]

What is MUN?
Model United Nations (MUN) is an educational simulation of the United Nations, where
students assume the roles of diplomats representing different countries.

How can MUN help as an ECA?

Participants engage in discussions, debates, and negotiations on global issues, following

the UN's procedures. The goal is to find solutions to international problems such as
peace, security, human rights, and development and make a document on it called a draft
resolution. Through MUN, students develop skills in diplomacy, public speaking,
research, teamwork, and problem-solving, while also gaining a deeper understanding of
international relations and global governance.

First MUN and when did it start?

The first recognized MUN conference was held at Harvard University in 1953, known as
Harvard Model United Nations (HMUN). Other universities and schools began adopting
this model, and MUN spread across the United States and then internationally.

The Fundamentals of Model United Nations (MUN)

COUNTRY POLICY & FOREIGN POLICY
In a Model United Nations (MUN), the terms "country policy" and "foreign policy" are
often used interchangeably but can have definite meanings that are important for
delegates to comprehend.

Country policy refers to the policies and strategies that a government implements to
manage its domestic affairs. This includes economic policies(tax, budget, regulation of
industries), social policies(education, healthcare, and public welfare), Public Safety and
Security(rule of law and law enforcing agencies). Country policy is primarily concerned
with issues that affect the nation internally, welfare of the citizens and interests of the
country.
Foreign policy covers the strategies and regulations adopted by governments to manage
their international relations and diplomatic engagements. It consists of a list of objectives
essentially related to politics and economy, that forms a nation's regional and global
]

policies, including diplomatic relations with nations, trade partnerships, defense

strategies, International Aid collaboration etc. The actions or statements made by a
government regarding another country are usually influenced by its existing foreign
policy towards that nation

How country policies influence foreign policy

In Model United Nations (MUN), country policies significantly influence foreign policy
decisions due to various factors. It is necessary to understand the interplay between these two
terms. How country policy influences foreign policy includes:

The political situation in a country often determines its foreign policy. Leaders attempt to
balance international relations with domestic expectations, ensuring that their foreign
policy aligns with national interests.

❖ The ideology of a ruling party or leader shapes the country’s approach to

international relations. Different political leadership can lead to varying priorities
in foreign policy.

❖ Economic interests influence many foreign policy decisions. Countries often

develop policies that promote trade, secure resources, or protect economic
investments abroad.

❖ Domestic public opinion can pressure governments to adopt certain foreign

policies and can influence policymakers to align the foreign policy with the
sentiments of the citizens.

❖ Historical relationships and past decisions also form current foreign policy.

All in all, if two nations have such an alliance that, the disruption of which hampers the
national interests of the nations, they are more likely to favor each other in a controversial
agenda. That is how country policy influences foreign policy.
]

Researching for Model United Nations (MUN)

Thorough research is necessary for effective participation in a Model United Nations(MUN)
conference, which is indispensable for delivering impactful speeches. Here’s a structured
approach to guide your research process:

1.Thoroughly Review the Study Guide - This document is usually made by the MUN Executive
Board or the Academics Department. Reading the study guide gives you a headstart and further
assists in researching as it highlights the agenda and key points for discussion in committee
sessions.

2. Conduct Comprehensive Research on the Agenda - Collect extensive background information

through various sources such as newsletters, articles, and videos(YouTube).
Note: Do not use wikipedia as a source of your information; you may take the gist of a topic
from it but do not refer to it. Always verify information from secondary sources against credible
references.
Reliable sources include:
● UN Documents: Research on official UN publications, resolutions, and reports as
foundational sources of information.
● Country-Specific References: Explore resources from your assigned country’s Ministry
of Foreign Affairs, government press releases, and prominent state-endorsed media (e.g.,
New York Times for USA, Al Jazeera for Qatar, ) to understand national policies and
perspectives.

3. Analyze Your Country’s Position on the Agenda:

● Determine your country’s stance, whether it supports, opposes, or maintains neutrality on
the issue.
● Look for speeches, press releases, or public statements by national leaders that provide
insights into the government’s views.

● Consider criticisms from opposition to anticipate counterpoints and refine your

arguments.

● Analyze internal factors such as political and economic motivations that influence your
country’s position. This will add depth to your arguments

4. Study and Understand the scope of the Committee- Recognize the limitations and powers of
your committee. This helps ensure your proposed solutions remain within the committee’s
domain.
]

5. Analyzing Key Stakeholders' Foreign Policies:

● Research countries with similar stances or conflicting interests. Understanding alliances
and oppositions helps you participate in debate and plan lobbying.
● Research the policies/stance of the Permanent-5(P5) countries as they hold the most
influence in geopolitics.
● Identify the countries, organizations, and individuals directly impacted by or involved in
the agenda. Consider both governmental and non-governmental stakeholders.

6. Examine Previous UN Resolutions - Read past UN Resolutions related to the agenda and your
country’s voting history on these matters. Understanding previous resolutions' failures can
inform you on how current solutions may be improvised.

7. Analyze International Laws and Treaties Thoroughly- Visit the UN Audiovisual Library of
International Law to explore essential treaties and conventions. This can deepen your
understanding of international laws and you can explore the legalities relating to the agenda at
hand.

8. Construct and Evaluate Proposed Solutions

● Review your country’s established solutions and positions on similar issues and assess
how these align with its foreign policy
● Utilize the WH Questions (What, Where, When, Why, How) to thoroughly evaluate
proposed solutions and implement solutions which are practical, achievable and aligns
with your country’s policies

9. Efficient Research and Avoiding common pitfalls-

● Targeted research; Skim through only relevant articles while prioritizing key
statements or quotations and keep not of it.
● Avoid saving full articles or copying large text blocks. Opt for concise,
bullet-point notes focused on relevant content while checking that the articles are
current and the source is verified.

10. Organize Your Research - Compile all research materials in a Google Docs, MS word or a
physical file for easy access during the conference.
 ]

UNA-USA Rules of Procedure

● Official Language
English shall be the official and working language of all committees during formal and
informal debate.

● Decorum
Delegates are to obey instruction given by the secretariat and executive board members.
Those who do not obey directions will be dismissed from the conference.

● Quorum
The quorum signifies the minimum number of delegates who need to be present in order
to open Session for the debate. The quorum varies from committee to committee but
usually the quorum is when at least one-third of all delegates registered are present at the
committee session. The quorum shall be verified at the beginning of each session by the
Roll Call.

Note: Security Council requires 9 member states to be present in the meeting.

● Secretariat

The Organisers of the conference.

Flow of Debate

1. Motion to Open Debate (start the Session)

2. Motion to set the Agenda

● Used only when there are more than 1 agenda
● Followed by a 2v2 debate
 ]

3. General Speakers List (GSL)

● Formal Debate
● Speech content can include anything related to the agenda.
● Has only individual speaker’s time, no total time.
● The delegate already added to the Speaker´s List cannot be added for the second time.
Once the delegate makes his speech, he/she can submit a request to be put on the
Speaker's List again. The delegate can also withdraw himself from the Speaker's List by
sending a note to the Chairs.
● Once the Speaker's List is exhausted, the debate is considered closed and the Committee
automatically moves into the voting procedure on the document which is currently being
discussed within the set topic.

4. Moderated Caucus
● Informal Debate
● Speech content must be related to the specific topic of the moderated caucus.
● Has both total time and individual speaker’s time.
● Delegates who raised the motion for the moderated caucus can be either the first or last
speaker.
● To start a moderated caucus, we must suspend the GSL.
● After the time for moderated caucus ends, the committee moves back to GSL
automatically.

5. Unmoderated Caucus
● Informal Debate
● Delegates are able to freely discuss all issues with other delegations, lobby for their
interests, resolve difficult questions about the topic on the agenda and create working
papers and resolutions.
● Has only total time, no individual speaker’s time.
● To start an unmoderated caucus, we must suspend the GSL.
● After the time for unmoderated caucus ends, the committee moves back to GSL
automatically.

6. Working Paper (Optional)

● Motion required to present it.
● Informal document, usually a draft of the draft resolution.

7. Present the Draft Resolution

● Motion required to present it.
● Formal document, the final document of the committee.
 ]

8. Q/A Session (Optional)

● Motion required.
● Questions are asked by other delegates to the sponsors of the draft resolution to get a
better understanding of the clauses of the resolution.

9. Amendment Session
● Motion required.
● Make changes in the draft resolution.
● Depending on time availability, Dais may allow 1v1 or 2v2 debates.

10. Voting on the Draft Resolution

● Motion required.
● 2 types of voting procedure:
i. Roll Call vote
ii. Procedural vote

11. Motion for Adjournment of Meeting

Points
● Point of Personal Privilege
o Raised when a delegate is facing some discomfort.
o Usually sent by chits.
o Can be raised to interrupt a speaker only if he/she is inaudible.
● Point of Order
o Raised against the dais only.
o Must be for procedural errors and not factual errors.
● Point of Parliamentary Inquiry
o Raised to ask questions to the dais regarding the procedures of the committee.
● Point of Information
o Raised to ask questions to the delegate after his/her speech (not applicable in a Moderated
Caucus).
o Must be concise.
o Can be sent by chits.
● Plea to Follow-up
o Raised to answer a POI.
o Can be sent by chits.

Right of Reply
● Delegates, whose country´s national integrity or sovereignty has been contested, may require
Right of Reply. The Chairpersons may decide to give a certain time limit to the Delegate to
 ]

respond and to rule whether the Right of Reply is in order. The decision of the Chairs is not
subject to appeal.
● The right of Reply does not concern any case of personal insults or challenges
Yielding

● Delegates may yield time only when they have time remaining from their allocated time in GSL.
● Delegates cannot yield time in a Moderated Caucus.

● Types of Yielding:
1. Yielding to the Dais
2. Yielding to the Next Delegate
3. Yielding to POIs

Types of Motions
Motion Details Voting
Motion to Open Can be raised by any delegate at the very beginning of the conference. -
Debate
Motion to Set the Raised only when there is more than 1 agenda. Voting takes place after Simple
Agenda 2v2 debate. Majority
Motion to Open GSL “The Delegate of Russian Federation would like to raise a motion to open Simple
the general speaker’s list with each speaker getting 60/90 seconds.” Majority
Motion for Moderated “The Delegate of Germany would like to raise a motion to suspend the Simple
Caucus GSL and start a Moderated Caucus on the topic XYZ with total time Majority
5/10/15/20 minutes and individual speakers time 60/90 seconds.”
Motion for “The Delegate of Brazil would like to raise a motion to suspend the GSL Simple
Unmoderated Caucus and start an Unmoderated Caucus with total time 5/10/15/20 minutes.” Majority
Motion to “The delegate of New Zealand would like to raise a motion to suspend Simple
Introduce/Present the GSL and present the working paper 1.1” Majority
Working Paper Can be raised after the working paper is submitted to the Dais.
Motion to “The delegate of Honduras would like to raise a motion to suspend the Simple
Introduce/Present GSL and present the draft resolution 1.1” Majority
Draft Resolution Can be raised after the draft resolution is submitted to the Dais.
Motion to Start “The delegate of Ghana would like to raise a motion to suspend the GSL Simple
Amendment session and start the amendment session for the draft resolution 1.1” Majority
Can be raised after the draft resolution is presented.
Motion to move for “The Delegate of United Arab Emirates would like to raise a motion to Simple
Voting on Draft proceed for voting on the draft resolution 1.1” Majority
Resolution
Motion to Suspend the Raised to end the session for the day. Simple
Meeting Majority
Motion to Resume the Raised to start the session for the day. Simple
GSL Majority
 ]

Motion to Adjourn the Raised to end the conference till the next conference Simple
Meeting Majority
Motion to Appeal An appeal can only be made to procedural matters. A delegate may Two –
appeal any procedural decision by the Chair, under the Chair’s discretion, Thirds
unless it is one that cannot be appealed as stated by the rules of Majority
procedure, and can only appeal a ruling immediately after it has been
pronounced. The delegate will be given 30 seconds to explain the
reasoning behind the appeal. The Chair may speak briefly in defence of
the ruling.

Voting
● Delegates cannot abstain during voting on procedural matters.
● Each present delegation shall have one vote. Observing nations and non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) cannot vote on substantive matters.
● Voting Procedures:
1. Procedural Voting: Used for voting on all procedural matters. May be used while voting
on Draft Resolutions and Amendments.
2. Roll Call Voting: May used while voting on Draft Resolution and Amendments.
● Voting Counts:
1. Simple Majority (50% + 1)
2. Two – Third Majority
● Voting Options and Voting Stances:

Voting Stance Voting Options

1. Yes
Present 2. No
3. Abstain

Present and Voting 1. Yes

2. No

Note: Once a delegate says present and voting, he/she cannot switch back to present. But can
switch from present to present and vote.
 ]

Order of Disruption
● When delegates raise more than 1 motion at a time, the order of disruption guides us to which
motion we should vote on first.

● According to the order of disruption, the motion which can allocate the most number of speakers
will be voted on first.
Chair’s Discretion
● The Chair, under his discretion, can make changes in the ROP. This is done to better facilitate the
debate.

Working Paper
● Informal Document, usually a draft of the draft resolution.
● Everything discussed in the committee (usually the solutions) can be added in the working paper.
● No voting takes place for draft resolution (except to present it). Depending on time availability,
Dais may entertain Question/Answer sessions.
● Format:
 ]

Draft Resolution

● Formal Document, if passed, becomes a resolution and is adopted by the whole committee.
● Format:

Note: Each preambulatory and operative clause must begin with some specific terms.
There must be only ONE full-stop in the whole resolution.

● Sponsors
o They are the main authors of the draft resolution and agree with all of the points in the
resolution.
o The number of sponsors depends on the executive board members.
o Cannot raise any amendments.
 ]

● Signatory
o They are member states who agree with at least one of the points in the draft resolution
and want the resolution to be discussed in the committee.
o The Dais may set a minimum number of signatories needed to present the draft.
o Can raise amendments and ask questions.

● Preambles
o Usually contains the reason and problems for which the agenda is being discussed. May
recall previous actions and resolutions by the UN or any of its bodies on the agenda. May
recall conventions and treaties related to the agenda. May include the goal, the resolution,
what it hopes to achieve.
o Always ends with a comma.

● Operatives
o Usually contains the decisions, actions and solutions for the agenda.
o Must end with a semicolon except the last one which will end with a full-stop.
o Must be very detailed and should try to avoid any kind of loopholes.
o Cannot include anything that was previously not stated during the committee sessions.

Some Preambulatory clauses:

Affirming | Expressing its appreciation | Keeping in mind

Alarmed by | Expressing its satisfaction | Noting with regret
Approving | Fulfilling | Noting with deep concern
Aware of | Fully alarmed | Noting with satisfaction
Bearing in mind | Fully believing | Noting further
Believing | Further deploring | Noting with approval
Confident | Further recalling | Observing
Contemplating | Guided by | Reaffirming
Convinced | Having adopted | Realizing
Declaring | Having considered | Recalling
Deeply concerned | Having devoted attention | Recognizing
Deeply conscious | Having examined | Referring
]

Deeply convinced | Having heard | Seeking

Deeply disturbed | Having Received | Taking into account
Deeply regretting | Having studied | Taking into Consideration
Desiring | Taking note | Emphasizing
Expecting | Viewing with appreciation | Welcoming

Some Operative Clauses:

| Accepts | Affirms | Approves

| Authorises | Calls | Calls upon
| Condemns | Confirms | Congratulates
| Considers | Decides | Declares
| Deplores | Emphasizes | Demands
| Designates | Encourages | Endorses
| Expresses its hope | Further invites | Further recommends
| Further reminds | Further requests | Proclaims
| Reaffirms | Recommends | Regrets
| Reminds | Requests
]

SAMPLE DRAFT RESOLUTION

United Nations A/RES/1/1/0

Distr.: General
4 March 2024
General Assembly
Original: English

Seventy-eighth session
Agenda item 1

General Assembly First Committee (DISEC)

Agenda item 1

Draft Resolution 1.1.0

Sponsor: Russian Federation, Commonwealth of Australia
Signatories: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland, United Arab Emirates, Republic of South Africa, the Islamic
Republic of Afghanistan, Republic of Yemen

Agenda: Promoting the safe handling, non-proliferation, and disarmament of

Chemical Weapons and ensuring compliance with international chemical safety
standards

The General Assembly,

Guided by the Charter of United Nations,
Recalling the Article 74 of the International Humanitarian Law which suggested
the prohibition of the usage of Chemical weapon in warfare and Geneva Protocol
IV which says about the distinction between civilians and military personnel which
the chemicals weapons do not have a binding ability to do so,
Emphasizing the adopted United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540 (2004),
which reaffirms the domestic actions to reduce the threat, stockpiling, proliferation
of any kind of Weapons of Mass Destruction including Chemical weapons,
Biological weapons, Nuclear weapons etcetera and the materials related to such
concerns,
Further emphasizing UNSCR 1977, 2055, 2325 which focuses on the
non-proliferation of Chemical Weapons,
]

Noting with satisfaction the success of the collaboration between United Nations
bodies and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons,
Recognizing the need to achieve total disarmament with regard to Chemical
Weapons,
Alarmed by the usage of all kind of weapons by the terrorist organizations around
the world,
Observing the situation of Beirut incident on 4th August of 2020 and conveying
deep condolence in this matter which is a result of chemicals capable of exploding,
Further recalling the Chemical Weapon Convention 1993, which prohibits the
actions related to Chemical Weapons, creates an “Investigation and Inspection
Team'”to verify any allegation about Chemical weapons to any state and appreciates
the past success of the Organization for Prohibition of Chemical Weapons being
able to act upon massive dismantlement procedure of reported stockpiles by
member states,
Taking into account the need of Middle Eastern nations to comply with the OPCW,
for the sake of International Peace and Security,
1. Recommends every state follow the instructions of the International Union of
Pure and Applied Chemistry regarding the safe use of chemicals:
a) the chemical industries where the potentially flammable chemicals
will remain safely and will be established at a safe distance from the
human community,
b) will transport this there will be the hazardous signs of Chemical
explosives and their activity to understand them clearly,
c)every government to implement special teams to observe the safe
transportation of chemicals;
2. Urges Member States to strengthen their chemical storage safety protocols by
conducting regular inspections of storage facilities to prevent accidental leaks or
explosions;
3. Encourages Member States to collaborate with the Organization for the
Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) to develop educational programs on
chemical safety for industry workers and the general public to prevent misuse or
mishandling of hazardous substances.
 ]

Amendments
● Changes made in the draft resolutions after it was presented.
● Types of Amendments:
1. Deletion: deleting the whole clause
2. Modification: make edits in any particular clause or deleting/adding a sub-clause in a
clause
3. Addition: Adding a new clause
● Friendly Amendment: when all of the sponsors agree with the amendment. The amendment
automatically passes
● Unfriendly Amendment: when the sponsors do not agree with the amendment.
● In case of unfriendly amendments, we go for voting. To pass the amendment, two-third majority
is required.
● Format:

Important MUN Paperworks

1. Position Paper Guidelines

A Position Paper provides a concise summary that describes the country’s policy and interest
with regard to the committee’s agenda. It includes a clear statement about the country’s position
on issues, and the reasoning and a proposed action plan. The Position paper is a crucial document
for preparing for the conference discussions and mandatory for the committee participation, as it
serves as an outline of structuring the debate and can have an impact on the award consideration.

Structure of a Position Paper

When writing a position paper, there is a set format to follow. In the top left corner, include the
country name, committee, and agenda. On the top right, place the official flag of your assigned
country.
]

Paragraphs:

1. Introduction to the Agenda & Country’s Stance

➢ Start by introducing the topic, briefly, and stress why it is important to the Committee’s
agenda. The first paragraph should give the reader a concise overview of the agenda.
➢ Country’s Perspective: Write clearly about the country’s position (or perspective)
regarding the issue. It should also include any historical or current reasons the country is
passionate enough about this that they feel the need to highlight it.

Tip: Avoid getting too specific in this section; instead, focus on providing a
high-level view of your country’s stance.

2. Background and National Involvement

➢ Provide detailed background information on the topic, and explain the country's
involvement (or experience) in it. Usually includes relevant policies, legislation, or
historical events.
➢ Use relevant statistics, previous actions, and other specific examples that demonstrate
how the country has addressed this issue domestically or internationally.

Tip: Reference past U.N. resolutions or international agreements your

country has been a part of to strengthen this section.

3. International Collaboration and Key Alliances

➢ Outline the country’s collaboration with other nations or international bodies related to
this issue. Identify any key allies or partnerships that support your stance.
➢ Mention previous international initiatives or coalitions your country has joined to address
the problem, and describe any successful outcomes. Highlight how your country views
international cooperation and its role in resolving the issue.

Tip: Mention specific treaties or alliances, like regional organizations, to show

alignment with broader international efforts.

4. Proposed Solutions and Goals for the Committee

➢ Conclude the paper by outlining the country’s goals for the committee session and
suggesting possible solutions or policy actions that align with the country’s stance.
➢ Proposals: Present realistic and achievable solutions your country would support. These
should be feasible and align with your country’s policies and interests.
]

Tip: Keep these proposals general enough to encourage collaboration but detailed
enough to show you have thought through practical steps.

5. Citations/References

➢ Refer to reports and national policies by governments and its agencies (pertaining only to
the delegate’s country) where appropriate.
➢ Refer to relevant U.N. resolutions, treaties and reports published by the United Nations
and its agencies.
➢ Refer to reports published by recognized media agencies or NGOs, that align with the
policy of your country.
➢ Do not refer to Wikipedia, Wikileaks or Blog articles at all.

FORMAT:

1) Font: Times New Roman

2) Font size 12

3) Alignment: Justified

4) Line Spacing: 1.15

5) Page Limit: 1.5 page (Excluding Reference)

6) Paragraph Spacing: Single Spaced

7) References MUST be included at the end of your paper. You have the liberty to follow
any referencing style (APA, Harvard, MLA, etc.). No Page limit for References.

8) Plagiarism, AI writing or copy pasting information from the Study Guide or any other
online source will result in nullification of the Position Paper

9) No cover page required

10) Submission format: PDF file

]

SAMPLE POSITION PAPER

Country: Republic of Ireland
Committee: United Nations Development Programme
Agenda: Development flood resistance, emergency response and disaster
risk reduction framework in South-East Asia
Natural disasters are a major issue with vexing concerns for South-East Asian nations. Over the
previous decade, natural disasters have increased in frequency and scale, posing significant
economic and humanitarian concerns in South-East Asia. Natural catastrophes disproportionately
affect the poor in developing nations, and the hazards associated with them are directly linked to
poverty. Disasters can exacerbate existing problems of poverty and inequality and reverse
development achievements in nations with medium to low income levels and inadequate
governance. Losses from natural catastrophes make it difficult for many South-East Asian
countries to meet the Development Goals. Various kinds of natural disasters might cause severe
harm to the ecosystem, as well as negative implications for humans and the environment.
Despite these issues, the Irish government reacted fast, instantly providing support and ensuring
that contributions were provided where they were most necessary in South-East Asia. An
assessment team was also sent by the Irish Government to the region to determine how Ireland
could best respond. We collaborate with dependable partners such as the United Nations, the Red
Cross, and strong Irish NGOs and humanitarian organizations, while encouraging local
assistance organizations in the region to respond to the great challenge. Irish Aid, the
government's international aid program, likewise responds to the natural disaster's lessons. Irish
Aid pre-positions emergency supplies at humanitarian response depots across the world as part of
Ireland's fast response plan, reducing transportation costs and allowing us to quickly deliver
supplies to disasters.
The UN and other international organizations play a vital role in delivering immediate assistance,
coordinating the entire reaction, and preparing future protection systems for South-East Asia.
The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs has outlined the
significance of humanitarian coordination in response to natural disasters and other emergencies
in their Strategic Plan 2014-2017 which strives to enhance development programmes in the
world's emergencies and raise the efficacy of response efforts by using new and revolutionary
technology and implementing policies and techniques for disaster risk assessment determined on
the basis of disaster risk in all of its aspects, including susceptibility, capability, exposure of
people and property, hazard characteristics, and the environment. The complete adoption of the
UN Plan of Action on Disaster Risk Reduction for Resilience is a priority for the United Nations
Environment Programme. In the run-up to a post-2015 global framework on disaster risk
reduction, UNEP works for ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction, mainstreaming disaster risk
reduction in climate change mitigation and adaptation, and improved readiness for natural
disasters. UN-Habitat has pledged to carry out the UN Plan of Action on Disaster Risk Reduction
for Resilience; administratively, through its Strategic Policy on Human Settlements in Crisis and
Sustainable Relief and Reconstruction Framework; institutionally, by establishing a new Branch,
devoted to disaster risk reduction and adaptability; and globally, by promoting inclusive
outcomes on disaster risk reduction and fortitude. Alongside the UN, The European Union also
]

funds projects that focus on enhancing community resilience and disaster preparedness capacities
in countries such as the Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos.
Ireland recommends all the South-East Asian nations to comply and coordinate with the UN’s
overall guidance and responses for disaster risk management by:
a) coordinating responses at a country level about disaster prevention, responses and recovery
with the Regional Coordinators of different sectors of the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction
(UNISDR) and designated official for the development programme;
b) recommending UN agencies to determine parameters and priorities, risk-assessments and
directives, while ensuring the critical importance of the process and methods to prevent and
respond to natural disasters by recognizing and categorizing specific regions prone to specific
natural disasters;
Ireland hopes and believes that all the countries will work together for the prevention of disasters
by following the principles, planning and policies of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk
Reduction 2015-2030.

References:
1. https://www.oecd.org/derec/undp/47871337.pdf
2. https://www.irishaid.ie/newspublications/news/newsarchive/2015/march/new-framework-
on-disaster-risk-reduction/
3. https://www.preventionweb.net/files/33703_actionplanweb14.06cs1.pdf
4. https://civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/news-stories/news/humanitarian-ai
d-eu21-million-assistance-philippines-nepal-and-south-east-asia-2022-01-28_en
5. https://www.dfa.ie/pmun/geneva/humanitarian-migration-global-health-affairs/disaster-ris
k-reduction/
]

2. Chits: Communication Tool

Delegates use small, private notes — called chits — to communicate separately during meetings
of the committees. They are ways in which delegates can pass on messages, questions or points
without interrupting a discussion. Chits can be particularly helpful when:

● Another delegate is up and speaking

● Direct delegate communication has been restricted by the dais.
● A delegate wants to point out factual errors or policy breaches in another delegate's
speech

Chits come in two primary types, each with specific uses and guidelines:

1. Via Dais / To: The Dais

Purpose: These chits are addressed to the executive board or routed through them. Because
they’re official communication, they have to be professional and relevant to the session. Usually
they are Points of Information (POI) directed to another delegate via the executive board for
them to review, a request to the executive board to add your name to the General Speakers' List.
or Parliamentary Inquiries which are queries related to committee proceedings and the rules of
procedure addressed to the executive board.

2. To: Another Delegate

It is used for informal and delegate to delegate communication. Delegates use these chits among
themselves — they’re not sent via the dais, and often refer to the agenda or other topics.
Typically used to lobby other delegates, form alliances with them or propose solutions to them.

Format:

3. Communique/Joint Communique:
Communiqué: A formal letter from a committee/delegate to others. The tone of the letter must be
appropriate according to the letter’s tent. If you are writing to the Queen of the United Kingdom,
you should write very formally. If you are writing to the leader of an NGO, your tone could be
more emotional and loose. A joint communique is simply a communique signed by more than
one party or state. Both communique and joint communique are usually in the format
]

Format:

Communiqué

From: French Republic

To: The committee (or the dais if the communique is covert, meaning you prefer it not to be read
aloud in the committee)

Dear President Vladimir Putin,

It is with grave concern that I address you today about the stationing of Russian special forces
near the Ukrainian border. Ukraine has been a sovereign state since the fall of the Soviet Union,
and the Russian government under Yeltsin agreed to respect its borders. If the presence of
Russian special forces at the border escalates, France will take tough measures. I ask you to
reconsider your approach to Ukraine.

Sincerely,
Francois Hollande.

4. Individual Action Order:

The actions that are solely taken by your country in any forms of direct involvement is ordered
by the Individual Action Order

Format:

From: the Islamic Republic of Iran

Order To: Commander of Navy, Morteza Saffari

INSTRUCTIONS:

■ Deploy the following ships within Syrian waters for a combined military drill with Syrian
Navy till 30th June 2008:
-(IRGCS-901) Tareq Kilo Class Submarine
-(IRGCS-902) Noor Kilo Class Submarine
-IRGCS 72 Alborz Frigate

■ They will be moved on the 18th of June, 2008 at 16.15 (Iranian Standard Time)
]

■ They will participate in the combined military drill with Syrian Navy and during the duration
of the drill, position within the area and protect interests of Iran and Syria, a close Iranian ally
Through these measures and in this duration, I expect cooperation to foster with our close allies
and all illegal or foreign presence in the region be captured or in extreme cases neutralized and
reported to me.

(SIGNED)
Major General Hossein Salami
Commander-in-Chief
IRGC

5. Joint Communiqué

Date: 25 March, 2046

To: The Security Council

From: United States of America and the Russian Federation

After a majority of the first two sessions in disagreement, the delegations of Russia and the
United States have found themselves in a consensus in regards to the methods Taiwan can use to
effectively reunify, if that is their wish to do so. Therefore, the United States and Russia will
work together in discussing and suggesting ways to ease this reunification specifically in terms
of Legal, Administrative and Civil autonomy of power between the nations aforementioned.

Signed: The President of the United States (Joe Biden) and the President of the Russian
Federation (Vladimir Putin)

6. Press Release:
A press release is a public statement issued by a delegate or on behalf of the represented state. It
is intended to be shared with the general public through a news agency or other media outlets.

In a press release, a country should publish the statement through one of its own national news
agencies, using a style that resembles a traditional newspaper article. Think of it as a template for
a news clipping where you can draft a message, provided the content aligns reasonably with the
tone and credibility expected from that news agency.
]

Format:

From: The United Kingdom

PRESS RELEASE

BBC News
Date: 5 April 2024

UN Criticizes U.S.-Iran Cyber Clashes Amid Global Security Concerns

At New York, The United Nations has expressed grave concerns following reports of escalating
cyberattacks between the United States and Iran. In a statement released yesterday, UN
Secretary-General António Guterres condemned the digital conflict, stating, “The reckless use of
cyber warfare only increases the risk of unintended consequences for civilians around the
world.”

This statement comes after a recent disclosure that U.S. intelligence agencies and Iranian hackers
have allegedly targeted each other’s critical infrastructure, including power grids and
communication networks. Security analysts warn that these clashes risk spiraling into larger
conflicts if diplomatic efforts are not made soon.

7. Portfolio Request:
A portfolio request is a strategic document issued by a state’s defense ministry, typically in
wartime scenarios. It provides limited details about the state’s military assets, aimed at creating
deterrence, instilling fear, and projecting an image of balance. To prevent the opposition from
gaining a strategic edge, it’s recommended to keep specific information minimal. Portfolio
requests are generally divided into two types: private and public. The main distinction is that a
private portfolio request is only viewed by the dais upon submission and is not shared with the
entire committee. This confidentiality is essential because private requests often contain strategic
details, such as troop positions or sensitive tactical information, that could compromise the
state’s advantage if revealed to opponents. Such documents are primarily utilized in advanced
committees.

Format:

Portfolio Request (Private)

From: The Islamic Republic of Pakistan

]

Date: 18 March 1975

Objective: Secure Key Strategic Positions in Eastern Afghanistan and Establish Forward
Command to Influence Kabul

Resources Involved:

● Pakistan’s 11 Division under the command of Lt Gen Abdul Rahim, supported by

elements from the Pakistan Army’s Special Service Group (SSG), engineers, and
Pakistan Air Force (PAF) for aerial surveillance and support

● Assigned heavy artillery and armor support, including two tank regiments from 8
Armored Division and an independent artillery brigade from 2 Corps Artillery, with two
medium regiments, one heavy regiment with 155mm howitzers, and an anti-aircraft
battery

● Infantry forces to include the 11 Division’s 112 Brigade (three battalions), 8 Brigade from
6 Division (temporarily reassigned), and 21 Brigade (two battalions)

Plan of Action:

1. Lt Gen Abdul Rahim will establish a forward command post near the
Afghan-Pakistan border, with communication support provided by 2 Corps Artillery Brigade to
coordinate movements and control over the operation in Kabul’s proximity.

2. Infantry brigades will advance under artillery cover toward key Afghan positions,
securing strategic routes and logistics hubs to control access to Kabul and prevent any
counter-offensive attempts.

3. Special Service Group (SSG) units will deploy to infiltrate high-value targets in
the region and conduct reconnaissance on enemy positions and strength. SSG operatives will also
carry out sabotage operations against Afghan supply lines to disrupt reinforcements and supply
flow to Kabul.

4. Tank regiments and heavy artillery support will create a defensive perimeter to
secure captured territories, enabling rapid mobilization toward Kabul as conditions permit. Air
support will be provided by the PAF to ensure strategic advantage during any engagements with
Afghan forces.
]

5. General Akhtar Malik will oversee tactical communications and provide

additional command support from his established base in Kharian, with orders to reinforce Lt
Gen Rahim’s positions if necessary.

6. The operation’s secrecy will be maintained, and any actions taken will be
attributed to border security measures or self-defense in response to provocation, preserving
Pakistan’s diplomatic stance in the region.

8. Directive:
A directive is a concise, action-oriented proposal put forward by delegates to address a specific
crisis within the committee. Unlike resolutions, directives do not require a fixed format, special
language, or preambulatory clauses, making them simpler and more direct. They focus
exclusively on immediate, necessary actions rather than long-term suggestions, and are generally
written as a list of orders or recommendations. They are mostly required in crisis committees,
where swift action is essential. There are different kinds of directives:

1. Individual Directive
2. Joint Directive
3. Committee Directive.

Committee Directives are a formal decision taken by the committee as a whole, requiring a vote
to pass and becoming effective immediately upon approval.

Format:

Directive 1.2
Authors: USA, UK, Germany, Romania
Committee: NATO

1. Deploy NATO rapid response forces to reinforce the battlegroup stationed in Romania.

2. Place air defense systems, including Patriot missile batteries, along the eastern border of
Poland and Romania.

3. Increase aerial surveillance and reconnaissance flights over the Baltic Sea and Black Sea
regions.

4. Authorize defensive posture for naval assets in the Black Sea, with orders to monitor any
hostile movements.

5. Maintain strict rules of engagement: no engagement unless directly threatened or attacked.

]

Message From The Department Of Academics

Dear Delegates,

We hope that you will find this Delegate Handbook useful for your experience in Adamjee
Model United Nations Session II and your future conferences as well. The guidelines contained
here possess all the fundamentals that you need to know for a solid and seamless performance in
Model United Nations conferences. Do bear in mind that there is a lot more to learn beyond this
Delegate Handbook. A lot of procedures and regulations mentioned here may vary depending on
different Executive Board Members’ discretion. We sincerely hope that you will enjoy your
experience at Adamjee Model United Nations Session II and that it will motivate you to do more
Model United Nations conferences in the future. The Department of Academics is pleased and
excited to welcome you to the conference!

Regards,

Muhtadi Bin Mahmood

Under Secretary-General of Academics