General Wave Properties

Wave:"It is a disturbance in a medium" OR

"Itis energy from another."

a mode
of transfering one
point to

classification of Waves

1. Transverse Us Longitudinal 1. Mechanical vs

Electromagnetic
3.
Progressive vs Stationary

Transverse Waves Longitudinal Wave

1| I
E , . 11 energy transfer,
↑

↑"
or
X

⑧.

image
N
crest
trough E
>
>

transfer
"Waves which direction vibration
1. in
of
vibration normal
of source is
compression rarefactions
to the direction
of energy transfer 1. "Waves in which direction
of vibration

to the direction
of source is
parable
2. It
comprises of crests and troughs
of energy transfer."
2. It
comprises of compressions and rarefactions
Itcannotbe
3. Itcan be
polarized. 3.
polarized
4. Example:SoundWaves. Seismic Waves,
4.
Examples:Electromagnetic Spectrum, longitudinal waves in
slinky springs
Water waves, in and
waves
rope

springs.

Particle They
on a wave
follow the source. vibrate abouttheir mean
position
and notcarried wave.
the
are
along by
 Mechanical Waves

1. Waves which need a (material) medium to travel.

2.
They can nottravel in vacuum.

3.
Example:Water waves, Soundwaves, waves in
ropes
the
4.
Energy of such waves
depend on
amplitude of wave.

Electromagnetic waves

1.
They are all transverse waves Gamma Rays
well (18-1m)
a.
They can travel in vacuum as as medium.

3.
They all have the same
speed
in vacuum i.e. X-rays
(10-10m)
3.0x100ms.

20 I
4.
They are all neutral waves i.e. no change ultraviolet
(10 8m)
-

5. They obey the laws and

of reflection, refraction 1350nm) V
diffraction.
is
Visible
(187m)

No:E
6.
They are emittedand absorbedby matter. Light

They transfer energy from point to

IsonnIz
7. can one

another.

&. their
energy is
directly proportional to

the
frequency of these radiations. Microwaves
(10-2m)

I frequency is to be detamined, apply v fx = Radiowaves

X A
order
(100)
3.0x108 of
↓ that wave's

order wavelength
of frequency
 General Wave Propatien

xmX xmX
-<
A -
a -

"Im
&
>
A tIs

-
a - -
a -

<
-
xlmv -
alm v

Tells aboutthe motion the

Tells about the locations of of
crests or troughs compressions particle on wave source with

or
rarefactions along the wave
respectto time.

1.
Displacement (x)

Distance

a wave
of point/particle
from the
a

mean position.
on

1.5.2"-i; mean
position

I molecules
away with the
on a wave are notcarried wave.

They only vibrate abouttheir mean

position.Particles follow
the source.

a.
Amplitude (a)
displacementof
Max a
pointon a wave
from mean
its
position.

3. Wavelength (x)
the distance between two consecutive crests or troughs.
the
distance between two consecutive points with another.
in
phase one

4. Time Period (T)

Time taken to Time taken
produce one wave.
for one oscillation.

Time taken for Iwave to

pass a
point.
T total time
=

no.
of waves
50
Frequency (f)
Itis the unit time.
no.
of waves
produced per
It the
is no.
of wave
passing a
point par
unit time.

time no.
ofwaves
t N txx Nx| =

ofwave
1
I f1
I x see

no
=

or =

if N 1so t T
hence
f=
=
=

6. Wave
speed (v)

Distance travelled
by a
waveform per
unittime.

terms (d Nx)
= represented of
v distance can be in wavelength
=

fl wavelength
NX fill then,
v =

as v =

wavespeed "frequency
(Wave speed can also be detamined using gradient of displacement
time graph.
have the speed atmean
particles max
position.
particles are
momentarily atrest at max (amplitude) positions.

To determine the direction

of
=
X

of
⑧
motion
· X a
point on a
wave,
V
·x = look at the
-
shape of wave
the
·

· & · >
wave
V
N
=
motion

.
·

1
·· behind the
point.
·
f
V · ·

trough at back:point
fall
·

crestat back:point rise

7.
Intensity(I)
"Itis "Itis
the
energy transferredpen 1/
the
power transferred per
unit area per unit
time. unitarea.

Intensity:Energy Intensity:Power
Area x
time Area

(surfacearea SIUnit: Nm-

=
I
-
11/11/K

I =

4,11,111E
1, Intensity
& I

(distance

Intensity &
Amplitude # X
- X

Iha -> I ka
= X1X
<

(a,)
(az)
T ~

E'Sunitary are
ICI
12
I =

20
Idconstant

I, d, 12di
I=(
=

sphere

B-surface
I
->
=

area
tances
↓
Amplitude& E
x
<- -
*x desi A 4πr2
=

X↓X ↓
distance radius

3
Ixa2 ax 1 sax1 I P =

↓2 d
Ix/d2 sq.
4/22
root
It
41:constant
P,
k+
a
an] =
ad constant
=

a,d =acd2
M151 1983/p1 /0.4
Ixa- IxI
axl
· · ·

a2

I
point
d =1m I, 1x10 -50m= a,
700m
=
=

point2
d2 5m
=

Iz 3ac ?
=
=

a) I <
1 -
I,d Izdi = b)
aaI a,di acd2 =

d2 (1x10 5)(1) I2(5)" d (70)(1) a2(5)

-

=
=

7 --
12 4x10 Nm ac
14nm
-
=
=

8. Phase (b)

"It tells aboutthe

position andmovement
of a
point on a wave
"

with the
respectto mean
position.
Itis measured terms
angle; degrees
in
of radians
-> or

x/m
↑

180
-

B
B Trad
((((((((((((1/
5"
·

I 90
A
- it rad
I. , . . A

2T rad
11 · ·

C.(((((((((((((((((( ( 1 , 1(11 1 1 1 11.C I

0 360
D.,
stl 00
· I I I 1I · ⑳ ·

H0 D H

E
. , , , , , , . . . . ., 11 I E

0.14,111111111111111111111111G
F1(1111111111111111
· 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

#
V

- x/m

4 0
=

Q 150
=

4 2700
F
=

&= 395300A 0
= =
=

*A 30
=
PD 180 =

P 3100 =

05 450950B =05
=

↑3 90 =

4 240 E
=

1
↑ 36880
=
To findphase angle of any pointon a wave (Unitary (Ratio method)
xlm
↑

368
+ 30
7 -
X -

2πrad A

+*p
- ·

*vad E
t d
>tIS
d
=
·
*I *
d/m
B
0 4 d
1
t
365 +365
-

=
=

V
+

voli

To
find phase difference between
any
two
pointson a wave

xlm
↑

7 -
360 1 -
360 A

At*xp naExp
·

+ d
E At 7
>tIS
Ad =
*I *
10 10
1t 360
1d ,360
=

t d ·

d/m
=

+
B

cli
it points are wave
quarter ("wave) apart:10 =90 or 10:Ivad

quarter wave: 900 Irad 314 (three quarter):270 rad

3

wave:100 Trad full wave: 360 2trad

half

it points are
half wave
(twane) apart:14=1000 or 10:Arad
it phase diff=180 points are said to be out of phase !
(out
of sync!) ·
commonly
a
pointon a crestand on a trough are out
of phase.

it points are
full wave
(I wave) apart:10 =03600 or 10: 0/2πrad
one another.
itphase diff:8 pointsone said
to be in
phase with

(in sync) ↓
crest crest or
troughttrough are in
phase.
x/m between two
1
At leading wave
phase difference wave

|1
-

Toccassing
·
·

1 350-50
15,350
- =

&

·
wave At -

10
&
-

.
-

difference
O where Itis the time
-
-

·
between
points ofboth
corresponding
·
wave.
·

V
(YF1 &

n/m

Coherent Waves:Waves are said to

be coherent
of they have the
same
phase difference throughout.
·For be coherent,
waves to
they
mustwave the same
frequency"

Doppler's Effect speedof wave

"Change observed
frequency of the
to f
vYvs
in =

wave when the source moves relative ↓

"

to observer. observed
Freq. speedforce
source's

frea.

y <

x < X · ...s. XS,

obsuver"3
⑥ > X

observer B observes A observer A

(t0) (fo) source recedes source approaches?

fa<f fo >f
source (f) fo vxt
=

fo v v,xt
=

Istationary) V Vs
+

I distance plus in I distance minus in

observed
frequency equal is
recede so use
approach so use -
to the source's frequency.
·

Light coming from distant

galaxies
and stars showed a red
shiftin their
color.

Redhas a and
longer wavelength a shorter
frequency in the electromagnetic
·

spectrum.
· Reduced
frequency showed thatthe bodies
moving
are
away from us

and
from oneanother.

this thatthe
·

proves universe is
expanding and Big Bang probably
occurred.
Polarization
"Amethod of confining the direction vibrations
of of a wave
along one

axis only."

Only transverse waves can be

polarized.
·
longitudinal waves cannotbe
polarized.

Malus Law

intensity
-In
,
:0 -
T I Io COS O
=

N L
=
n as

=
Intensity& (amplitude)
as =
a a az c0s 8
↑
↑

amplitude polacization
at aocoso
film a
=

angle O
00 where O is the angle
from if a a0 =

vertical
=

8:98 between the

if a 0 =

axisovibration
8 600, ?
and the filter.
if I=
=

~
I
I0, I1 ?
=
> >

I I. COS O
=

10s60 rivation of
= 0480
hence 0.25
=
ene =

L
from vertical)
I I0 COs28 I 10 1058

1200: E xI
= =

I= Io(cos 30%) I=1, (c0s10) T

1 0.75
=
I 0.969
=
I 0.75 x0.969
=

I Ip
Are
0.727
-