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Psychology 188 Chapter 7 Guide

Mannitol is a sugar alcohol used as a low-calorie sweetener and medication, primarily for reducing intracranial pressure and treating glaucoma. It has various medical applications, including use during surgeries and as a laxative, but may cause side effects such as dehydration and electrolyte problems. Mannitol is also on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines and is banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency due to its potential to mask other drugs.

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5 views6 pages

Psychology 188 Chapter 7 Guide

Mannitol is a sugar alcohol used as a low-calorie sweetener and medication, primarily for reducing intracranial pressure and treating glaucoma. It has various medical applications, including use during surgeries and as a laxative, but may cause side effects such as dehydration and electrolyte problems. Mannitol is also on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines and is banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency due to its potential to mask other drugs.

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University of Central Florida - Fall 2021

Psychology 188, Chapter 7 Guide

Professor Ames, Section 3

March 05, 2021

For instance, Mannitol is a type of sugar alcohol used as a sweetener and medication.

Consequently, It is used as a low calorie sweetener as it is poorly absorbed by the intestines.

Class Date: 10/5/2024

Instructor’s Comment: Add a summary to the end of each section.

GENERIC CONTENT:

## Discussion

As a medication, it is used to decrease pressure in the eyes, as in glaucoma, and to lower

increased intracranial pressure. Medically, it is given by injection or inhalation. Effects

typically begin within 15 minutes and last up to 8 hours. Common side effects from medical

use include electrolyte problems and dehydration. Other serious side effects may include

worsening heart failure and kidney problems.

## Background (List)
- It is unclear if use is safe in pregnancy.

- Mannitol is in the osmotic diuretic family of medications and works by pulling fluid from

the brain and eyes.

- The discovery of mannitol is attributed to Joseph Louis Proust in 1806.

## Conclusion

It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It was originally made

from the flowering ash and called manna due to its supposed resemblance to the Biblical

food.

## Findings

Mannitol is on the World Anti-Doping Agency's banned substances list due to concerns that

it may mask prohibited drugs. == Uses ==

=== Medical uses ===

In the United States, mannitol is indicated for the reduction of intracranial pressure and

treatment of cerebral edema and elevated intraocular pressure. In the European Union,

mannitol is indicated for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) in adults aged 18 years and

above as an add-on therapy to best standard of care. Mannitol is used intravenously to

reduce acutely raised intracranial pressure until more definitive treatment can be applied,

e.g., after head trauma. While mannitol injection is the mainstay for treating high pressure

in the skull after a bad brain injury, it is no better than hypertonic saline as a first-line
treatment.

## Analysis

In treatment-resistant cases, hypertonic saline works better. Intra-arterial infusions of

mannitol can transiently open the blood–brain barrier by disrupting tight junctions. It may

also be used for certain cases of kidney failure with low urine output, decreasing pressure in

the eye, to increase the elimination of certain toxins, and to treat fluid build up.

## Discussion

Intraoperative mannitol prior to vessel clamp release during renal transplant has been

shown to reduce post-transplant kidney injury, but has not been shown to reduce graft

rejection. Mannitol acts as an osmotic laxative in oral doses larger than 20 g, and is

sometimes sold as a laxative for children. The use of mannitol, when inhaled, as a bronchial

irritant as an alternative method of diagnosis of exercise-induced asthma has been

proposed. A 2013 systematic review concluded evidence to support its use for this purpose

at this time is insufficient.

## Background

Mannitol is commonly used in the circuit prime of a heart lung machine during

cardiopulmonary bypass. The presence of mannitol preserves renal function during the

times of low blood flow and pressure, while the patient is on bypass. The solution prevents

the swelling of endothelial cells in the kidney, which may have otherwise reduced blood
flow to this area and resulted in cell damage. Mannitol can also be used to temporarily

encapsulate a sharp object (such as a helix on a lead for an artificial pacemaker) while it

passes through the venous system.

## Conclusion (List)

- Because the mannitol dissolves readily in blood, the sharp point becomes exposed at its

destination.

- Mannitol is also the first drug of choice to treat acute glaucoma in veterinary medicine.

- It is administered as a 20% solution intravenously.

- It dehydrates the vitreous humor and, therefore, lowers the intraocular pressure.

- However, it requires an intact blood-ocular barrier to work.

## Findings

=== Food ===

Mannitol increases blood glucose to a lesser extent than sucrose (thus having a relatively

low glycemic index) so is used as a sweetener for people with diabetes, and in chewing

gums. Although mannitol has a higher heat of solution than most sugar alcohols, its

comparatively low solubility reduces the cooling effect usually found in mint candies and

gums. However, when mannitol is completely dissolved in a product, it induces a strong

cooling effect. Also, it has a very low hygroscopicity – it does not pick up water from the air

until the humidity level is 98%.

## Analysis (List)
- This makes mannitol very useful as a coating for hard candies, dried fruits, and chewing

gums, and it is often included as an ingredient in candies and chewing gum.

- The pleasant taste and mouthfeel of mannitol also makes it a popular excipient for

chewable tablets.

## Discussion

=== Analytical chemistry ===

Mannitol can be used to form a complex with boric acid. This increases the acid strength of

the boric acid, permitting better precision in volumetric analysis of this acid. === Other ===

Mannitol is the primary ingredient of mannitol salt agar, a bacterial growth medium, and is

used in others. Mannitol is used as a cutting agent in various drugs that are used

intranasally (snorted), such as heroin and cocaine. A mixture of mannitol and fentanyl (or

fentanyl analogs) in ratio 1:10 is labeled and sold as "China white", a popular heroin

substitute.

## Background

Mannitol is a sugar alcohol with "50-70 percent of the relative sweetness of sugar, which

means more must be used to equal the sweetness of sugar. Mannitol lingers in the intestines

for a long time and therefore often causes bloating and diarrhea."

References / Works Cited:

1. Wikipedia (n.d.). Retrieved from https://wikipedia.org/


2. Random Book Title (2022). Academic Publishing House.

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