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Chapter 3. COMM(angle modulation)

Chapter 3 discusses angle modulation, focusing on frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM). It explains the principles of angle modulation, modulation index, and the generation of angle-modulated signals, highlighting the differences between PM and FM. Additionally, it covers bandwidth considerations, practical applications, and the use of phase-locked loops in synchronization and demodulation.

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theedosa2024
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© © All Rights Reserved
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7 views

Chapter 3. COMM(angle modulation)

Chapter 3 discusses angle modulation, focusing on frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM). It explains the principles of angle modulation, modulation index, and the generation of angle-modulated signals, highlighting the differences between PM and FM. Additionally, it covers bandwidth considerations, practical applications, and the use of phase-locked loops in synchronization and demodulation.

Uploaded by

theedosa2024
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 3

Angle Modulation (FM,PM)


Topics Covered
• Angle modulation
• Basic Principles of Frequency
Modulation
• Principles of Phase Modulation
• Modulation Index
• Generation of angle modulation signal
• Bandwidth
• Narrow band and wide band FM
what is angle modulation?
The phase angle of a sinusoidal carrier
signal is varied according to the modulating
signal.
Angle Modulation
It is the other way to modulate signal.
It modulates the angle of the carrier wave.
It provides better discrimination against noise and interference.
An angle-modulated signal can be expressed as
s(t ) = Ac cos i (t )
Where Ac is carrier amplitude.
The complete oscillation occurs whenever i(t) changes 2.
Two common ways in which i(t) varies:
In Phase Modulation (PM) the angle i(t) is varied linearly with
the message signal m(t)
 i (t ) = 2f c t + k p m(t )
The term 2 fc represents the unmodulated carrier and kp represents
the phase sensitivity of the modulator.

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Angle Modulation

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Angle Modulation

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Angle Modulation

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Angle Modulation

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Generation of Angle-Modulated Signal

PM and FM differ only by a possible integration or differentiation of


the modulating signal. Then we obtain :
From the equation

We can get

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Con’t

▪ If we differentiate the modulating signal mp(t) and frequency-


modulate using the differentiated signal, we get a PM signal

▪ If we integrate the modulating signal mf(t) and phase-


modulate using the integrated signal, we get an FM signal
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Con’t
In Frequency modulation (FM) the instantaneous frequency fi(t) is
varied linearly with the message signal m(t)
f i (t ) = f c + k f m(t )
The term fc is the frequency of the unmodulated carrier and the
constant kf is the frequency sensitivity.

PM and FM signal have no longer a perfect regularity in their spacing; zero


crossings refer to the instants of time at which a waveform changes from a
negative to a positive value or vice versa.

The other important difference is that the envelope of PM or FM is


constant whereas the envelope of an AM signal is dependent on the
message signal.

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Modulation Index
βf is called the frequency modulation
index and βf is only defined for a
sinusoidal modulating signal

where B = fm is the bandwidth of the modulating


signal

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Modulation Technique

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FM signal

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Describtion of the modulated wave

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Transmission of FM Signals
In theory a FM signal contains an infinite number of side frequencies
so that the bandwidth required to transmit such a signal is similarly
infinite.
In practice the FM signal is effectively limited to a finite number of
significant side frequencies compatible with a specified amount of
distortion.
There is an approximate rule for the transmission bandwidth of an FM
signal generated by a single-tone modulating signal of frequency fm
1
BT = 2f + 2 f m = 2f (1 + )

where  is the modulation index and f is the frequency deviation.
This empirical relation is known as Carson's rule.

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Power in angle modulation

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Narrow band angle modulation
Let the modulating signal of a narrowband FM signal be

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Narrow band angle modulation
Let the modulating signal of a narrowband FM signal be

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Narrow band angle modulation
Let the modulating signal of a narrowband FM signal be

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Example SOEC4.1PP117
 A 107.6 MHz carrier is frequency modulated
by a 7 kHz sine wave. The resultant FM
signal has a frequency deviation of 50 kHz.
 a) Find the carrier swing of the FM signal.

b) Determine the highest and lowest frequencies
attained by the modulated signal.
 c) What is the modulation index of FM wave.
Solution
Example SOEC4.2PP118
 Determine the frequency deviation and
carrier swing for a frequency-modulated
signal which has a resting frequency of
105.000 MHz and whose upper frequency is
105.007 MHz when modulated by a
particular wave. Find the lowest frequency
reached by the FM wave.
Example SOEC4.2PP118

Example SOEC4.2PP118

Phase-locked loop
PLL is a negative feedback system.
It can be used for:
synchronization,
frequency division/multiplication,
indirect frequency demodulation.
It contains:
a multiplier,
a loop filter,
voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO).
They are connected together in the form of feedback loop.

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