Kinship,

Caste and
Class
Class 12 / CUET 2025 Arts Domains

For Max Discount Use Code - Y489

मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class by Anita Ma’am

INTRODUCTION

• There were several changes in economic and

political life between c. 600 BCE and 600 CE. Some
of these changes influenced societies as well.
• For instance, the extension of agriculture into
forested areas transformed the lives of forest
dwellers; craft specialists often emerged as distinct
social groups; the unequal distribution of wealth
sharpened social differences.
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste nad Class by Anita Ma’am

INTRODUCTION

• There were several developments in different

parts of the subcontinent during the long span
of 1,500 years following the end of the
Harappan civilisation.
• This was also the period during which the
Rigveda was composed.
• Agricultural settlements emerged - North India,
the Deccan Plateau, and parts of Karnataka.
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class byAnita Ma’am

1. The Critical Edition of the Mahabharata

• One of the most ambitious projects of

scholarship began in 1919, under the leadership
of a noted Indian Sanskritist, V.S. Sukthankar.
• A team comprising dozens of scholars initiated
the task of preparing a critical edition of the
Mahabharata.
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class byAnita Ma’am

The Critical Edition of the Mahabharata

• The project took 47 years to complete in 13000

pages. Two things became apparent: there were
several common elements in the Sanskrit versions
of the story, evident in manuscripts found all over
the subcontinent, from Kashmir and Nepal in the
north to Kerala and Tamil Nadu in the south.
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class byAnita Ma’am

Kinship and Marriage :Many Rules and Varied Practices

• The 6th century BCE is often regarded as a major turning point in early Indian history.
• Early Buddhist and Jaina texts mention, sixteen states known as Mahajanapadas.
• Janapada means the land where a jana (a people, a clan or tribe) sets its foot or settles. It
is a word used in both Prakrit and Sanskrit.
• Most Mahajanapadas were ruled by kings, which some known as ganas or sanghas,
were oligarchies, where power was shared by a number of men collectively called rajas.
• Each Mahajanapada had a capital city, which was often fortified.
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class byAnita Ma’am

Ideal of Patriliny

• The Mahabharata is a story about changing kinship relations. It describes a feud

over land and power between two groups of cousins, the Kauravas and the
Pandavas. They belonged to a single ruling family, i.e. the Kurus, a lineage
dominating one of the janapadas.
• The central story of the Mahabharata reinforced that the idea of patriliny was
valuable. Under patriliny, sons could claim the resources (including the throne in
the case of Kings) of their fathers when the latter died.
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class byAnita Ma’am

Ideal of Patriliny

• In some situations brothers succeeded one

another, sometimes other kinsmen claimed the
throne, and, in very exceptional circumstances,
women such as Prabhavati Gupta exercised
power. The concern with patriliny was not unique
to ruling families. It is evident in mantras in ritual
texts such as the Rigveda. It is possible that these
attitudes were shared by wealthy men and those
who claimed high status, including Brahmanas.
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class byAnita Ma’am

The Kuru
Panchala region
and neighbouring
areas
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class byAnita Ma’am

Q. Choose the correct North-

South sequence of the Kuru
Panchala region and
neighbouring areas.
(A) Bodh Gaya
(B) Mathura
(C) Indraprastha
(D) Hastinapura

Choose the correct answer from

the options given below:
(a) (D), (B), (C), (A)
(b) (A), (D), (C), (B)
(c) (D), (C), (B), (A)
(d) (D), (C), (A), (B)
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class byAnita Ma’am

Types of marriages

• Endogamy refers to marriage within a unit –

this could be a kin group, caste, or a group
living in the same locality.
• Exogamy refers to marriage outside the unit.
Polygyny is the practice of a man having
several wives.
• Polyandry is the practice of a woman having
several husbands.
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste nad Class by Anita Ma’am

• Sons were important for the continuity of the patrilineage.

• Daughters had no claims to the resources of the household. Marrying them into
families outside the kin was considered desirable.
• This system is called exogamy (literally, marrying outside).
• Girls and women who belonged to high status were ensured that they would get
married at right time and to right person.
• From c. 500 BCE, these norms were compiled in Sanskrit texts known as the
Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras.
• The most important of such works, the Manusmriti, was compiled between 200
BCE and 200 CE.
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class byAnita Ma’am

The Gotra of Women

• From c. 1000 BCE onwards, people (especially Brahmanas) were classified

in terms of gotras.
• Each gotra was named after a Vedic seer (sage), and all those who
belonged to the same gotra were regarded as his descendants.
• Two rules about gotra were particularly important. First, women were
expected to give up their father’s gotra and adopt that of their husbands on
marriage and second, members of the same gotra could not marry.
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class byAnita Ma’am

Importance of Mother

• Satavahana rulers were identified through metronymics

(names derived from that of the mother). This practice
reflected the presence of matriliny. However, the
succession to the throne was generally patrilineal.
• raja Gotami-puta Siri-Satakani
• raja Vasithi-puta (sami-) Siri-Pulumayi
• raja Gotami-puta sami-Siri-Yana-Satakani
• raja Madhari-puta svami-Sakasena etc
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class byAnita Ma’am

Name the Upnishad __________

• one of the earliest Upanishads contains a list of

successive generations of teachers and
students, many of whom were designated by
metronymics.
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class by Anita Ma’am

. Social Differences: Within and Beyond the Framework of Caste

• The term caste, which refers to a set of

hierarchically ordered social categories. The ideal
order was laid down in the Dharmasutras and
Dharmashastras. Brahmanas claimed that this
order, in which they were ranked first, was
divinely ordained, while placing groups classified
as Shudras and “untouchables” at the very bottom
of the social order. Positions within the order were
supposedly determined by birth.
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class byAnita Ma’am

The “right” occupation

• The Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras contained rules about the ideal

‘occupations’ of the four categories or varnas.
• Brahmanas were supposed to study and teach the Vedas.
• Kshatriyas were to engage in warfare, protect people and administer justice.
• Vaishayas, were to engage in agriculture, pastoralism and trade.
• Shudras were assigned only one occupation that was serving the three
‘higher’ varnas.
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class byAnita Ma’am

A divine order?

• To justify their claims, Brahmanas often cited a verse

from a hymn in the Rigveda known as the Purusha
sukta, describing the sacrifice of Purusha, the primeval
man. All the elements of the universe, including the four
social categories, were supposed to have emanated
from his body: The Brahmana was his mouth, of his
arms was made the Kshatriya. His thighs became the
Vaishya, of his feet the Shudra was born.
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class byAnita Ma’am

“Proper” social roles

• There were some communities whose social

practices were not influenced by Brahmanical
ideas. For example, categories such as the
nishada, to which Ekalavya belonged.
• Sometimes those who spoke non-Sanskritic
languages were labelled as mlechchhas.
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class byAnita Ma’am

Identify this picture and tell the name of it…

Ahichchhatra (Uttar Pradesh),c. fifth century CE

मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class by Anita Ma’am

Non-Kshatriya kings

• According to the Shastras, only Kshatriyas could be kings. However,

several important ruling lineages probably had different origins.
• Buddhist texts suggested that Mauryas were Kshatriyas but
Brahmanical texts described them as being of low origin.
• The Shungas and Kanvas, the immediate successors of the
Mauryas, were Brahmanas.
• Other rulers, such as the Shakas who came from Central Asia, were
regarded as mlechchhas, barbarians or outsiders by the Brahmanas.
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class by Anita Ma’am

• one of the earliest inscriptions in Sanskrit

describes how Rudradaman, the best-known
Shaka ruler (c. second century CE), rebuilt
Sudarshana lake.
• It is also interesting that the best-known ruler
of the Satavahana dynasty, Gotami-puta Siri-
Satakani, claimed to be both a unique
Brahmana (eka bamhana) and a destroyer of
the pride of Kshatriyas.
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class byAnita Ma’am

Jatis and social mobility

• In Brahmanical theory, jati like varna, was

based on birth. While the number of varnas
was fixed at four, there was no restriction on
the number of jatis.
• People living in forests such as the nishadas
goldsmith (suvarnakara), were classified as
jati by Brahmanical authorities as they did not
easily fit into the fourfold varna system.
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class by Anita Ma’am

• One interesting stone inscription (c. fifth

century CE), found in Mandasor (Madhya
Pradesh), records the history of a guild of silk
weavers who originally lived in Lata (Gujarat),
from where they migrated to Mandasor, then
known as Dashapura.
• The inscription provides a fascinating glimpse
of complex social processes and provides
insights into the nature of guilds or shrenis.
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class byAnita Ma’am

Answer these????

Vanik-

Mrichchhakatika written by-

shrenis or guilds-
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class byAnita Ma’am

Beyond the four varnas: Integration

▪ Given the diversity of the subcontinent, there were, and always have been,
populations whose social practices were not influenced by Brahmanical ideas,
they are often described as odd, uncivilised, or even animal-like.
▪ Categories such as the nishada, to which Ekalavya is supposed to have
belonged, are examples of this.
▪ Sometimes those who spoke non-Sanskritic languages were labelled as
mlechchhas.
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class byAnita Ma’am
Beyond the four varnas-
Subordination and conflict

• The Brahmanas considered some people as being

outside the system and classified them as
untouchable.
• The Manusmriti laid down the ‘duties’ of the
chandalas. They had to live outside the village,
use discarded things, and wear clothes of the
dead and ornaments of iron.
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class byAnita Ma’am

• Much later, the Chinese Buddhist monk Fa Xian

(c. fifth century CE) wrote that “untouchables”
had to sound a clapper in the streets so that
people could avoid seeing them.
• Another Chinese pilgrim, Xuan Zang (c. seventh
century), observed that executioners and
scavengers were forced to live outside the city.
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class by Anita Ma’am

Beyond Birth- Resources and Status

The economic relations like- slaves, landless agricultural labourers, hunters,

fisherfolk, pastoralists, peasants, village headmen, craftspersons, merchants
and kings emerged as social actors in different parts of the subcontinent.
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class byAnita Ma’am

Gendered access to property

• Consider first a critical episode in the Mahabharata.

During the course of the long-drawn rivalry between
the Kauravas and the Pandavas,
• According to the Manusmriti, the paternal estate was
to be divided equally amongst sons after the death
of the parents, with a special share for the eldest.
• Women could not claim a share of these resources.
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class byAnita Ma’am

How could men and women acquire wealth?

• For men, the Manusmriti declares, there are seven means of acquiring wealth:
inheritance, finding, purchase, conquest, investment, work, and acceptance of
gifts from good people.
• For women, there are six means of acquiring wealth: what was given in front
of the fire (marriage) or the bridal procession, or as a token of affection, and
what she got from her brother, mother or father, and whatever her
“affectionate” husband might give her.
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class byAnita Ma’am

Land grants and new rural elites

• Prabhavati Gupta was the daughter of one

of the most important rulers in early Indian
history, Chandragupta II (c. 375-415 CE).
She was married into another important
ruling family, that of the Vakatakas, who
were powerful in the Deccan (see
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class by Anita Ma’am

Land grants and new rural elites

• According to the Brahmanical texts, another

criterion (apart from gender) for regulating
access to wealth was varna. As we saw earlier,
the only “occupation” prescribed for Shudras
was servitude, while a variety of occupations
were listed for men of the first three varnas
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class byAnita Ma’am

• At another level, even as the Brahmanical view of

society was codified in the Dharmasutras and
Dharmashastras, other traditions developed
critiques of the varna order. Some of the best-known
of these were developed within early Buddhism (c.
sixth century BCE onwards.
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class byAnita Ma’am

An alternative social scenario: Sharing wealth

• In an alternative scenario to the varna system, people either claimed or were

assigned status on the basis of their wealth.
• There were other situations where men who were generous were respected,
while those who were miserly or simply accumulated wealth for themselves
were disliked
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class byAnita Ma’am

Explaining Social Differences: A Social Contract

❑ The Buddhists also developed an alternative understanding of social

inequalities and institutions required to regulate social conflict.
❑ According to a myth in Sutta Pitaka, they suggested that human beings
initially had not fully evolved bodily forms and the world of plants was also
not fully developed. Human beings lived in a state of peace.
❑ There was a gradual deterioration of this state as human beings became
increasingly greedy, vindictive and deceitful.
❑ Subsequently they developed a notion of kingship based on human choice
with taxes as a form of payment for services rendered by the king.
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class byAnita Ma’am

Handling Texts : Historians and the Mahabharata

❑ Historians examine whether texts were

written in Prakrit, Pali or Tamil, (the
languages that were probably used by
ordinary people) or in Sanskrit.
❑ It is only after making these assessments
that they draw on the content of texts to
arrive at an understanding of their
historical significance
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class byAnita Ma’am

Language and content

• The version of the Mahabharata we have

been considering is in Sanskrit (although
there are versions in other languages as well).
• However, the Sanskrit used in the
Mahabharata is far simpler than that of the
Vedas, or of the prashastis
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class by Anita Ma’am

Language and content

• Historians usually classify the contents of the

present text under two broad heads – sections
that contain stories, designated as the narrative,
and sections that contain prescriptions about
social norms, designated as didactic.
• The didactic sections include stories, and the
narrative often contains a social message
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class by Anita Ma’am

Author(s) and Dates

❑ The original story of Mahabharata was probably composed by charioteer bard known as sutas
who generally accompanied Kshatriya warriors.
❑ Then with the emergence of chiefdoms such as Kurus and Panchalas, Brahmanas took over the
story and began to commit it to writing.
❑ In the next phase between C 200 BCE to 200 CE, the growing importance of worship of Lord
Vishnu led to the identification of Lord Krishna (one of the important figure in the epic) with him.
❑ Subsequently, between C 200 and 400 CE, large didactic sections resembling the Manusmriti was
added.
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class by Anita Ma’am

The search for convergence

• The Mahabharata, like any major epic, contains vivid

descriptions of battles, forests, palaces and settlements.
• In 1951-52, the archaeologist BB Lal excavated a site at
a village, named Hastinapura in Meerut district.
• Lal found evidence of fine occupational levels but he
described only the second and third level.These levels
were about the architecture of the houses.
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class by Anita Ma’am

A Dynamic Text
• The growth of the Mahabharata did not stop with the
Sanskrit version. Over the centuries, versions of the epic
were written in a variety of languages through an ongoing
process of dialogue between peoples, communities, and
those who wrote the texts.
• Episodes were depicted in sculpture and painting.
• They also provided themes for a wide range of performing
arts – plays, dance and other kinds of narrations.
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class by Anita Ma’am
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class by Anita Ma’am

1. The term used for names derived from the name of the mother or female
ancestor is called..
माता या महिला पर्
ू जव के नाम से प्राप्त नामों के ललए प्रयक्
ु त शब्द को किा जाता िै ।

(a) matriliny

(b) matrimonial

(c) metronymic

(d) matrilineal

(c) metronymic
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class by Anita Ma’am

2. The term vanik in Sanskrit inscriptions is used to designate ……

संस्कृत लशलालेखों में र्णिक शब्द का प्रयोग …… के ललए ककया जाता िै ।

(a) merchants

(b) soldiers

(c) Traders

(d) farmers

a) merchants
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class by Anita Ma’am

3. Which of the following is correct?

(a) Brahmanas were supposed to study and teach (ए) ब्राह्मणों को वेदों का अध्ययन और अध्यापन करना
चाहिए था।
the vedas.
(b) Kshatriyas were expected to engage in (b) क्षत्रियों से कृषि में संलग्न िोने की अपेक्षा की ई थ।।

agriculture. (c) Vaishyas were to engage in warfare. (c) वैश्यों को युद्ध में शाममल िोना था।
(d) Shudras were engaged in any work which they
(d) शद्र
ू अपन। पसंद के ककस। भ। काम में लईे रिते थे।
liked.

A) Brahmanas were supposed to study and teach the vedas

मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class by Anita Ma’am

4. The Shungas and Kanvas, the immediate successors of the Mauryas, were…
मौयों के तत्काल उत्तराधिकारी शुंग और कण्र् थे ……

(a) Brahmanas

(b) Kshatriyas

(c) of ‘low’ origin

(d) mlechchha

(a) Brahmanas
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class by Anita Ma’am

5. According to the Shastras, who could be kings?

शास्रों के अनुसार राजा कौन िो सकता िै ?

(a) Warrior

(b) Kshatriya

(c) Who had power to rule

(d) Brahmanas

(b) Kshatriya
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class by Anita Ma’am

6. Who were engaged in agriculture, pastoralism and trade?

कृषि, पशुपालन और व्यापार में कौन लगे िुए थे?

(a) Kshatriya

(b) Brahmana

(c) Shudra

(d) Vaishaya

(d) Vaishaya
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class by Anita Ma’am

7. Ekalavya belonged to which class?

एकलव्य ककस र्गव से संबंधित था?

(a) Brahman

(b) Nishad

(c) Slave

(d) Untouchable

(b) Nishad
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class by Anita Ma’am

8. According to Manusmriti, which among the following is not one of the

means for men to acquire wealth?

मनुस्मतृ त के अनुसार, तनम्नललणखत में से कौन-सा पुरुिों के ललए िन अज़जवत करने का सािन निीं िै ?

(a) Inheritance

(b) As a token of affection

(c) Conquest

(d) Investment

(b) As a token of affection

मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class by Anita Ma’am

9. Women were allowed to retain the gifts they received on the occassion of
their marriages as-

महिलाओं को उनके षर्र्ाि के अर्सर पर प्राप्त उपिारों को अपने पास रखने की अनुमतत थी

(a) Stridhana

(b) Manusmriti

(c) Biksha

(d) None of these

a) Stridhana
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class by Anita Ma’am

10. Who excavated the site Hastinapur in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh?

मेरठ, उत्तर प्रदे श में िज़स्तनापुर स्थल की खुदाई ककसने की थी?

(a) Daya Ram Sahni

(b) Rakhal Das Banerji

(c) BB Lal

(d) John Marshall

(c) BB Lal
मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class by Anita Ma’am

11. Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched?

ननम्नमलखित में से कौन सा युग्म सिी सुमेमलत िै ?

(a) Vaishya – Study the Vedas

(b) Shudra – Engage in agriculture

(c) Kshatriya – Give and receive gifts

(d) Brahmana – Make gifts

(a) Vaishya – Study the Vedas

मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class by Anita Ma’am

12. Which one of the following pairs is incorrectly matched?

(a) Critical edition of the Mahabharata – VS Sukthankar (ए) मिाभारत का आलोचनात्मक संस्करण - व।.एस.
सुकथांकर
(b) The Bhagavad Gita – Advice offered by Lord Krishna to
Arjun (ब।) भईवद ई।ता - भईवान कृष्ण द्वारा अर्न
ु को दी
ई सलाि
(c) Purusha Sukta in the Rigveda – Created by Brahmanas
(d) Manusmriti – Laid down the duties of chandalas (c) ऋग्वेद में पुरुि सूकत - ब्राह्मणों द्वारा रिचत

(ड।) मनुस्मनृ त - चांडाल के कतुव्यों को ननधाुररत ककया

(c) Purusha Sukta in the Rigveda – Created by Brahmanas

मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class by Anita Ma’am

13. Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched?

(a) Ashtadhyayi of Panini – 500 BCE (ए) पाखणनन की अष्टाध्याय। - 500 सा पव

ू ु

(b) Charaka and Sushruta Samhita – 400-500 CE (ब।) चरक और सश्र

ु त ु संहिता - 400-500 स।

(c) भरत का नाट्यशास्ि - 100 CE

(c) Natyashastra of Bharata – 100 CE
(ड।) पुराण (संस्कृत में ) - 400 सा पूवु
(d) Puranas (in Sanskrit) – 400 BCE onwards

(a) Ashtadhyayi of Panini – 500 BCE

मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class by Anita Ma’am

14. Consider the following statements and choose the correct answer.
1. The original version of the Mahabharata is in Sanskrit.
2. According to the shastras, only kshatriyas could be kings.
3. During the Mahabharata age, gotras were considered very important by the higher varnas
of Hindu society
4. The Mahabharata contains vivid descriptions of battles, forests, palaces and settlements.

तनम्नललणखत कथनों पर षर्चार कीज़जए और सिी उत्तर चुतनए।

1. मिाभारत का मल ू संस्करि संस्कृत में िै ।
2. शास्रों के अनुसार, केर्ल क्षत्ररय िी राजा िो सकते थे।
3. मिाभारत युग के दौरान, हिंद ू समाज के उच्च र्िों द्र्ारा गोरों को बिुत मित्र्पूिव माना जाता था
4. मिाभारत में यद्ु िों, जंगलों, मिलों और बज़स्तयों का सजीर् र्िवन िै

(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and3 (b) (c) 1, 3 and 4 (d) All of these

(d) All of these

मंज़िल 4.0 - CUET 2025 | Kinship, Caste and Class by Anita Ma’am

15. Arrange the following major textual traditions written or compiled in the Sanskrit
language in correct chronological sequence from the earliest to the latest :
(i) Ramayana and Mahabharata
(ii) Manusmriti
(iii) Major Dharmasutras
(iv) Puranas

संस्कृत भािा में ललणखत या संकललत तनम्नललणखत प्रमख

ु पाठ्य परं पराओं को प्राचीनतम से नर्ीनतम तक सिी
कालानुक्रलमक क्रम में व्यर्ज़स्थत करें :
(i) रामायि और मिाभारत
(ii) मनुस्मतृ त
(iii) प्रमुख िमवसूर
(iv) परु ाि

(a) (iv)- (iii) - (ii) - (i) (b) (ii) - (iv) - (i) - (iii)

(c) (iii) - (i) - (ii) - (iv) (d) (iii) - (ii) - (iv) - (i)

(c) (iii) - (i) - (ii) - (iv)

Class 12 / CUET 2025 Arts Domains

For Max Discount Use Code - Y489

Class 12 / CUET 2025 Arts Domains

For Maximum Discount Use Code - Y489

Class 12 / CUET 2025 Arts Domains

For Maximum Discount Use Code - Y489

Class 12/CUET 2025 Arts Domains