume of water in the metal can 1
(d) No. This is because copper is a weaker • Same distance between the metal can
reducing agent than iron. 1 and the spirit burner 1
OR • Same stirring speed of water (1)
No. This is because copper loses electrons • Same type of metal can/stirrer/
less readily than iron. (1) thermometer/spirit burner/electronic
(e) This reaction can be used for welding balance used (1)
railway tracks. 1 • Same temperature rise of water (when
10. (a) It is an endothermic process. 1 the number of moles of fuel burnt was
a dependent variable) (1)
• Same number of moles of fuel burnt
(when the temperature rise of water
was a dependent variable) (1)
Enthalpy

(b) Any one of the following:

• Some fuels were lost by evaporation or
vaporization when heated. 1
• The gaseous product formed in the
reaction escaped from the reaction
1 mixture in the spirit burner during
(b) The energy absorbed for breaking the ionic burning. (1)
bonds in NH4NO3(s) and overcoming the (c) (i) Energy released
intermolecular forces between water –1 –1
= 250.0 g × 4.2 J g K × [(53.0 + 273)
molecules is greater than the energy – (28.5 + 273)] K
released from the formation of attraction = 25 725 J
+
between NH4 ions and water molecules, = 25.7 kJ 1

T12
 (ii) The enthalpy change of combustion Chapter 35
for this fuel A. Multiple-choice questions (p.259)
25.7 kJ –1
=– = –456.9 kJ mol 1 1. B
(62.8 – 61.0) g
–1 The equation for the complete combustion of
32.0 g mol
hexane is:
8. HKDSE 2018 Paper 1B Q6b
19
9. (a) The enthalpy change of neutralization C6H14(l) + O2(g) 6CO2(g) + 7H2O(l)
2
between H3PO4(aq) and NaOH(aq) –4163.2 = 6 × ∆H f [CO2(g)] + 7 × ∆H f [H2O(l)]
–1
150.3 kJ mol –1
– ∆H f [C6H14(l)]
=– = –50.1 kJ mol 1
3
–4163.2 = 6 × (–393.5) + 7 × (–285.8) – ∆H f [C6H14(l)]
(b) The enthalpy change of neutralization for –1
∆H f [C6H14(l)] = –198.4 kJ mol
Reaction 2 is smaller than that for Reaction
2. B
1. This is because some energy has to be
∆H c [Al2S3(s)]
supplied for the complete ionization of
2 × (–1675.7) + 6 × (–296.8) – 2 × (–723.8) –1
H3PO4(aq), which is a weak acid. 1 = kJ mol
2
10. (a) = –1842.3 kJ mol
–1

3. C
1
C(graphite) + O2(g) CO(g)
2
221.0 –1 –1
∆H 1 = – kJ mol = –110.5 kJ mol
Temperature / °C

2
1
N2O(g) N2(g) + O2(g)
2
163.2 –1 –1
∆H 2 = + kJ mol = +81.6 kJ mol
2
Add the above thermochemical equations together
and cancel the same species on the two sides of
the equation.
1
C(graphite) + O2(g) CO(g)
2 –1
3 ∆H 1 = –110.5 kJ mol
Volume of HCl(aq) added / cm 1 –1
+) N2O(g) N2(g) + O2(g) ∆H 2 = +81.6 kJ mol
From the graph, the maximum temperature 2
C(graphite) + N2O(g) CO(g) + N2(g)
rise was (34.6 – 25.4)°C = 9.2°C. 1
By applying Hess’s Law,
(b) Volume of HCl(aq) required to reach the –1
3 ∆H = [(–110.5) + (+81.6)] kJ mol
titration end point is 18.0 cm . –1
= –28.9 kJ mol
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
4. A (71%)
Number of moles of NaOH –1
20.0 ∆H = [(–3268) + 3 × (–286) – (–3920)] kJ mol
= 1.50 × mol = 0.0300 mol = –206 kJ mol
–1
1000
Molarity of HCl(aq)
0.0300 B. Structured questions (p.259)
–3
= mol dm 1 5. 2CO2(g) 2C(graphite) + 2O2(g)
18.0 –1
1000 ∆H = +393.5 × 2 kJ mol
–3 –1
= 1.67 mol dm 1 = +787.0 kJ mol
(c) At the titration end point, volume of the 2SrCO3(s) 2SrO(s) + 2CO2(g)
–1
resultant solution ∆H = +234.6 × 2 kJ mol
3 3 –1
= (20.0 + 18.0) cm = 38.0 cm 1 = +469.2 kJ mol
The enthalpy change of neutralization for 2SrO(s) 2Sr(s) + O2(g)
–1
this reaction ∆H = +1184.0 kJ mol
3 –3 –1 –1
38.0 cm × 1.0 g cm × 4.2 J g K × 9.2 K Add the above thermochemical equations
=– 1
0.0300 mol together and cancel the same species on the
–1
= –48 944 J mol two sides of the equation.
–1
= –48.9 kJ mol 1
T13
 2CO2(g) 2C(graphite) + 2O2(g) ∴ heat released when one mole of
–1
∆H = +787.0 kJ mol calcium reacted completely with
2SrCO3(s) 2SrO(s) + 2CO2(g) dilute hydrochloric acid
–1
∆H = +469.2 kJ mol 10 458
–1
+) 2SrO(s) 2Sr(s) + O2(g) ∆H = +1184.0 kJ mol 1000
= kJ 1
2SrCO3(s) 2Sr(s) + 2C(graphite) + 3O2(g) 0.0257
By applying Hess’s Law, = 406.9 kJ 1
∆H = [(+787.0) + (+469.2) + (+1184.0)] kJ mol 1
–1 (ii) CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
= +2440.2 kJ mol
–1
1 Number of moles of CaO
3 1.04
6. 3NO2(g) 3NO(g) + O2(g) = mol = 0.0185 mol
2 40.1 + 16.0
3 –1 From the equation, mole ratio of CaO
∆H = +114.2 × kJ mol
2 to HCl = 1 : 2. 0.30 mol of HCl required
–1
= +171.3 kJ mol 0.15 mol of CaO for complete reaction.
5 However, there was only 0.0185 mol of
N2(g) + O2(g) + H2O(l) 2HNO3(aq)
2
830.2 –1
CaO available. Hence, CaO is the
∆H = – kJ mol limiting reactant.
2
–1
= –415.1 kJ mol Heat released
–1 3 –3 –1 –1
2NO(g) N2(g) + O2(g) ∆H = –182.6 kJ mol = 150 cm × 1.0 g cm × 4.2 J g K ×
Add the above thermochemical equations [(30.0 + 273) – (25.6 + 273)] K
together and cancel the same species on the = 2772 J
two sides of the equation. ∴ heat released when one mole of
3 calcium oxide reacted completely
3NO2(g) 3NO(g) + O2(g)
2 with dilute hydrochloric acid
–1
∆H = +171.3 kJ mol
5 2772
N2(g) + O2(g) + H2O(l) 2HNO3(aq) 1000
2 –1
= kJ 1
∆H = –415.1 kJ mol 0.0185
–1
+) 2NO(g) N2(g) + O2(g) ∆H = –182.6 kJ mol = 149.8 kJ 1
3NO2(g) + H2O(l) 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g) (b) First approach:
By applying Hess’s Law, 1
–1 Ca(s) + O2(g) CaO(s) ∆Hf = ?
∆H = [(+171.3) + (–415.1) + (–182.6)] kJ mol 1 2
–1
= –426.4 kJ mol 1 1 ∆Hf
Ca(s) + O (g) CaO(s)
7. (a) (i) Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2(g) 2 2
Number of moles of Ca –406.9 kJ mol
–1 –1
–149.8 kJ mol
1.03 + 2HCl(aq) + 2HCl(aq)
= mol = 0.0257 mol
40.1
Number of moles of HCl 1
CaCl2(aq) + H2(g) + O (g) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
150 2 2 –285.8 kJ mol
–1

= 2.0 × mol = 0.30 mol

1000 By applying Hess’s Law,
From the equation, mole ratio of Ca to –1
∆Hf = [(–406.9) + (–285.8) – (–149.8)] kJ mol 1
HCl = 1 : 2. 0.30 mol of HCl required = –542.9 kJ mol
–1
1
0.15 mol of Ca for complete reaction. Second approach:
However, there was only 0.0257 mol of Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Ca available. Hence, Ca is the limiting ∆H = –406.9 kJ mol
–1

reactant. CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l)

Heat released ∆H = –149.8 kJ mol
–1
3 –3 –1 –1
= 150 cm × 1.0 g cm × 4.2 J g K × 1
H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(l)
[(42.1 + 273) – (25.5 + 273)] K 2 –1
∆H = –285.8 kJ mol
= 10 458 J
Reverse the second equation and we get:
CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq)
–1
∆H = +149.8 kJ mol

T14
 Add the above thermochemical equations 11. D (40%)
2+ –
together and cancel the same species on At copper electrode X: Cu(s) Cu (aq) + 2e
2+ –
the two sides of the equation. At copper electrode Y: Cu (aq) + 2e Cu(s)
Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2(g) 12. D
–1
∆H = –406.9 kJ mol 13. B (24%)
CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq) In order to slow down the corrosion of an iron-
–1
∆H = +149.8 kJ mol made object, the object should be made as the
1 –1 cathode of a chemical cell, namely cathodic
+) H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(l) ∆H = –285.8 kJ mol
2 protection.
1 14. B
Ca(s) + O2(g) CaO(s)
2 15. A
By applying Hess’s Law,
16. B
∆Hf [CaO(s)] = [(–406.9) + (+149.8) +
–1 17. A (62%)
(–285.8)] kJ mol 1
–1
= –542.9 kJ mol 1 Electrolytic cell 1 Electrolytic cell 2
–
Anodic 4OH (aq) Cu(s)
– 2+ –
reaction O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e Cu (aq) + 2e
Answers to Part exercise Cathodic
2+
Cu (aq) + 2e
– 2+
Cu (aq) + 2e
–

reaction Cu(s) Cu(s)

Chapter 32
18. C
A. Multiple-choice questions (p.157) +
At the cathode in Cell 1: Ag (aq) + e
–
Ag(s)
1. D At the anode in Cell 2:
+
H (aq) ions are preferentially discharged to form –
4OH (aq) O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e
–
+
H2(g) at the lead electrode because H (aq) is a Number of moles of electrons required to produce
2+
stronger oxidizing agent than Pb (aq). 1.08 g
1.08 g of Ag(s) = –1
2. A 107.9 g mol
3. B Number of moles of O2 produced
4. B (64%) 1.08 g 1
= –1 ×
107.9 g mol 4
5. C
19. C
6. C
2+ During electrolysis, positive ions in the electrolyte
Option (C): Pb (aq) is a stronger oxidizing agent
2+ move towards the cathode.
than Co (aq).
7. D B. Structured questions (p.160)
The equation for the redox reaction is Cl2(aq) + 20. (a) Air/atmosphere 1
– –
2I (aq) 2Cl (aq) + I2(aq). Chlorine water is (b) From chemical energy to electrical energy 1
– –
reduced in the reaction because the oxidation (c) (i) H2(g) + 2OH (aq) 2H2O(l) + 2e 1
– –
number of chlorine decreases from 0 to –1. (ii) O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e 4OH (aq) 1
8. B (74%) (d) Hydrogen is flammable. It may lead to
2– – +
5C2O4 (aq) + 2MnO4 (aq) + 16H (aq) explosion. 1
2+
10CO2(g) + 2Mn (aq) + 8H2O(l) (e) The electrolyte inside hydrogen-oxygen
Minimum volume of 0.010 M acidified KMnO4(aq) fuel cells freezes below 0°C. Then no ions
required would be allowed to move between the two
–3 15.00 3 2
0.020 mol dm × dm × electrodes. 1
1000 5
= –3 21. (a) From magnesium to chromium 1
0.010 mol dm
3 (b) The concentration of chromium(III) ions in
= 0.012 dm 3+
3 the solution decreases because Cr (aq)
= 12.00 cm
ions are reduced to form Cr(s) in the left
9. D (53%)
half cell. 1
10. D

T15
 (c) Magnesium electrode dissolves/becomes Chapter 35
thinner. 1 A. Multiple-choice questions (p.261)
2+ –
Mg(s) Mg (aq) + 2e 1 1. D
+
(d) The K (aq) ions from the KNO3(aq) in the 2. D
salt bridge move to the left half cell to 3. D
balance the excess negative charge in the By simple proportion, number of moles of butane
solution created by the consumption of needed
3+
Cr (aq) ions. 1 2 mol
= 1000 kJ × = 0.3475 mol
–
The NO3 (aq) ions from the KNO3(aq) in 5755.2 kJ
Mass of butane needed
the salt bridge move to the right half cell to
= 0.3475 × (12.0 × 4 + 1.0 × 10) g = 20.16 g
balance the excess positive charge in the
4. C
solution created by the formation of 3 –1
2+ 2Al(s) + O2(g) Al2O3(s) ∆H f = –1670 kJ mol
Mg (aq) ions. 1 2
3+ 2+
(e) 3Mg(s) + 2Cr (aq) 3Mg (aq) + 2Cr(s) 1 By reversing this equation and then multiplying it
(f) Decrease in mass of Mg by 2, we get the target equation.
0.520 3 2Al2O3(s) 4Al(s) + 3O2(g)
= × × 24.3 g 1
52.0 2 –1
∆H = +1670 × 2 kJ mol = +3340 kJ mol
–1

= 0.365 g 1 5. C
22. HKDSE 2020 Paper 1B Q1 6. B
23. (a) (i) It completes the circuit by allowing the 3
25.0 cm of 1.0 M hydrochloric acid is neutralized
movement of ions between two 3
to give 0.025 mol of water. 50.0 cm of 0.5 M
electrodes. 1 hydrochloric acid is neutralized to give 0.025 mol
(ii) 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l) 1 of water. However, the volume of solution is doubled
(iii) Any TWO of the following: in the second reaction. As a result, the maximum
• Controlling possible ignition sources temperature rise is halved.
since hydrogen is highly flammable 7. B
in the presence of a spark in air 1 Number of moles of AgNO3
• Ensuring storage vessels are –3 300.0 3
= 0.25 mol dm × dm = 0.075 mol
appropriate since hydrogen is stored 1000
under pressure 1 Number of moles of CaCl2
• Using hydrogen-release detectors (1) –3 50.0 3
= 0.50 mol dm × dm = 0.025 mol
• Regular maintenance of hydrogen 1000
From the equation, mole ratio of AgNO3 to CaCl2 =
containers (1)
2 : 1. 0.075 mol of AgNO3 required 0.0375 mol of
• Safe storage/location of hydrogen
CaCl2 for complete reaction. However, there was
containers (1)
only 0.025 mol of CaCl2 available. Hence, CaCl2
(b) (i) Any TWO of the following:
was the limiting reactant.
• No toxic/hazardous products are
Number of moles of AgCl formed
generated from PEM fuel cells. 1
= 0.025 mol × 2 = 0.050 mol
• Fuel cells are more efficient. 1
Heat released
• High energy density of H2 means 3 –3 –1 –1
= 350.0 cm × 1.0 g cm × 4.2 J g K × [(23.5 +
less fuel needs to be carried. (1)
273) – (21.2 + 273)] K
• PEM fuel cells generate less heat. (1)
= 3381 J
• Less noise is generated from PEM
∴ the enthalpy change for the precipitation of one
fuel cells. (1)
mole of AgCl(s)
• Water produced in PEM fuel cells
3381 –1
could be used in the submarine. (1) =– J mol
0.050
(ii) Electrolysis of water (seawater) 1 = –67 620 J mol
–1

using energy from the diesel engine = –67.6 kJ mol

–1

or solar energy 1

T16
 8. A As heat loss to the surroundings is
It is impossible to determine the enthalpy change reduced, a greater/more accurate
of formation of nitrogen monoxide. This is because maximum temperature rise would be
nitrogen reacts with oxygen to form both nitrogen recorded. The heat released from the
monoxide and nitrogen dioxide. reaction mixture calculated would be
9. C (82%) greater. 1
Enthalpy change for the conversion of W Z (ii) The enthalpy change of the reaction
–1 –1
= [(–150) + (+100) + (+60)] kJ mol = +10 kJ mol determined in the experiment would be
Enthalpy change for the conversion of Z X less negative. 1
–1 –1
= [–(+60) – (+100)] kJ mol = –160 kJ mol As less iron reacted, less heat would
10. B be released from the reaction mixture. 1
763.5 –1
∆H c [C2H5COOH(l)] = – kJ mol 13. (a) The temperature of the reaction mixture
0.5
= –1527 kJ mol
–1 rose because heat was given out when
7 sodium hydroxide solution was added to
C2H5COOH(l) + O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
2 nitrate solution of copper. 1
By applying Hess’s Law, Then the temperature of the reaction
–1527 = 3 × ∆H f [CO2(g)] + 3 × ∆H f [H2O(l)] – mixture reached the maximum because
∆H f [C2H5COOH(l)] sodium hydroxide solution had just
–1527 = 3 × (–393.5) + 3 × (–285.8) – completely reacted with nitrate solution of
∆H f [C2H5COOH(l)] copper. 1
–1
∆H f [C2H5COOH(l)] = –510.9 kJ mol Finally, the temperature of the reaction
11. B mixture fell because addition of excess
Divide the second thermochemical equation by 2, sodium hydroxide solution cooled the
we get: reaction mixture. 1
1 y –1
C(graphite) + O2(g) CO(g) ∆H = kJ mol (b)
2 2
Add the above thermochemical equation to the third
one, we get:
1 y –1
C(graphite) + O2(g) CO(g) ∆H = kJ mol
2 2
1 –1
+) CO(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) ∆H = z kJ mol
2
Temperature / °C

y –1
C(graphite) + O2(g) CO2(g) ∆H = + z kJ mol
2
B. Structured questions (p.262)
12. (a)
thermometer
stirrer

expanded polystyrene cup lid

H2SO4(l) beaker
3
cotton wool Volume of NaOH(aq) added / cm
iron powder
2 From the graph, the volume of sodium
(1 mark for correct drawing; 1 mark for correct hydroxide solution required for complete
3
labelling) reaction is 19.60 cm . 1
(b) (i) The enthalpy change of the reaction (c) Number of moles of NaOH required
determined in the experiment would be 19.60
= 2.0 × mol = 0.0392 mol 1
1000
more negative/closer to that found in
data books. 1

T17
 2+
(d) Number of moles of Cu originally present 2FeO(s) + 2CO(g) 2Fe(s) + 2CO2(g)
–1
20.0 ∆H = –22.0 kJ mol
= 1.0 × mol = 0.020 mol 1
1000 1 2 1
Number of moles of Cu
2+
0.020 Fe2O3(s) + CO(g) Fe3O4(s) + CO2(g)
(e) 3 3 3
– = –1
Number of moles of OH 0.0392 ∆H = –15.7 kJ mol
= 0.51 ≈ 0.5 1 2 2 2
∴ the empirical formula of the hydroxide of Fe3O4(s) + CO(g) 2FeO(s) + CO2(g)
3 3 3
–1
copper is Cu(OH)2. 1 +) ∆H = +12.9 kJ mol
(f) From the graph, the maximum temperature Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)
rise of the reaction mixture is By applying Hess’s Law,
–1
(28.4 – 21.2)°C = 7.2°C. 1 ∆H = [(–22.0) + (–15.7) + (+12.9)] kJ mol 1
–1
(g) Enthalpy change of the reaction = –24.8 kJ mol 1
3 –3 –1 –1
(20.0 + 19.6) cm × 1.0 g cm × 4.2 J g K × 7.2 K 16. (a) Standard enthalpy change of methanol is
=– 1
0.020 mol the enthalpy change when one mole of
–1
= –59 875.2 J mol methanol burns completely in oxygen
–1
= –59.9 kJ mol 1 under standard conditions. 1
14. 4H3BO3(aq) 4HBO2(aq) + 4H2O(l) (b) Enthalpy change of combustion of methanol
–1
∆H = –0.02 × 4 kJ mol –1 –1
150 g × 4.2 J g K × (372 – 298) K
= –0.08 kJ mol
–1 =– 1
2.30 mol
4HBO2(aq) H2B4O7(aq) + H2O(l) 12.0 + 1.0 × 4 + 16.0
–1
∆H = +11.3 kJ mol = –648 626 J mol
–1

–1
H2B4O7(aq) 2B2O3(s) + H2O(l) = –648.6 kJ mol 1
–1
∆H = +17.5 kJ mol (c) By applying Hess’s Law, the standard
Add the above thermochemical equations enthalpy change of Stage 2
–1
together and cancel the same species on the = [(–201.0) – (–110.5)] kJ mol 1
–1
two sides of the equation. = –90.5 kJ mol 1
–1
4H3BO3(aq) 4HBO2(aq) + 4H2O(l) ∆H = –0.08 kJ mol (d) CH4(g) + H2O(g) H2(g) + CH3OH(g) 1
–1
4HBO2(aq) H2B4O7(aq) + H2O(l) ∆H = +11.3 kJ mol (e) By applying Hess’s Law, the standard
–1
+) H2B4O7(aq) 2B2O3(s) + H2O(l) ∆H = +17.5 kJ mol enthalpy change for the overall reaction in
4H3BO3(aq) 2B2O3(s) + 6H2O(l) the two stages
–1
By applying Hess’s Law, the enthalpy change of = [(+205.9) + (–90.5)] kJ mol 1
–1
the target reaction = +115.4 kJ mol 1
–0.08 + 11.3 + 17.5 –1 17. HKDSE 2021 Paper 1B Q5
∆H = kJ mol 1
2
–1
= +14.4 kJ mol 1
15. (a) Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g) 1
(b) 2FeO(s) + 2CO(g) 2Fe(s) + 2CO2(g)
Answers to Revision test
–1 –1
∆H = –11.0 × 2 kJ mol = –22.0 kJ mol
Chapter 32
1 2 1
Fe2O3(s) + CO(g) Fe3O4(s) + CO2(g) A. Multiple-choice questions (p.163)
3 3 3
1 –1 –1 1. A
∆H = –47.2 × kJ mol = –15.7 kJ mol
3 2. D
2 2 2 3. C
Fe3O4(s) + CO(g) 2FeO(s) + CO2(g)
3 3 3 4. B
2 –1 –1
∆H = +19.4 × kJ mol = +12.9 kJ mol 5. D
3
Add the above thermochemical equations 6. B
–
together and cancel the same species on H2(g) is a stronger reducing agent than Cl (aq). It
the two sides of the equation. undergoes oxidation by losing electrons to form
+
H (aq). The pH of the solution in the left half cell
decreases gradually because the concentration of
+
H (aq) in the solution increases when the cell
operates.
T18
7. A (c) It acts as the electrolyte/allows ions to
8. B move between the two electrodes within
+ –
As H (aq) and Cl (aq) ions are consumed and the cell. 1
+ –
Rb (aq) and OH (aq) ions remain, the electrolytic (d) The cell voltage decreases. 1
2+
solution eventually changes to alkaline (with This is because Cu (aq) ions accept
+
RbOH(aq)). electrons less readily than Ag (aq) ions/
2+
9. C Cu (aq) is a weaker oxidizing agent than
+
Lead conducts electricity but it is not an electrolyte. Ag (aq). 1
10. D (e) Any TWO of the following:
11. D Silver oxide cells are small in size/
lightweight. 1
B. Structured questions (p.165)
Silver oxide cells have a wide operating
12. (a) H2SO4(l) temperature range. 1
Silver oxide cells provide a steady voltage
anhydrous CaCl2(s)
to power digital watches. (1)
Silver oxide cells have a high energy
density. This means that it can operate for
a relatively long period of time. (1)
2+ –
14. (a) Zn(s) Zn (aq) + 2e 1
(b) Brass anode dissolves/becomes thinner. 1
2+
(c) Cu (aq) ions are preferentially discharged
SO2(g) 2+
Copper at the platinum cathode because Cu (aq)
+
turnings is at a lower position than H (aq) in the
heat 2 E.C.S.. 1
(1 mark for correct drawing; 1 mark for correct (d) The blue colour of electrolytic solution
labelling; accept the drawing without a drying fades gradually. 1
tube and a drying agent.) (e) If the brass electrode is replaced by a
(b) Cu(s) + 2H2SO4(l) copper electrode, Cu(s) will be oxidized
2+ 2+
CuSO4(aq) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(l) 1 to form Cu (aq) ions. For every Cu (aq)
(c) Any one of the following: ion discharged at the copper electrode,
2+
Perform the experiment in a fume cupboard. 1 one Cu (aq) ion forms at the platinum
Wear safety spectacles and protective electrode. 1
gloves. (1) The concentration of the copper(II) sulphate
(d) (i) Since the reducing power of SO2(g) is solution remains unchanged. Thus, there is
–
stronger than that of Br (aq), it can no observable change in the electrolytic
–
reduce Br2(aq) to Br (aq). 1 solution. 1
Br2(aq) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
– 2– +
2Br (aq) + SO4 (aq) + 4H (aq) 1 Chapter 35
OR A. Multiple-choice questions (p.266)
2–
Br2(aq) + SO3 (aq) + H2O(l) 1. A
– 2– +
2Br (aq) + SO4 (aq) + 2H (aq) (1) 2. C
2+
(ii) No reaction occurs because Fe (aq) is 3. D
a weaker reducing agent than SO2(g). 4. B
2–
It cannot reduce SO2(g) to SO4 (aq). 1 5. B
13. (a) Ag2O(s) is the oxidizing agent of the
reaction because it loses oxygen to form
Ag(s). 1
(b) X is zinc powder because it loses electrons
in the cell reaction. 1

T19
 6. D (d) ∆H
2C3H6(g) C6H12(l)
2Na(s) + F2(g) 2NaF(s)
0.560 + 9O2(g) + 9O2(g) ∆H [C H (l)]
Number of moles of Na = mol = 0.0243 mol 2 × ∆Hc[C3H6(g)] c 6 12
23.0
3.000
Number of moles of F2 = mol = 0.0789 mol 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) 2
19.0 × 2
From the equation, mole ratio of Na to F2 is 2 : 1. (Two marks for any TWO the following:
0.0243 mol of Na requires 0.01215 mol of F2 for • Drawing arrows pointing in the correct
complete reaction. Hence, Na is the limiting direction
reactant. • Writing correct enthalpy changes
13.5 –1 –1
alongside the arrows
∆H f [NaF(s)] = – kJ mol = –556 kJ mol
0.0243
7. C • Giving correct formulae of the
NaHCO3(s) and Na2CO3(s) are solids. It is difficult chemical species involved, the
to measure the temperature of solids experimentally. stoichiometric coefficients and the
8. B state symbols)
Statement (3): the thermochemical equation that By applying Hess’s Law, the enthalpy
represents the complete combustion of C(graphite) change of the conversion of propene
is: C(graphite) + O2(g) CO2(g) to cyclohexane
–1
∆H c [C(graphite)] = –393.5 kJ mol
–1
= [2 × (–2058) – (–3899.4)] kJ mol 1
–1
9. B = –216.6 kJ mol 1
By applying Hess’s Law, 13. (a) MgO is insoluble in water. It is not an alkali. 1
–10 940.2 = 16 × ∆H f [CO2(g)] + 18 × ∆H f [H2O(l)] (b) The temperature of the reacting solution
– 2 × ∆H f [C8H18(l)] was not taken continuously during the
course of the reaction. 1
∆H f [C8H18(l)]
Hence, T2 may not necessarily be the
16 × (–393.5) + 18 × (–285.8) + 10 940.2 –1
= kJ mol maximum temperature of the reacting
2
= –250.1 kJ mol
–1
solution. 1
10. B (c) Number of moles of MgO
11. B 0.806
= mol = 0.0200 mol
24.3 + 16.0
1
B. Structured questions (p.268) Number of moles of HCl
12. (a) C6H12(l) + 9O2(g) 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) 1 100.0
= 1.0 × mol = 0.10 mol
1000
(b)
From the equation, mole ratio of MgO to
thermometer HCl = 1 : 2. 0.10 mol of HCl required
stirrer
0.050 mol of MgO for complete reaction.
However, there was only 0.0200 mol of
water MgO available. Hence, MgO was the
metal can limiting reactant.
∴ enthalpy change of the reaction
3 –3 –1 –1
100.0 cm × 1.0 g cm × 4.2 J g K × 7.0 K
spirit burner =– 1
cyclohexane 2 0.0200 mol
–1
(1 mark for correct drawing; 1 mark for correct = –147 000 J mol
–1
labelling) = –147 kJ mol 1
(c) Enthalpy change of combustion of cyclohexane (d) By applying Hess’s Law, the standard
–1 –1
200 g × 4.2 J g K × 10.5 K enthalpy change of the reaction
=– 1 –1
0.19 mol = [(–801.2) + (–285.8) – (–601.6) – 2 × (–167.2)] kJ mol 1
–1
84.0 = –151.0 kJ mol 1
–1
= –3 899 368 J mol
–1
= –3899.4 kJ mol 1

T20
 (e) Any TWO of the following:
• There was heat loss to the
surroundings by conduction and
convection. 1
• The simple calorimeter, stirrer and
thermometer absorbed heat. 1
• The density and specific heat capacity
of the reacting solution were different
from those of water. (1)
1 1
14. NO(g) N2(g) + O2(g)
2 2
182.6 –1 –1
∆H = – kJ mol = –91.3 kJ mol
2
1 3
N2(g) + H2(g) NH3(g)
2 2
91.8 –1 –1
∆H = – kJ mol = –45.9 kJ mol
2
1
H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(g)
2
–1
∆H = –241.8 kJ mol
Add the above thermochemical equations
together and cancel the same species on the
two sides of the equation.
1 1 –1
NO(g) N2(g) + O2(g) ∆H = –91.3 kJ mol
2 2
1 3 –1
N2(g) + H2(g) NH3(g) ∆H = –45.9 kJ mol
2 2
1 –1
+) H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(g) ∆H = –241.8 kJ mol
2
5
NO(g) + H2(g) NH3(g) + H2O(g)
2
By applying Hess’s Law,
–1
∆H = [(–91.3) + (–45.9) + (–241.8)] kJ mol 1
–1
= –379.0 kJ mol 1

T21