ELL 311: Communication Engineering

Problem Set 4

1. An angle modulated signal has the form x(t) = 10 cos (2πfc t + 4 sin(2000πt)) where fc = 10MHz.
(a) Calculate the average transmitted power.
(b) Calculate the peak phase and frequency deviation.
(c) Is this a FM or PM signal? Explain.
2. Figure 1 shows a message signal m(t) fed into an FM modulator with peak frequency deviation ∆f = 25
HzV−1 . Plot (a) frequency deviation (b) phase deviation as a function of time.

m(t) 10−3
2 1
1

1 2 3 4 5 6
-1 t
t
-2
-1

Figure 1: Figure for question 2 Figure 2: Figure for question 3

3. A baseband signal m(t) is shown in figure 2. Sketch (a) the phase modulated signal (b) the frequency
π
modulated signal for m(t) if ωc = 2π × 106 , kf = 1000Hz/unit, kp = . Also, estimate the bandwidth of
2
the FM signal, assuming m(t) to be an odd signal with essential bandwidth equal to the 10th harmonic.
4. For a modulating signal,
m(t) = 2 cos(100t) + 18 cos(2000πt)
(a) Find the (i) phase and (ii) frequency modulated signals for an average signal power of 50 V2 , ωc = 106 ,
kf = 1000π rad/Vs and kp = 1 radV−1 , assuming m(t) is switched on at t = 0.
(b) Estimate the bandwidths of (i) and (ii).
2
5. Given m(t) = e−t , fc = 104 kHz, kf = 3 kHz/unit and kp = 8000π.
(a) Find ∆f , the frequency deviation for FM and PM.
(b) Estimate the bandwidths of the FM and PM waves, considering m(t) to be bandlimited to 95% of its
energy.
6. Show that for a tone frequency modulation, the transmission signal x(t) can be written as
X∞
x(t) = A Jn (β) cos(ωc t + nωm t) where Jn (β) is the nth order Bessel function of first kind. Hence find
n=−∞
X∞
the value of |Jn (β)|2 .
n=−∞

7. (a) A superheterodyne receiver is designed to receive signals with carrier fre- Vin C L
quencies between 4 and 6 MHz with transmitted bandwidths of 100 kHz Vout
each. If the IF frequency is 850 kHz, then what range of local oscillator
frequencies is required for the same, given fLO > fc (high side injection). R

(b) The RF stage is an RLC circuit as shown in figure 3 with 3 dB bandwidth

of 200 kHz. It is tuned to 5 MHz with IF frequency of 850 kHz (high-side
injection). Calculate the Q-value of the filter, the image frequency fc0 and
the image rejection (gain at image frequency) in dB? Figure 3: Figure for question 7

1
 8. Plot the phasor plot for a NBFM signal modulated using m(t) = cos(ωm t) with modulation index β. Does
the signal suffer from amplitude distortion? If yes, how do you overcome it? Does the signal suffer from
phase and frequency distortion? If yes, calculate the ratio of the amplitude of the first overtone with respect
to the fundamental harmonic.
9. Consider a non-linear system defined as y(t) = a0 x(t) + a1 x2 (t) + a2 x3 (t), where ai ’s are fixed constants. Let
the input to the system x(t) be a standard FM signal with message bandwidth f0 and frequency deviation
∆f . The output y(t) is passed through the bandpass filter to produce s(t). Find the lower bound of fc in
terms of f0 and ∆f so that the system output y(t) when passed through a bandpass filter, still remains an
FM signal? What is the bandwidth of the bandpass filter thus used? If x(t) was an AM signal, will s(t) be
also AM, subject to above condtions? Justify. (The problem highlights an advantage of FM over AM )

10. Design an Armstrong indirect FM modulator to generate an FM carrier with a carrier frequency of 96 MHz
and ∆f = 20 kHz. A narrowband FM generator with fc = 200 kHz and adjustable ∆f in the range of 9 to
10 Hz is available. In addition you have a local oscillator with an adjustable frequency fLO in the range of
9 to 10 MHz, a bandpass filter with any center frequency and frequency doublers. Draw a block diagram for
the process specifying the values of ∆f , fLO used.

11. A given angle modulated signal has a maximum frequency deviation of 50 Hz for an input sinusoid of unit
amplitude and a frequency of 120 Hz. Determine the required frequency multiplication factor n to produce
a maximum deviation of 20 kHz when the input sinusoid has a unit amplitude, frequency of 240 Hz and the
angle modulation used is (a) PM, (b) FM.
12. Figure 4 shows a circuit comprising of an RLC filter cascaded with an envelope detector of infinite input
impedance. The arrangement is to be used to demodulate a FM signal with fc = 80 MHz and peak frequency
deviation of 6 MHz. Calculate the values of L and C for the above arrangement, assuming the gain (of RLC
filter) varies linearly for a range of 10% to 90% of peak value. (L = 14.98 mH, C = 0.018 pF)

T0 m(t)
1

L C
t
-1
Envelope
s(t) 10kΩ m(t) (a)
Detector
m(t) FM d Envelope DC
dt
Modulator detector blocking
a b c d e

Demodulator
(b)

Figure 4: Figure for question 12 Figure 5: Figure for question 13

13. A periodic square wave m(t) shown in figure 5a frequency modulates a carrier of frequency fc = 10 kHz with
∆f = 1 kHz. The carrier amplitude is A. The resulting FM signal is demodulated, as shown in figure 5b.
Sketch the waveforms at points b, c, d, and e.
R
14. Consider an FM signal given by s(t) = Ac sin(ωc t + kf m(λ)dλ) demod-
ulated using a PLL as shown in figure 6. Then,
km Loop
s(t) v(t)
(a) Show that the phase error φe (t) between s(t) and VCO output is X
e(t)
Filter
Φ1 (ω) jω L(ω) kf
H(ω)
given by Φe (ω) ≈ and V (ω) ≈ Φ1 (ω) where
1 + L(ω) Z kv 1 + L(ω)
K0 H(ω)
L(ω) = , φ1 (t) = kf m(λ)dλ and K0 = km kv Ac Av . What
jω VCO
happens to the output v(t) as we increase K0 ? kv

(b) Can the first order loop (H(s) = 1) track a signal

 whose  phase varies Figure 6: Figure for question 14
s + a
as φ1 (t) = kt2 u(t)? What happens if H(s) = ?
s