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CG_Unit_VI

The document provides an overview of animation and gaming concepts, focusing on display files and segment tables in computer graphics. It explains the creation, closing, deleting, and renaming of segments, as well as the advantages of segment tables in organizing display files. Additionally, it covers the applications of computer animation in various fields, the perception of animations, types of animation, and the hierarchy involved in animation design.

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3 views30 pages

CG_Unit_VI

The document provides an overview of animation and gaming concepts, focusing on display files and segment tables in computer graphics. It explains the creation, closing, deleting, and renaming of segments, as well as the advantages of segment tables in organizing display files. Additionally, it covers the applications of computer animation in various fields, the perception of animations, types of animation, and the hierarchy involved in animation design.

Uploaded by

c2hg7m
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Bharati Vidyapeeth’s

College Of Engineering ,Lavale ,Pune.

Department Of Computer Engineering

Second Year Sem - I


Academic Year 2020-21

Subject : Computer Graphics


Subject Code : 210244
Subject Teacher : Prof. Sanket Sunil Pawar.
Unit VI:- Introduction to animation and Gaming:
Segments:- Display Files
Introduction
Segment table
Functioning of segment table:
Creation
Closing
Deleting
Renaming

Display Files:
Image information required to display it on various display screens.
To view an entire image or a part of image with various attributes, we need to organize
image information in a particular manner since existing structure of display file does not
satisfy our requirements of viewing an image
Segments:
So the solution is the file is divided into smaller parts called Segments.

A segment defined as the smallest possible area in two points. It is located in


the form of the array like a table that keeps the commands in a way to display it at the screen.
Each segment corresponds to a component and is associated with a set of attributes and
image transformation parameters like scaling, rotation.
It has 4 parts.
1. Index
2. Size
3. Position
4. Visibility commands
Segment allows :
Subdivision of picture.
Visualization of particular part of picture.
Scaling, rotation and translation of picture.
Types of Segments :
Posted Segment : When visible attribute of segment is set to 1, it is called Posted segment.
This is included in active segment list.
Unposted Segment : When visible attribute of segment is set to 0, it is called Unposted
segment. This is not included in active segment list.
Segment table
Segment tables comprise the length of similar segments in its memory.
Functioning of segment table:
Creation
Closing
Deleting
Renaming

Creation: Segment must be created or opened when no other segment is open, since two
segments can’t be opened at the same time because it’s difficult to assign drawing
instruction to particular segment.
Algorithm:
1. If any segment is open, give error message : “Segment is still open” and go to step 8.
2. Read the name of the new segment.
3. If the segment name is not valid, give error message : “Segment name not a valid
name” and go to step 8.
4. If given segment name already exists, give error message : “Segment name already
exists in name list” and go to step 8.
5. Make next free storage area in display file as start of new segment.
6. Initialize size of new segment to 0 and all its attributes to their default values.
7. Inform that the new segment is now open.
8. Stop.
Closing a Segment:
After completing entry of all display file instructions, the segment needs to be closed for
which it has to be renamed, which is done by changing the name of currently open segment as
0. Now the segment with name 0 is open i.e. unnamed segment is open and if two unnamed
segments are present in display file one needs to be deleted.

Algorithm :
1. If any segment is not open, give error message : “No segment is open now” and go to step
6.
2. Change the name of currently opened segment to any unnamed segment, lets say 0.
3. Delete any other unnamed segment instruction which may have been saved and initialize
above unnamed segment with no instructions.
4. Make the next free storage area available in display file as start of the unnamed segment.
5. Initialize size of unnamed segment to 0.
6. Stop.
Deleting a Segment :
To delete a particular segment from display file, we must just delete that one segment without
destroying or reforming the entire display and recover space occupied by this segment. Use
this space for some other segment. In case of arrays, the gap left by deleted segment is filled by
shifting up all the segments following it.
Algorithm :
1. Read the name of the segment to be deleted.
2. If segment name is not valid, give error message : “Segment name is not a valid
name” and go to step 8.
3. If the segment is open, give error message : “Can’t delete an open segment” and go to step
8.
4. If size of segment is less than 0, no processing is required and go to step 8.
5. The segments which follow the deleted segment are shifted by its size.
6. Recover deleted space by resetting index of next free instruction.
7. The starting position of shifted segments is adjusted by subtracting the size of deleted
segment from it.
8. Stop.
Renaming a Segment :
This is done to achieve Double Buffering i.e. the idea of storing two images, one to show
and other to create, alter and for animation.
Algorithm :
1. If both old and new segment names are not valid, give error message : “Segment
names are not valid names” and go to step 6.
2. If any of two segments is open, give error message : “Segments are still open” and go
to step 6.
3. If new segment name given already exists in the display list, give error message
: “Segment name already exists” and go to step 6.
4. The old segment table entry are copied into new position.
5. Delete the old segment.
6. Stop.

Advantages of Segment table:


1. Segmentation allows to organize display files in sub-picture structure.
2. It allows to apply different set of attributes to different portions of image.
3. It makes it easier to the picture by changing/replacing segments.
4. It allows application of transformation on selective portions of image.
Animation:-
Animate = “to give life to”
Specify, directly or indirectly, how ‘thing’ moves in time and 2D OR 3D space.
Computer Animation :-
It refers to the movement on the screen of the display device created by displaying a
sequence of still images.
Animation is the technique of designing, drawing, making layouts and preparation of
photographic series which are integrated into the multimedia and gaming products.

Animation connects the exploitation and management of still images to generate the
illusion of movement.
Applications of Computer Animation:

1. Education and Training: Animation is used in school, colleges and


training centers for education purpose. Flight simulators for aircraft are also
animation based.
2. Entertainment: Animation methods are now commonly used in making
motion pictures, music videos and television shows, etc.
3. Computer Aided Design (CAD): One of the best applications of computer
animation is Computer Aided Design and is generally referred to as CAD.
One of the earlier applications of CAD was automobile designing. But now
almost all types of designing are done by using CAD application, and without
animation, all these work can't be possible.
4.Advertising: This is one of the significant applications of computer
animation. The most important advantage of an animated advertisement is that
it takes very less space and capture people attention.
5. Presentation: Animated Presentation is the most effective way to represent
an idea. It is used to describe financial, statistical, mathematical, scientific &
economic data.
Perception of Animations:

Sampling or update rate/ Frame rate


TV: 30 images/second
Persistence of vision :Animation is an illusion. We see a moving image, when really
it is a series of still images displayed rapidly. This makes our eyes and brain perceive
them to be one moving image. For this illusion to work, it must be at least 10 FPS
(frames per second.) When successive images are shown at a faster rate, the eye will
blend them together with the retina retaining one image as the second is superimposed
over it. This creates the illusion of movement and is the fundamental principle
involved in film and television recording and reproduction.
Types of animation:

1)Cell Animation:
It’s a traditional form of animation used for production of cartoons
of animated movies where each frame of the scene drawn by hand .
A full length picture film require million or more drawings to
complete the film.
2)Computer Animation:
Subset of both Computer graphics & animation Technologies i.e
creation of moving images using computer technology.
Hierarchy of film/animation

Presentation

Act

Scene

Shot

Frame
Animation Sequence /Designing of Animation :-

Preliminary story
Story board Layout
Object Specification
Key Frames
In betweening
Coloring
Morphing:

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