Scribd
Upload
4 views

digital control

The document discusses the process of Analog to Digital Conversion (A/D), which involves quantizing and encoding analog signals into digital states. It outlines various types of A/D converters, including Flash, Delta-Sigma, Dual Slope, and Successive Approximation, along with their speed and cost comparisons. Additionally, it highlights methods to improve A/D conversion accuracy through increased resolution and sampling rate.

Uploaded by

smsm17780
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views

digital control

The document discusses the process of Analog to Digital Conversion (A/D), which involves quantizing and encoding analog signals into digital states. It outlines various types of A/D converters, including Flash, Delta-Sigma, Dual Slope, and Successive Approximation, along with their speed and cost comparisons. Additionally, it highlights methods to improve A/D conversion accuracy through increased resolution and sampling rate.

Uploaded by

smsm17780
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 12

ADC - Analog and Digital

Converter Circuits
Part 2

Fourth Year
Digital Control
Prepared by
Dr.Eng. Abdel Gayed Fathy

1
Analog → Digital Conversion
2-Step Process:

• Quantizing - breaking down analog value to


set of finite states
• Encoding - assigning a digital word or number
to each state
Step 1: Quantizing
Example: a 3 bit A/D , N=23=8 (no. of steps)

Output Discrete Voltage


States Ranges (V)
0-10V signals. 0 0.00-1.25
Separated into discrete
states with 1.25V 1 1.25-2.50
increments. 2 2.50-3.75
Analog quantization 3 3.75-5.00
size:
4 5.00-6.25
Q=(Vmax-Vmin)/N =
(10V – 0V)/8 = 1.25V 5 6.25-7.50
6 7.50-8.75
7 8.75-10.0
Encoding
give value to each state

Output Output Binary Equivalent


States
0 000
1 001
2 010
3 011
4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111
Accuracy of A/D Conversion
two ways to improve accuracy:

• Increase resolution: improves accuracy in measuring


analog signal amplitude

• Increase sampling rate: increases max frequency that


can be measured. Eg high pitch audio
A/D Converter Types

– Flash ADC
– Delta-Sigma ADC
– Dual Slope (integrating) ADC
– Successive Approximation ADC
ADC Types Comparison
ADC Resolution Comparison
Dual Slope
Flash
Successive Approx
Sigma-Delta

0 5 10 15 20 25
Resolution (Bits)

Type Speed (relative) Cost (relative)


Dual Slope Slow Med
Flash Very Fast High
Successive Appox Medium – Fast Low
Sigma-Delta Slow Low
Analog to Digital Converter
Simple, Cheap but slow :
Increment counter → D/A → compare
A
N
A D
L I
O G
G I
T
A
L

Figure 43 A simple feedback-type A/D converter.

8
Flash ADC

• series of comparators, each one compares


input to a unique reference voltage.

• comparator outputs connect to a priority


encoder circuit → produces binary output
Flash Analog to Digital Converter
Fast – but more expensive :
Single cycle - Uses many Comparators in parallel with
different reference voltages
Digital
Analog
• 2N-1 comparators for N-bits
• Each reference voltage
equivalent to a quantization
level
• Encoding logic produces
word

Figure 45 Parallel, simultaneous, or flash A/D conversion.


10
How Flash Works

• As the analog input voltage exceeds the


reference voltage at each comparator, the
comparator outputs will sequentially saturate
to a high state.
• The priority encoder generates a binary
number based on the highest-order active
input, ignoring all other active inputs.
Flash

Advantages Disadvantages
• Simplest in terms of
operational theory • Lower resolution
• Expensive
• Most efficient in terms of • For each additional output
speed, very fast bit, the number of
• limited only in terms of comparators is doubled
comparator and gate
• i.e. for 8 bits, 256
propagation delays
comparators needed

You might also like