##########: SA1:- CHAPTER-1 :##########

INTRODUCTION OF LINUX

1. Introduction of Linux.
2. Diffrence Between Linux And Windows.
3. Requirments of RHEL 8 Installation
4. Installation Precess of RHEL 8
5. What is BASH?
6. Shell Basic
7. What is Terminal:Physical and Virtual (Pseudo)?
8. Login And Logout to Local and Remote Computer And Locking Our System
9. Start the Terminal Using GUI And CUI?
10.Power Off and rebooting the System
11.Basic Commands
12.Installation RHEL-8 Step By Step
================================================================================

##########: History of Lunux :##########

Linux is a family of open-source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux

kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by
Linus Torvalds.
================================================================================

##########: Lunux Distributions :##########

1. RedHat
2. Ubantu
3. CentOS
4. KUbantu
5. Debian
6. Suse
7. Fedora
8. Kali Linux
================================================================================

##########: Diffrence Between Lunux & Windows :##########

Linux Windows
Pricing :- It is Not Available Free of Cost. It is
Not Available Free of Cost.

Open Source :- It is an open-source kernel. It is Not an

Open-source kernel.

File Names :- It has a Case-Sensitive File System. Its File

System is Not Case-Sensitive.

File System :- Ext4, Jfs, ReiserFS, Ext2, Ext3, Xfs, FAT32, NTFS, FAT,
exFAT, etc.
FAT32, NTFS, Btrfs, FAT, etc.

Booting :- Either Primary or Logical Partition. Only Primary

Partition.

Security :- Linux is Highly Secure as Compared Windows Provides

Less Security as
to Windows.
 Compared to Linux.

Family of OS :- GNU
MS-DOS

OS Programmed :- C
C, C++, Assembly

Path Separator :- It uses Forward slash (/) as a Path It uses a

Back slash (\) as a Path
Separator.
Separator.
================================================================================

##########: Minimum Hardware Requirments :##########

RAM : 2 GB
HDD : 20 GB
Processor : Intel and AMD (1.2 GHZ)

Media : DVD, Pen Drive, ISO Images for the VMware

Note:- ---------------------------
For AMD64, Intel64,And 64-bit ARM, at least two Partition (/ and swap)
Must be dedicated to Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
For IBM Power Systems servers, at least three partition (/,swap, and a PReP
boot
partition) must be dedicated to Red Hat Enterprise Linux.

================================================================================

##########: Installation Process of RHEL-8 :##########

Software Required:-

OS Media (DVD of RHEL or ISO Images) or Trrough Server the Network (PXE bot)

• VMware
• Virtual Box
• Hyper-V (OS-Win10)
• KVM (Linux RHEL 8)
================================================================================

##########: Hardware Requirment :##########

Minimum
Processor Dual Core

RAM Text 512 MB

GUI 1 GB

Hard Disk Text 10 GB

Space GUI 15 GB
================================================================================

##########: Recommended Partition Size :##########

Partition Size
/boot 1GB
 / 10 GB
/usr 1 GB
/var 1 GB
/home 1 GB
Swap Twice The Ram Size
================================================================================

##########: /boot (At Least :##########

The partition mounted on /boot contains the operating system kernel, which
allows your system
to boot Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8, along with files used during the bootstrap
process.
A 1 GiB boot partition is adequate.
Normally, the /boot partition is created automatically by the installation
program.
However, if the / (root) partition is larger than 2 TiB and (U)EFI is used for
booting, you need to create a separate /boot partition that is smaller than 2
TiB to boot the machine
================================================================================

##########: / (root) (At Least 10 GB) :##########

The "/", or the root directory, is located.

The root directory is the top-level of the directory structure.
By default, all files are written to this file system
A5 GiB root file system allows you to install a minimal installation, it is
recommended to allocate at least 10 GiB so that you can install as many
package groups

Note:- ---------------------------
The / directory with the /root directory.
The /root directory is the home directory of the root user.
The /root directory is sometimes referred to as slash root to distinguish it
from
The root directory.
================================================================================

##########: /home (At Least 1 GB) :##########

To store user data separately from system data, create a dedicated file system
for the /home directory.
Base the file system size on the amount of data that is stored locally, number
of users, and so on.
If you select automatic partitioning, it is recommended to have at least 55 GiB
of disk space available for the installation
================================================================================

##########: Swap Twice of Ram Size :##########

Swap file systems support virtual memory; data is written to a swap file system
when there is not enough RAM to store the data your system is processing.
When the system runs out of swap space, the kernel terminates processes as
the system RAM memory is exhausted.
The maximum size for a swap partition and other additional information can be
found in the mkswap(8) manual page.
The maximum size of the swap partition is limited to 10 percent of the total
size of the hard drive, and the installation program cannot create swap
partitions more than 128 GB in size.
================================================================================

##########: What is Bash :##########

Stands for GNU Bourne Again Shell

The bash is a program that interprets commands typed in by the user, called
command line interpreter

The default shell of Linux OS - /bin/bash

Bash is the improved version of sh (Bourne Shell)
Regular User start the shell prompt, end with $ sign

For the root User (Super User), shell prompt end with # sign
Bash enables the user to execute the command
The bash shell provides a scripting language that can support automation of
tasks.
Bash is similar to cmd.exe, used in Microsoft Windows
================================================================================

##########: Shell Basic :##########

Shell is a computer program which acts as an interface between the user and the
Kernel. Here, users can communicate with the Kernel by typing commands because
of it convert user command into Kernel understandable language.

Command entered in the prompt have three basic component:

• Command
• Options
• Arguments

Example:- useradd -u 2001 user01

Note:- ---------------------------
In this useradd is a command and -u is an option and user01 is an argument.
================================================================================

##########: What is Terminal :##########

In Linux, terminal is a text based interface that is used to give command by

the users

It is also known as console that are physical console (TTY) and virtual console
(PTS)

TTY is known as teletype

PTS is known as pseudo terminal slave

Open the terminal by using the key combination like CTRL+ALT+Function Key

Physical Terminal :- 1 - 6
Virtual terminal :- Unlimited

chvt 1 - 6

CRTL+ALT+F1 to F6
F1:- Login Screen
F3:- Graphical Terminal
F2 - F6 (CLI Ternminal)
There are two types of interface GUI and CUI (CLI)

In CUI, there are 6 terminal like TTY1 to TTY6

In GUI, open multiple virtual terminal like PTS1, PTS2 ..... So on

Note:- ---------------------------
In RHEL 8, if GUI is available then the login screen is available on TTY1 and
then switch to tty2 for login prompt
In RHEL 6 and 7, login screen and login prompt, both are available on the
TTY1
RHEL 5 has 7 terminal, 6 for text based and one for graphical console
================================================================================

##########: Login And Logout From Local & Remote System :##########

CTRL+D to logout the session from any user

Use the logout command
Use the exit command
Use CTRL+L to Lock

[root@JAVED ~]# su - u1 (Login Local User)

[root@JAVED ~]# ssh root@localhost (Login Remote User)
[root@JAVED ~]# logout
[root@JAVED ~]# exit
[root@JAVED ~]# #can use ctrl+d command To Logout#
================================================================================

##########: Start Terminal Using GUI & CUI :##########

In GUI, use Activities button and select terminal

ALT+F2 Key combination and type gnome-terminal
================================================================================

##########: How To Lock The System :##########

Use Super Key + L Key combination

Super Key is known as Windows Key
================================================================================

##########: Power Off And Rebooting The System :##########

How to reboot the Linux Machine

[root@JAVED ~]# reboot
[root@JAVED ~]# init 6
[root@JAVED ~]# systemctl reboot
================================================================================

##########: How to Shut down the Linux Machine :##########

[root@JAVED ~]# init 0

[root@JAVED ~]# poweroff
[root@JAVED ~]# systemctl poweroff
================================================================================

##########: Some Basic Commands :##########

logout:- Logout User who :- User Information

su – Switch User whoami :- Effictive User Information
pwd :- Print Working Directory w :- User Information
 tty :- Check Terminal Semicolon (;) :- more than one command
crtl+alt+f1 :- (Login Screen) PIPE (|) :- first command output
ctrl+alt+f3 :- (Graphical) *:- Select All
ctrl+alt+f2 – f6 :- (CUI / CLI) Date :- Check Date
chvt 1 (2-6) :- Change Terminal passwd :- assign the new password
crtl+Shift+t :- (New Tab) cat :- Create File
crtl+Shift++ :- Increase Font Size Tab :- Auto Complete Command
crtl+-- :- Dcrease Font Size echo$SHELL :- Check Shell

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