1.

INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENT

Introduction to Environment: Introduces the concept of environmental management overview. It clears the
significance of environment management for contemporary managers, career opportunities and environmental
issues relevant to India. It also covers detailed knowledge of sustainable development and the energy scenario.

1.1 INTRODUCTION
The ecosystem containing the smooth functioning between biotic and abiotic factors is known as environment.
The biotic factor includes living components and abiotic factors include soil, water, sunlight temperature, PH,
climate, wind and atmosphere etc. Hence, everything around us is the environment. The ecosystem provides
us natural resources which are highly essential for the maintenance of our health, survival and life cycle.
Therefore, the study of environment is very indispensable which makes us aware about the need of
conservation of environment for which maintenance of quality environment is necessary. Quality environment
includes healthy ecosystem, clean water, healthy food, clean air and eco-friendly resources for the growth and
maintenance of living organisms. The principles of multidisciplinary branches like chemistry, soil sciences,
and biology are significant to implement for the conservation of environment through the improvement of
natural resources, their consumption, their recycling, water disposal, and soil and air pollution control and
finally focus on the health of human beings.
Various human activities are responsible for the degradation of environment which may lead to the question
about the existence of humans on the planet The degradation of almost all the natural resources due to rapid
industrial growth, urbanization, hi tech agriculture and construction of tall towers have been resulted to focus
on many environmental issues like green-house gasses, global warming, depletion in ozone layer etc.
Understanding the importance of environment by an individual becomes simple to manage pollution, create
awareness about the conservation of the natural resources, and can realize the impact of harmful green-houses
gasses released into the environment due to human activities. Hence studying the concept of environment
makes us aware about its importance and realization of our responsibilities towards protection of environment
There are two types of environment.
 Geographic environment – associated to the life and production commotion of humanity.
 Man-made environment – adapted by the humans as per the requirement for their sustainability.

1.2 COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT

Environment, thus, is the setting in which living and non-living objects exist, engage in interactions, develop,
and eventually perish. The environment’s characteristics control how the local wildlife lives. Lithosphere,
hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere are the four main elements of the environment and stand for,
respectively, rocks, water, air, and life. The environment consists of four major components like hydrosphere-
water, lithosphere-land, atmosphere-air and biosphere corresponding to the life. The Atmosphere,
Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, and Biosphere are the fundamental elements of the environment the land, the rocks,
or the soil Hydrosphere - Water Atmosphere - Air Biosphere: The living portion. One of the most crucial
elements of the ecosystem is the atmosphere. The lithosphere, or rocks and soil, the atmosphere, or air, the
hydrosphere, or water, and the biosphere, or biological part of the environment, are the five basic constituents
of the environment.

Fig. 1.1 Components of Environment

Fig. 1.2 Components of Environment

Hydrosphere
Hydrosphere is the main cause for the existence of life on the earth as compared to other planes Hydrosphere
includes the entire volume of water present on the surface of Earth. Almost 71 % of earth is covered with
water in various sources like oceans, lakes, rivers, ponds, well, underground as ground water, seas, clouds
water vapours and in the form of ice. It is comprised of all of these water forms. Study of hydrosphere is &
important aspect as it supports the life on planet by maintaining ecosystem and by regulating the life cycles
and favourable atmosphere. It is an important source of nutrients like nitrates, nitrites, dissolved ions in water
require for the growth and maintenance of living beings and ultimately for the existence of life on the planet
Hydrospere plays important role in climate change, regulating atmosphere, regulating temperature, fulfil the
requirements of drinking water of human beings and almost all the fundamental needs of humans, provides
habitat and finally subsistence of life is impossible without water. Along with all these essential aspects, it
also serves as foremost source of humidity and precipitation. The presence of salts and minerals in hydrosphere
are very important for humans through economical point of view and, also acts as a source for the generation
of energy.
Water cycle or hydrological cycle is important phenomenon of hydrosphere which involves four steps like
evaporation (transformation from liquid to gas), condensation (transformation of water vapours to clouds
precipitation (from clouds to earth surface in the form of rain or snow) and surface run-off water (after rain,
part of water is absorbed and part flows through different regions like mountains and hills).
Several ways to protect hydrosphere:
  Motivate tree plantation preferably native plants which can sustain in local climate and need less water
and negligible fertilizers for the growth.
 Prefer water conservation in all possible ways.
 Avoid use of plastics products which ultimately are discharged in to the sea/ oceans and affect the
aquatic life causing imbalance in ecosystem.
 Create awareness among the people about the importance of water.
 Protect natural water reservoirs from getting polluted due to discharge of untreated industrial waste
and trash into them.

Fig. 1.3 Water Cycle

Lithosphere:
Lithosphere is the outermost shell of earth which extends from 70-100 km. It consists of three shell of earth
known as crust, mantle and core. Crust is outer solid shell of earth which is composed of oceanic (composed
of magma) and continental (composed of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks), Crust made-up of
felsic rock. Mantle is uppermost part of next layer which represents 68% mass of earth (composed of elements
oxygen, silicon, titanium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron etc.) and is hot layer. The third shell is
core of iron metal which represents 31% of earth.

Fig. 1.4 Components of Lithosphere

Importance of Lithosphere:
 It supports living organisms and plant life in combination with hydrosphere and atmosphere.
 It is the source of natural nutrients required for the existence life on the planet.
 It produces food for living organisms
 It is the source of crude petroleum oil. coal and natural gas
 It is the prime source of minerals like iron, gold, copper which enhance the commercial value.
 Fertile layer of soil supports agricultural outputs.
 It is responsible to seize fresh water and energy resources.

Atmosphere
Atmosphere refers to the gasses surrounding the planet. It shows the presence of many gasses like Nitrogen,
Oxygen. Argon, CO2 and the traces of Methane, Krypton, Water vapor and Hydrogen. Atmosphere of Earth
is composed of five layers depending upon the temperature.

Fig. 1.5 Layers of Atmosphere

Table 1.1: Layers of Atmosphere

Layers of
Sr. No. Introduction
Atmosphere
It ranges from > 400 km. It is the highest layer and extremely thin. It
1 Exosphere
consists of dispersed particles of Hydrogen and Helium.
It ranges from 50-400 km. It is the second highest layer of atmosphere.
2 Thermosphere
Its temperature increases gradually with heights.
 Table 1.1: Layers of Atmosphere

Layers of
Sr. No. Introduction
Atmosphere
It ranges from 30-50 km. it is the third highest layer of atmosphere. It
3 Mesosphere has the coldest temperature in the atmosphere. Shooting stars are
visible in this layer.
It ranges from 10-30 km. It contains ozone layer that absorbs harmful
4, Stratosphere
ultraviolet radiations.
It ranges from 0-10 km. It is the closest layer of atmosphere to the Earth
5 Troposphere
surface and contains half of the Earth’s atmosphere.

Importance of Atmosphere:
 It absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation emitted by the sun.
 It maintains diurnal temperature variation.
 It protects life by maintaining appropriate pressure required on the Earth.
 It provides oxygen for humans for respiration and CO2 for plants.

Biosphere
Biosphere refers to the region of Earth occupied by living organisms including air. It is also known as the zone
of life on the Earth. It ranges from 20 km from top to bottom. It is composed of biotic and abiotic factors. It is
made-up of different ecological systems. It is defined as the combined region of hydrosphere, lithosphere and
atmosphere in which living organisms are found.

Importance of Biosphere
 Without biosphere, the Earth would be lifeless.
 It helps to regulate the composition of atmosphere.
 It helps to regulate the water cycle.
 It helps to regulate the quality of soil.
 It helps to regulate the climate.
The term “environment” refers to everything that is immediately around us, encompassing both living and
non-living objects like soil, water, creatures, and plants that can adapt to their surroundings. The ability to
support life on Earth is a gift from nature. The environment is necessary for life to exist on Earth. An ecosystem
is a part of the biosphere that has an impact on the health of the entire planet. The environment encompasses
both living things and inanimate objects. The components of the environment can be roughly divided into two
categories: Biotic Components and Abiotic substances.
 Fig. 1.6 Biosphere Format

Biotic Components
The biotic components of an ecosystem are the organisms that make it up. Animals, plants, fungus, bacteria,
and other biotic elements are some examples. These biotic elements can be further classified as producers,
consumers, and decomposers depending on the source of energy.
Producers: Each and every autotroph is a member of this group. Plants, green algae, and other organisms all
use light energy to make food on their own.
Consumers: This group includes all heterotrophs that obtain their food either directly or indirectly from
producers. Additional groups for consumers include parasites, herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores,
Decomposers are organisms that consume decaying matter, such as saprophytes.
The biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem only start to matter when they start interacting.
Consider the biotic like plants and other biotic components like them provide food for other living creatures.
Plant growth is supported by the soil, an abiotic component that provides nutrients and other essential
components. Soil nutrients, and other abiotic components are produced by and dependent on biotic
components as are other abiotic variables.
Abiotic Substances
Chemical or physical components that have an effect on living creatures as a result of their presence or way c
life are referred to as abiotic factors. They are also known as “ecological factors.” The abiotic component of
an ecosystem is made-up of the environment, light air, soil, nutrients, and other physical and chemical
elements. I general, abiotic ecosystem components differ from one ecosystem to the next. The aquatic
environment he abiotic elements like salinity, e-water death, readily available nutrients, and dissolved oxygen.
In terrestrial ecosystems, the kind of soil, rain, wind, temperature, height, sunlight and nutrients all play a
crucial role. Climate and edaphic impacts are the two primary types.
Humans, like other species, need on specific abiotic conditions in order to exist and thrive. Abiotic variables
can change over time as ecosystems develop. Since the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of some ocean basins
hi increased by 30%. Coral reefs suffer as a result of their inability to adjust to the increasing acidity.
Additionally human are other creatures like sea snails, which in acidic surroundings lose their protective shells.
When an air condition is turned on or salt is sprayed to a road to aid with snowmelt, for example, abiotic
parameters are altered. The consequences will eventually disturb the ecology as a whole.
WHAT IS ENVIRONMENT?

Environment is the French word which means surroundings. So, everything surrounding us is
ENVIRONMENT our external surroundings and the conditions which have direct or indirect impacts on living
organisms is also known as environment and environmental science is the systematic study of biotic and
abiotic components environment and the extensive study of interaction between living and non-livings. This
is very important practical approach for the sustainability of human civilization. Every species on earth is
dependent on the environment for the survival, hence for the existence of life on the earth, it is essential for
every individual to take care and protect the environment. There are four major components of environment
viz atmosphere or air, biosphere or living components, hydrosphere or water and lithosphere or rocks and soil.
But environment is divided into three types like physical, social and cultural environment. Physical
environment includes abiotic factors like temperature, air, light, soil, climate, minerals, rainfalls etc where as
social environment is related to social setting in which human live. Our environment is the major source of
renewable sources like sunlight, water, wind and geothermal energy which supports for healthy and
sustainable life on the Earth. It always play significant role through different ecosystem for the protection of
all life on the earth.
As per current scenario, the world is facing major environmental issues like climate change, global warming
pollution, carbon emission, depletion of fossil fuels, soil degradation, overpopulation, generation of
unsustainable wastes, depletion of natural resources, deforestation, polar ice caps, loss of biodiversity, ocean
acidification nitrogen cycle, ozone layer depletion, acid rain and many more. All these environmental issues
are responsible cause plethora of environmental interconnection, social, economical challenges and ultimately
creating the things for the existence of human civilization on the earth. Hence, to resolve these challenges in
21st century, it is essential to understand the needs of global issues, ecological, cultural, social interrelation
with environment and solve creative problems to address convoluted environmental challenges.
DEFINITION OF ENVIRONMENT
Many external factors like physical, chemical, ecological, biological and geographical which affects existence
human is known as environment. Different scholars have defined environment in many ways-relevant
definitions are given below:
“Environment is anything immediately surrounding an object and exerting a direct influence on it.”
P. Glsbert: “Environment is an external force which influences us.”
E.J. Rose: “Environment refers torn the sum total of all conditions which surrounds man at a given point in a
space and time.”
C.C. Park: “The term environment is used to describe in the aggregate all the external forces influences and
conditions, which affect the light, nature, growth, development and maturity of living organisms.”

NEED OF ENVIRONMENT EDUCATION

Education plays significant role in building up of environmentally sustainable societies and can be powerful
tool of implementing different values and perspective in an individual for dealing with the environmental
crisis caused by human activities. It also bestows to stop the use of unsustainable practices affecting the
environment. It lessens the environmental challenges we will face in future and how to tackle with them and
definitely inculcate the attitude in an individual about protection of environment.
Environmental education is the mode through which an individual can understand the severeness of
environmental issues, its impacts and creating awareness about the human activities which promotes and
explore the degradation of environment, in addition to this, taking adequate action for the protection and
conservation of environment also solving complex environment related challenges with informed and
responsible decisions. As an individual can gain knowledge of solving as well as how to face the current
scenario of environmental issues. This is the holistic and life-long learning process which always remind us
about the adverse impacts our decision and ultimately how we and our generation will get buffered and we
are not separate from the environment. It is the gain of knowledge about biological, physical and sociological
aspects, including the consciousness about how humans have exploited the environment for own benefits. It
provides significant information about not only the components of environment but also motivates to everyone
for the social responsibility and promotes to take appropriate action for the conservation of environment.
Public awareness, knowledge of environmental issues, sustainable policy development and implementation,
critical thinking, problem solving, informed decisions, impacts of decisions are the important pillars of
Environmental education.
According to Stapp (Journal of environmental education, 1969) Environmental education is aimed at
approaching a citizenry that is knowledgeable considering the biophysical environment and its associated
problems, and motivated to work towards their solution.
“Look deep into the nature and then you will understand everything better”. … Albert Einstein
 Fig. 1.7 Importance of Environment Education

ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT

Environmental management is defined as the management of human activities which causes adverse effect on
the environment and also the Identification of such factors which are responsible for the depletion an
degradation of natural resources. It is the regulation of environmental health and taking positive steps for the
protection of environment. It aims to conserve natural resources by controlling human activities which have
harmful effects on environment. It takes into consideration the human welfare for present and future generation
through management of different activities with unbearable restraints obligated itself by the environment,
focuses on the development of tools which ensures better quality of life for all generations and also motivate
for social responsibility. It is multidisciplinary conceptualization which supports for sustainable development
and also covers possibilities and threats to environment. It addresses impacts of activities carried by various
industries organizations on environment and ultimately human health also covers setting-up specific goals,
policies implementing certain laws for the organization so that it can have reduction into its impacts. All the
important aspects of Environmental management are as follows.
Ecology
Ecology is the study of living things and how they relate to their surroundings. An ecologist researches the
interactions between organisms and their environments. Molecular ecology, organismal ecology, population
ecology, community ecology, global ecology, landscape ecology, and ecosystem ecology are a few of the
sever types of ecology. The survival of aquatic organisms or the distribution of silt, for instance, may be
impacted to how beaver dams alter water flow across a forest environment. An expert on coral reef ecology
may investigation how variations in water temperature affect coral survival. Ecology enhances the planet and
is essential to the welfare and prosperity of people. It offers fresh understanding of how people and nature are
interdependent which is essential for food production, maintaining clean air and water, and preserving
biodiversity in a changing climate.
Earth Science
The study of the Earth’s structure, characteristics, processes, and 4.5 billion years of biotic development is as
earth science. Maintaining life on the earth requires an understanding of these phenomena. Geology,
meteorology, oceanography, and astronomy are the four fundamental fields of study in earth science. The
fundamental study of the Earth is geology. “Study of the Earth” is what the word signifies. Knowledge of
earth science enables us to think globally and act locally – to make wise judgements about matters crucial to
our existence as citizens and as individuals. People who are knowledgeable about the functioning of Earth’s
systems are better able to choose safe locations to buy or construct a home.

Atmospheric Science
The study of weather analysis and forecasting, climate and global change, the circulation of the atmosphere
in relation to weather systems and their effects on the Earth, air quality, and other atmospheric phenomena
that have an impact on us are all included in the field of atmospheric science. The advancement of fundamental
knowledge, forecasting weather and climate change, and identifying environmental concerns are all duties of
the atmospheric sciences. In addition to providing us with the oxygen we need to survive, it shields us from
dangerous UV solar radiation. Without it, the pressure needed for liquid water to exist on the surface of our
planet would not be possible. Additionally, it warms our planet and maintains Earth’s habitable range.

Water Science
Water science is the study of water and how it interacts with different Earth systems’ solids, liquids, gases,
and creatures. Our water science curriculum places a strong emphasis on the basics of all scientific fields as
they relate to water, with a focus on surface water and groundwater systems in particular. Hydrogen and
oxygen are the building blocks of water, which can be found in gaseous, liquid, and solid forms. Water is one
of the most abundant and necessary substances, appearing naturally as a liquid on the surface of the Earth,
making it useful for human activities as well &s habitat for plants and animals.

Climate Change
Climate change is the dramatic alteration of average weather conditions over several decades or longer, such
as growing warmer, wetter, or drier. The difference between climate change and natural weather variability is
in the longer-term tendency. Power generation is one of the main contributors to climate change. A significant
portion of world emissions come from burning fossil fuels to provide energy and heat, as well as from
producing things, destroying forests, using transportation, and manufacturing commodities. The disruption of
food systems, rise in zoonoses and food-, water-, and vector-borne diseases, as well as mental health problems
are all significant effects of climate change on health. Extreme weather events like heat waves, storms, and
floods are also becoming more often. Droughts that are more frequent and extreme, storms, heat waves, rising
sea levels, melting glaciers, and warmer oceans can all directly injure animals, destroy the habitats they rely
on for survival, and have a disastrous impart on people’s way of life and communities. Dangerous weather
occurrences are increasing in frequency or severity as climate charge gets worse. A warmer atmosphere, a
warmer and more acidic ocean, higher sea levels, and more significant changes in precipitation patterns are
anticipated in the future. What we do now to cut greenhouse gas emissions will determine how much climate
change there will be in the future. Future adjustments will be more significant as we emit more.

Society and Culture

The built environment, the industrial and occupational structure, the labour market, social and economic
activities, wealth social, human, and health services are all elements of the social environment, social injustice,
power dynamics, and cultural practices religious institutes for the arts.

Environmental Law
Environmental law is the collection of laws and court rulings from the federal state, and municipal
governments that deal with issues like air and water quality, pollution control, hazardous waste management,
the preservation and utilisation of natural resources, and land development The “polluter pays” principle, the
precautionary principle, the prevention principle, the precautionary principle, and the principle of sustainable
development are the five guiding principles of environmental law. The Water (Prevention and Control Of taw
Act, 1974) and other environmental disputes involving a significant environmental question fall under the
purview of the National Green Tribunal, which was established by the National Green Tribunal Act of 2010.
The three important environmental laws are viz. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. The
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. The Environment Protection Act, 1986. Environmental
law’s primary goal is to the law became effective in 1986. It gives the central government the power to
safeguard and enhance the environment, lessen and regulate pollution at its source, and restrict or forbid the
construction and operate of any industrial facility for environmental reasons.
The Act’s key goals include: preventing, controlling, and reducing air pollution. It attempts to decrease and
control air pollution in India, should provide provisions for the creation of state and federal boards to execute
the legislation.

Environmental Assessment
The process through which BOEM assesses the potential effects of proposed actions on the environment and
recommends alternatives or mitigations that may lessen or eliminate these impacts is known as environment
assessment. An instrument used to evaluate the significant environmental impacts of a project or development
proposal is the environmental impact assessment (EIA). EIAs ensure that project decision-makers consider
the environment’s likely effects as early as feasible and work to avoid, mitigate, or counteract those effects.
An overview of the project is often the first step in an environmental evaluation. This phase, known as
screening, aids in locating problematic regions and project components that demand deeper investigation. For
instance, construction project’s screen might show a projected watercourse modifications.
Environmental impact assessment, multi-criteria decision analysis, and risk management are examples of
procedural tools; fife cycle assessment (ICA), also known as environmental risk assessment, is an example of
an analytical tool. Indices, footprints, and indicators are examples of aggregated tools. Reduced project costs
and project implementation time are the advantages of environmental assessment.
In addition to it, adjustments to the project design that save money, increased acceptance of the project avoided
negative effects and infractions of the law, increased project efficiency, cost of treatment and clean-ups
avoided are also the prime benefits of environment assessment.

Mitigation and Monitoring

A mitigation reporting or monitoring programme (MRMP) is used to talk about workable solutions to prevent
or significantly lessen the significant environmental consequences of a project that have been documented in
tne EIR or ND. A mitigation reporting or monitoring programme (MRMP) is used to talk about workable
solutions to prevent or significantly lessen the significant environmental consequences of a project that have
been documented in the EIR or ND. Mitigation methods are ways to stop, lessen, or regulate the environmental
consequences of project. They also involve making amends for any environmental harm these effects may
have caused by replacement, restoration, compensation, or other measures.

Management Practice
The term “management practices” typically refers to the techniques and inventions that managers employ to
increase the efficiency of their organizations’ work processes. Empowering workers, training staff,
implementing plans for enhancing quality, and implementing various new technologies are all examples of
common management techniques. There is a lot of scope for improvement for organisations of all sizes and
types in terms of their environmental performance. Many organisations work to lessen their influence on the
environment reasons ranging from eco-efficiency to reputation and worries about the long-term viability of
their firm.
The best environmental management practises (BEMPs), or those strategies, measures, or actions that enable
organisations to minimise their impact on the environment in all spheres under their direct control or on which
they have a sizable influence, are identified through JRC research to assist organisations in achieving such an
objective. Environmental sustainability best practises resemble.
Avoiding the usage of plastic bags will help keep the oceans clean. Planting trees to preserve the environment
is a part of terrestrial life. Recycling materials like paper, plastic, glass, and aluminium is a good practise for
consumption and production. Bike, walk, or take public transportation for sustainable cities and communities.

Waste Management
The technique a business employs to dispose of, reduce, reuse, and prevent waste is known as a waste
management system. Recycling, composting, incineration, landfills, bioremediation, waste to energy, and
waste minimization are a few potential waste disposal techniques. The technique a business employs to dispose
of, reduce, reuse, and prevent waste is known as a waste management system. Recycling, composting,
incineration, landfills, bioremediation, waste to energy, and waste minimization are a few potential waste
disposal techniques. There are numerous approaches and techniques for managing garbage. In order to create
a waste management system that works for an organisation, these tactics might be merged or reorganised.
Strategies for managing garbage today focus on sustainability. Reduce, reuse, and recycle waste are other
options for waste management. Recycling, often referred to as physical reprocessing, is the best method for
getting rid of inorganic trash including plastic, glass, and metals. Composting would be a superior way to
dispose of waste because it turns organic waste into nutrient-rich fertiliser, even though organic waste like
paper and food may also be recycled. The process of converting non-recyclable garbage into heat, power, or
fuel utilising renewable energy sources, such as anaerobic digestion and plasma gasification, is known as
waste to energy, or WtE. Animal manure and human excreta are biologically reprocessed into methane-rich
biogas by anaerobic digestion. Hazardous waste can be converted into syngas using plasma gasification, which
involves a plasma-filled vessel that operates at high temperatures and little oxygen. The treatment of
pollutants, poisons, and contaminants using micro-organisms is known as bioremediation, and it is an
additional option for disposing of hazardous material.

Sustainability
Sustainability refers to achieving our goals without affecting the capacity of coming generations to achieve
their goals. We require social and economic resources in addition to natural resources. Sustainable living goes
beyond environmental activism. The definition of sustainability is meeting the requirements of the present
without compromising the needs of the future and ensuring a balance between economic growth,
environmental protection, and social well-being. The cornerstones of what this idea represents are
sustainability’s guiding principles. The economy, society, and environment are the three pillars that support
sustainability. Additionally, these ideas are known colloquially as profit people, and planet. Sustainability is
the capacity to exist and advance without consuming current or future natural resources. According to the
Brundtland Report, sustainable development is defined by the UN as growth that satisfies current demands
without jeopardising the capacity of future generations to satisfy their own needs.

NEED/SIGNIFICANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Industries can lessen their environmental impact by using an efficient EMS, which also enhances employee
and Public health and safety. Additionally, an EMS makes sure that no environmental laws or rules are broken
by a company’s operations. The reduction of waste is the primary goal of this management approach. Reduced
carbon Missions, pollution prevention, waste processing, and efficient use of energy and resources are all
benefits of a good environmental management process. Environmental management is merely a tool to restore
nature’s purity. The management of an organization’s environmental concerns requires a planned strategy.
The reduction of waste is the primary goal of this management approach. Reduced carbon emissions, pollution
prevention, and aid in processing are all benefits of an efficient environmental management process. We are
using and wasting too many natural resources, if we keep acting in this way, then everything will be destroyed.
To safeguard us from the catastrophe, environmental management has become crucial. In order to reduce
waste production, management controls how resources should be used.
It is critical to broaden the management’s perspective on environmental conservation given the state of the
economy today. Rapid industrialisation is having negative repercussions on the environment and the economy
such as excessive pollution. As a result it is now crucial to carefully assess the environmental effects of putting-
up an industrial operation. Environmental management promotes employee training as a means of achieving
goals. This supports accountability and responsibility inside a company and aids in controlling the impact and
goal of a good or service. Environmental management makes sustainable development possible by
incorporating the company’s ecological capacity. A strong environmental lobby exists against industries that
are found that are not environmentally friendly, and the environmental management system encourages green
reporting that fight against any unfavourable public perceptions in the global economy. Environmental
management should be used to make such outstanding decisions in order to solve various environmental
issues. Environmental resource management is a reflection of unhealthy patterns of production and
consumption, abuse, or insufficient use of resources and assets like water. The best way to distribute these
limited resources within the economy is with the help of environment management. It is necessary to promote
the use of renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind energy etc.
Management of environmental resources covers all biophysical elements of the environment both living and
non-living. This is a result of the network of relationships that all living things have with their environs. The
connections between the human environment and the biophysical environment, such as those between the
economic cultural, and social environments, are also included in this environment. Environmental resource
management is very important, and the social, economic ethical, and technological components are very
crucial.
Because firms have a burden of proof due to their permissions, completing environmental management
responsibilities becomes essential. These tasks include maintaining regular records and reporting. Corporate
sectors must file a “Green Report” or environmental balance sheet that includes information on their chemical
stocks, chemical usages, waste creation, air emissions and discharge of water to provide right data.
Environmental management is necessary because of following few notable facts,
 It is mandated obligations for every type of business which limits and regulates the impact of business on
environment.
 It focuses on the consumption of resources and generation of harmful wastes which affects the
environment
 It highlights the extent of pollution controlled by the industry.
 It is essential in discharging executive responsibility and escalating environmental simplicity.
 It helps to enhance the performance beneficial for the natural environment through précised environmental
cost management.
 It makes compulsory the industrial units to perform ecological and harmless activities to execute their
commitments towards the conservation of environment.
 It highlights the unsafe production and utilization of natural resources and its adverse consequences.
 It can provide different tools on the basis of statistical data to reduce the adverse effects and to solve the
environmental issues.
 It enlightens the importance of conservation of natural resources and ultimately the benefits of protection
of environment.
 It also protects us from many major issues like global warming, green-house gasses, ozone depletion and
the different types of pollution caused due to human activities etc.
1.8 TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT
Environmental tools are methods for achieving environmental goals and results; they promote eco-friendly
behaviour. As a resource for policymakers, these environmental tools guide was created to provide a better
knowledge of the variety of tools accessible to both the government and our stakeholders.

1.8.1 Tools of Environment Management

For the sustainable environment management system, following are the most suitable tools commonly
followed. These are required to accomplish the objectives of environment. These are implemented to motivate
to design the processes which are eco-friendly or less hazardous to the environment. The environment
management tools are developed by to co-operate the industries for the improvement of environment
performance.

1.8.1.1 Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

Existence cycle assessment, also known as cradle-to-grave or cradle-to-cradle analysis, is a method for
evaluating the environmental effects of all phases of a product’s life, from the extraction of raw materials to
their processing, manufacture, distribution, and consumption. A method for evaluating the environmental
effects of a product over its life cycle is life cycle assessment. The following are the most crucial applications
are analysis of the life cycle stages’ contributions to the overall environmental burden, usually with the
intention of prioritising product or process improvements and internal product comparison between several
items. The systematic examination of the potential environmental effects of goods or services over the course
of their entire life cycle is known as a life cycle assessment (LCA). You assess a product’s or service’s possible
environmental effects over the course of its full life cycle, including the phases of manufacture, distribution,
usage, and end-of-life. This also encompasses the processes involved in the production such as the production
of raw, auxiliary, and operating materials, usage phase, and disposal and downstream for example, waste
management, waste incineration.
All pertinent environmental inputs, such as ores and crude oil, water use, and land use, as well as emissions
into the air, water, and soil, are covered by life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) for example, carbon dioxide
and nitrogen oxides. The term “Life Cycle Assessment” (LCA) refers to the process of determining how a
product, activity, or service will affect the environment over its entire life cycle. Each stage of a product’s life
cycle, including the extraction of raw materials from the environment, the manufacturing process, the usage
phase, and what happens to the product after it is no longer in use, can have an effect on the environment in
different ways. Life cycle stages refer to these phases of a product’s life cycle. With LCA, you can assess the
environmental effects of your product or service at any point along its life cycle, from the very beginning to
the very end.

1.8.1.2 Life Cycle Costing (LCC)

The sustainability tool class that focuses on flows associated with the production and consumption of products
and services includes life cycle costing (LCC). Instead of considering things like regions or countries, they
concentrate on analysing various flows in respect to different goods or services. An economic strategy known
as life Cycle Costing (LCC) totals “the total costs of a product, process, or activity discounted throughout its
lifetime.” It relates to all expenses incurred from the point of acquisition through the point of disposal,
including potential externality costs that is the environmental costs. The theory behind this is that a product’s
purchase price frequently does not adequately reflect the total expenditures incurred during its entire life cycle.
Life cycle assessment (LCA) studies and the monetary cost frameworks utilised by business decision-makers
can be connected by a strong LCC framework. It will be challenging to gauge sustainability success until these
“dollar-driven” choices can be evaluated in terms of the physical boundaries of natural systems. LCC and
LCA are therefore considered to be two of the three primary pillars in a sustainability evaluation, with social
Life Cycle Assessment (s-LCA), which has gained popularity recently, serving as the third. Life Cycle
Assessment (LCA) studies and the monetary cost frameworks utilised by business decision-makers can be
connected by a strong LCC framework. It will be challenging to gauge sustainability success until these
“dollar-driven” choices can be evaluated in terms of the physical boundaries of natural systems. LCC and
LCA are therefore considered to be two of the three primary pillars in a sustainability evaluation, with social
life cycle assessment (s-LCA), which has gained Popularity recently, serving as the third.

1.8.1.3 Life Cycle Screening (LCS)

It is affordable, completely just, egalitarian, and able to keep up with the rapid changes in science and
technology while also promoting a cleaner environment.

1.8.1.4 Material Input Per Service Unit (MIPS)

An economic concept called material input per unit of service (MIPS) was created in the 1990s at the
Wuppertal Institute in Germany. The MIPS concept may be applied at all scales, from a single product to
complete systems, to quantify the eco-efficiency of a good or service. An economic concept called material
input per unit service (MIPS) was created in the 1990s at the Wuppertal Institute in Germany. The MIPS
concept may be applied at all scales, from a single product to complex systems, to quantify the eco-efficiency
of a good or service. Goods used in the production of other items are called material inputs. They comprise
both unfinished goods and manufactured goods. Examples: The fuels and electricity needed to manufacture
goods and service are referred to as energy. It calculates the amount of resources and energy needed, such as
for producing a quality product divided by the amount of borrowed services. It is represented in t/t or kg/kg.

1.8.1.5 MET-matrix

The MET (Materials, Energy, Toxicity) matrix technique is a qualitative evaluation of a product’s life cycle
environmental effects. It is especially helpful for assessing the environmental effects of current solutions and
discovering areas for improvement early on in a project It can also be used to analyse the potential
environmental effects of alternatives at the concept development stage or to find a competitive advantage. It
displays the environmental effects of each phase of the product’s life cycle in matrix form, including the
materials, energy, and hazardous emissions used.

1.8.1.6 Product Development and Design for Environment (DfE)

Design for environment (DfE) seeks to lessen how a product or service’s design affects the environment?
Beyond only the use of recycled materials, correct packaging, or disposal, it considers the entire life cycle.
During the use and end-of-life phases of the product life cycle, design for the environment focuses on
maximizing of decreasing the product’s ‘influence on the environment. All the product’s problems at all
phases of its life cycle are taken into account in the design for sustainability. Design for the environment
focuses on maximizing or minimising the product’s impact on the environment during the use and end-of life
stages of the products in cycle. The design for sustainability takes all of the product’s issues at aal stages of
its life cycle into account.

1.8.1.7 Eco Labelling (EL)

The tool called eco-labelling tries to inform customers so they may pick products with less of an impact on
the environment. Eco-labels offer a chance to educate customers about a product or service environmental
features that might not be immediately obvious. Consumers and institutional buyers can quickly and readily
discover label that fulfil specified environmental performance requirements and are consequently considered
“Environmental Preferred” by using eco-labels, which are marks applied to product packaging or included in
online catalogues. High environmental standards must be met by products and services throughout their entire
life cycle, from the material extraction through manufacture and distribution to disposal, in order to receive
the EU Eco-label. The badge also pushes businesses to create cutting-edge goods that are robust, simple to
repair, and recyclable.
1.8.2 Environmental Management Techniques

1.8.2.1 Environmental Monitoring

With the use of environmental monitoring, politicians, international organizations, and the general public can
be informed on environmental trends and conditions as well as promote policy development. Air, soil, water,
waste, and noise monitoring are the five main categories, and they are all essential for delivering important
environmental data. As you track and measure the toxins in the water, monitoring water quality is an example
of environmental monitoring. Monitoring the environment is necessary to learn more about it and determine
how well it supports the preservation of collections. Monitoring environmental impact should the same
consideration as monitoring social or economic impact since it provides project managers and communities
with crucial information on project performance. The whole project monitoring process might incorporate the
monitoring of environmental issues. Two fundamental concerns should be addressed in order to determine the
efficacy of environmental monitoring. The fundamental goal of environmental monitoring is to control and
lessen the effects of that an organization’s actions have on the environment, either to guarantee that rules and
regulations are being followed or to reduce the likelihood of negative effects on the environment and safeguard
public health. The continued development of sophisticated, automated monitoring applications and tools is
essential for improving the accuracy of environmental monitoring reports and the efficiency of the
environmental monitoring process as human population, industrial activity, and energy consumption continue
to rise.

1.8.2.2 Legislation Zoning

The function of the environment Zoning is a useful tool for creating and carrying out distinct environmental
policies. Zoning regulations have a variety of benefits that can lower pollution, enhance general welfare, and
shield the environment from harm. Zoning laws and regulations are continuously changing, which can make
them the challenging to comprehend for those outside the business. However, new zoning rules often strive to
address these issues.

1.8.2.3 Mathematical Modelling

Since contamination and resource scarcity issues have resulted in a variety of repercussions and liabilities,
effective management and planning of resources and environmental systems has been a priority. The
complexity of real-world challenges makes it challenging to achieve an acceptable and effective management
strategy since numerous competing aspects must be weighed. Planners and decision-makers must take into
account a variety of aspects in resource and environmental systems, including environmental protection and
resource conservation, as well as social, economic, technological, legal, institutional, and political concerns.
The interaction of several processes and activities also creates complex systems with interactive, dynamic,
non-linear, multi-objective, multistage, multilayer, and uncertain characteristics. Due to their connection to
potential economic repercussions if the expectations of expected aims are broken, these complications could
become even more complicated. It is widely acknowledged that mathematical models are useful tools for
examining the economic, environmental, and ecological effects of various pollution-control and resource-
conservation measures. As a result, planners or derision-makers can use these tools to develop cost-effective
management policies. Therefore, novel mathematical methods that can reflect different combinations of these
complexities are sought to enable more effective management and planning of resources and environmental
systems.

1.8.3 Functions of Environmental Management

Setting goals, managing information, assisting in decision-making, organising and planning environmental
management programmes, communicating with stakeholders, implementing and controlling environmental
management policies, and conducting internal and external audits are just a few of the fundamental duties of
9ood environmental management. Environmental management is concerned with both short-term and long-
term planning, as well as planning from a local to global scale. It is defined by a world touched by humans,
supports sustainable development, and calls for a multidisciplinary approach. Without regard to conventional
disciplinary boundaries. Environmental Management publishes research and opinions on the utilisation and
conservation of natural resources, the preservation of habitats, and the management of dangers. Potential
advantages. Because you will have policies and processes in place to assist you manage waste and resources
more efficiently, operating a successful EMS will help you with boosting resource efficiency and decreasing
wasteful expenditure. Your related operating and raw material expenses may go down as a result.
Specific Functions of EM:
 Monitoring how people interact with their environments and the many elements within it is how
environmental management and protection safeguards the environment. Through environmental
management, we can assess how human activities affect the environment. It enables us to regulate and
restrict the harm these activities have on the environment.
 Environmental management enables us to recognise the elements that might contribute to
environmental deterioration and aids in making future projections that might have an impact on the
lives of current and future generations.
 Maintaining and enhancing environmental resources including air, soil, forests, water, fossil fuels etc.,
as the major goal. It contributes to preserving the health of the many ecosystems that sustain life on
the planet.
 Environmental management Incudes safeguarding the environment and ensuring its sustainability, as
well as managing wildlife, forests, soil, water resources, and other natural and human resources.
 The elements of the social, cultural, political, and economic environments as well as the biophysical
and human environments are all included in environmental management.
 The technique we use to promote environmental protection and protect public health from toxicity
caused by damaging human actions with various environmental resources is environmental
management.
1.9 CONTEMPORARY MANAGERS
Contemporary management involves adequate planning, leading, controlling the operations of organization to
attain the respective objective. An organisation can make sure that its everyday activities match its broad
objectives by having a strong management team. Many current businesses employ a management style that
emphasises traits like enhanced flexibility and decentralised authority. Knowing this management style will
help you decide on the best strategy for your career and assure a company’s success. In this essay, we describe
contemporary management and go over its essential traits and varieties. Organizational roles and duties in
sustainability programmes have not been clearly defined, despite the fact that a changing business environment
has prompted many firms to adopt environmental sustainability and social responsibility. In particular, this
research looks at haw environmental managers advance social responsibility and environmental sustainability.
Based on the survey of different professionals regarding activities and action items derived from the ISO
26000 standard on social responsibility, it is part of a larger study to determine the degree to which various
departments or functional units within an organisation are prepared to play a role in these initiatives. The
studies show that environmental managers are well-positioned to advance social responsibility and
environmental sustainability in their firms, when is to be expected.
However, there seems to be a disconnect between the role environmental managers indicated they are willing
to play and how other organisation members view that job. Professionals from other functional units indicated
that environmental managers would be involved in only a few key areas focused on conventional
environmental issues such as pollution prevention and waste management, despite the fact that environmental
managers indicated that they would support or play a major role in 18 of the 35 action items on which they
were surveyed.

1.10 CAREER OPPORTUNITIES

A lot of environmental toxicologists work for private businesses where they support product development,
conduct product safety testing, and understand the regulatory environment. They could be employed by
companies that create products or by research institutions who hire them for their toxicological knowledge
and skills. Since environmental science careers are so diverse, it is challenging to classify them as a single
group. The emphasis could be on something social, mathematical, physical, chemical, or biological. Of course,
the bulk of jobs in environmental science are interdisciplinary in nature in some way. Jobs can be found in
for-profit conservation initiatives as well as non-profit businesses, industrial enterprises, consultancies,
government organisations, and environmental agencies. Within a local authority, you are able to advance and
take on the role of team leader. Additionally, you can progress to Area Manager or Head of Department.
Environmental engineers and scientists, climate change, renewable energy, noise, water and air pollution,
wildlife conservation, and biodiversity loss are some of the top research areas today. The total land quality of
forests, parks, rangelands, and other natural resources is managed by conservation scientists and foresters.
They are responsible for putting out wildfires, protecting wilderness areas, improving wildlife habitats, and
promoting public recreation. This is a career to look into if you’re looking for environmental careers that are
concerned with the future of the earth.
Following are some of the major career options in environmental science:
Environmental scientists:
Environmental scientists can find solutions to issues. They carry out study to find the root causes of these
kinds of issues and ways to reduce or solve them. They look into things like pollution of the air, water, and
land and its mitigation, the regulation of greenhouse gases that cause global warming and climate change,
pesticide pollution, the depletion of natural resources etc.
Microbiologists, horticulturists, zoologists, soil and plant scientists, and ecologists:
Microbiologists, soil and plant scientists, and ecologists might work in remediation projects, manufacturing.
pharmaceutical firms, sanitation companies, universities, government research institutions like CSIR and
ICAR, the Central Pollution Control Board and State Pollution Control Board, state forest departments etc.
In government agencies, forestry divisions, zoos, parks and gardens, botanical gardens, etc., wildlife
managers, zoologists, and horticulturists work.
Meteorologists and oceanographers:
Meteorologists and oceanographers have a variety of job options, including working on advanced computer
models in a safe lab setting for their whole careers or spending a lot of time at sea or in the mountains
researching glaciers, climate change, and global warming.
Environmental experts and attorneys:
Environmental consultants create EIA reports for a variety of infrastructure development projects that need
for government approval. Environmental policy, planning, and management professionals typically work for
local governments or consulting businesses and are likely to spend a lot of time conducting research while
creating Policy documents for ISO certification. Environmental lawyers may be able to leave the office and
go to court, or they may have demanding desk employment resolving environmental issues from a judicial
perspective.

1.11 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES RELEVANT TO INDIA

 Outdoor air pollution is one of the largest environmental issues of our day According to data from the
World Health Organization (WHO), between 4.2 and 7 million people worldwide die from air pollution
each year, and 90% of people breathe air that is highly polluted. Air pollution is undoubtedly one of India’s
top environmental concerns. India is home to 63 of the 100 most polluted cities, with New Delhi, being
the capital and having the worst air quality in the world, according to the 2021 World Air Quality Report.
 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) cautioned that it is “now or never” to restrict
global warming to 1.5C in its most recent climate assessment, which made it abundantly evident that the
climate crisis is growing at a pace unlike any other. Many things, including deforestation, drought, air
pollution, and plastic waste, are aggravating global warming, with repercussions felt all across the world.
But some countries experience more suffering than others. The Global South has historically borne the
burden of climate change despite contributing little to none, as they frequently lack the financial means to
address the crisis and lessen the effects of extreme weather occurrences. Here are some of India’s current
and most pressing environmental challenges, along with.
 Water contamination is one of the most urgent environmental problems in India. The Asian nation has
recently undergone unheard-of urban growth and economic expansion. But doing so has significant
environmental costs. Along with its air, the nation’s waterways are also severely contaminated, with an
estimated 70% of its surface water being unfit for human consumption. India’s waters have been seriously
damaged by the illegal dumping of raw sewage, silt, and trash into rivers and lakes. An inadequate water
management system and a nearly complete lack of pipe design are only making matters worse. A starting
40 million litres of effluent enter rivers and other bodies of water each day. Due to inadequate
infrastructure, only a small portion of these are adequately treated.
 Waste Management: Among the most pressing environmental issues in India is also waste. As the
second-largest population in the world of nearly 1.4 billion people, it comes as no surprise that 277 million
tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) are produced there every year. Experts estimate that by 2030
MSW is likely to reach 387.8 million tonnes and will more than double the current value by 2050. India’s
rapid urbanisation makes waste management extremely challenging. Currently, about 5% of the total
collected waste is recycled, 18% is composted, and the remaining is dumped at landfill sites.
 India is experiencing one of the world’s worst plastic crises. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPC)
estimates that India currently generates more than 25,000 tonnes of plastic waste daily on average and
about 6% of all solid waste produced in the nation. India is ranked second among the top 20 nations’ to
both the national and international percentage of riverine plastic emissions. Because they transport and
dispose of the majority of the plastic waste in the nation, the Indus, Brahmaputra, and Ganges rivers are
referred to as “highways of plastic flows.” Nearly 90% of the plastics that are released into the sea global
come from these and the top 10 most contaminated rivers.
 Loss of Biodiversity: Biodiversity decline is last but not least on the list of environmental problems in
India. The Himalayas, the Western Ghats, the Sundaland region (including the Nicobar Islands) and the
Indo-Burma region are the four main biodiversity hotspots in the nation, which are areas with high
concentrations of animal and plant species that are endangered by human civilization. According to the
2021 research from the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), with the latter region being by found
worst affected. India has already lost approximately 90% of the territory under the four hotspots.
 The Arctic is warning more than twice as quickly as the rest of the world due to the climate issue to be the
result of rising Earth temperature, sea levels are rising more than twice as quickly as they did for the sea
of the 20th century. Sea levels are currently rising by an average of 3.2 millimetres per year worldwide and
by the end of this century, they will have reached a height of nearly 0.7 metres. Because melting land is
primary contributor to increasing sea levels, the Greenland Ice Sheet poses the biggest concern for the
water levels in the Arctic.

1.12 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Development that is sustainable is one which satisfies existing demands without jeopardising the capacity of
future generations to satisfy their own needs. Human sustainability is one of the four pillars of sustainability.
The goals of social, economic, environmental, and human sustainability all revolve around preserving and
enhancing society's human capital. Since it has attracted the interest of both the Central and State governments,
as well as the public and private sectors, sustainable development in India includes a variety of development
schemes in the social, cleantech (clean energy, clean water, and sustainable agriculture), and human resources
sectors. Sustainable development seeks to use resources without upsetting the stability and balance of the
natural system. More study has led specialists to the conclusion that environmental, social, and economic
protections are essential for sustainable development. Sustainable development is a strategy to a nation’s
economic growth without sacrificing the environment’s quality for present and future generations. The cost
of environmental harm is paid in the form of deforestation, air and water pollution, soil erosion, and other
environmental deterioration in the name of economic progress. The negative effects of having higher-quality
output of goods and services may outweigh the positive effects.

1.12.1 Need of Sustainable Development

 The four goals of sustainable development are social advancement and equality, environmental
 preservation, resource conservation, and steady economic growth.
 By gradually altering the methods we create and use technologies, sustainable development constantly
motivates us to protect and improve our natural resources.
 All nations should be able to meet their basic requirements for employment, food, energy, water, and
sanitary facilities.
 Climate change, water shortages, inequality, and hunger are just a few of the issues that must be addressed
on a global scale in order to be overcome.
 Sustainable development is an effort to combine social advancement with environmental balance and
economic growth.
 According to the concept of sustainable development, people should be able to meet their basic needs
while simultaneously ensuring that future generations can do the same.
 Sustainable development’s advantages reducing the negative effects on the environment, enhancing
human health, generating jobs, and fostering economic growth are only a few advantages of sustainable
development.
 The sustainable development satisfies and fulfils the demands of the present generation without
endangering or impairing the future generation. Utilizing renewable resources such as hydroelectricity,
geothermal power etc. can lead to sustainable growth.
 The main characteristics of sustainable development: (i) consistent increase in real per capita income and
economic welfare, (ii) Use of natural resources with reason, (iii) The capacity of the next generation to
meet its own requirements is not diminished.
 To further human growth, sustainable development places an emphasis on improvements in health,
education, agriculture, tourism, and social reform. People are made aware of the concept of the limit to
development through sustainable development, encouraging their participation in policymaking.

1.12.2 Goals of Sustainable Development

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a group of 17 worldwide objectives meant to change the
world. They are a component of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and were created as a
“blueprint to ensure a brighter and more sustainable future for everybody.” In September 20X5, 193 nations
approved them. The Sustainable Development Goals aim to protect the environment while solving key
problems like poverty and hunger and creating a world of wealth. This has never been more crucial than it is
right now. with the climate crisis Each of the objectives is interconnected, thus accomplishing one frequently
requires achieving the others. The objectives can only be met if they are incorporated into every aspect of
government. Development that meets the demands of the present without compromising the capacity of future
generations to satisfy their own needs is known as sustainable development. Each of the SDG’s is based on
the environment since they aim to raise living standards for everyone without using up more natural resources.
The SDGs’ efforts to preserve the planet’s adaptability for future generation. The communities that Practical
Action works with are being severely impacted by climate change. Our progress towards the SDG’s is
intimately related to how the world responds to the climate catastrophe. Along with our work with local
communities, we also highlight bottom-up adaptation efforts made by those who are most affected by climate
change at international gatherings like COP-26.
There are 17 SDGs. They are as follows, with each one linking to the relevant UN page for more detail an
explanation:
Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms.
Goal 2: Zero Hunger.
Goal 3: Health.
Goal 4: Education.
Goal 5: Gender equality and women’s empowerment.
Goal 6: Water and Sanitation.
Goal 7: Energy.
Goal 8: Economic Growth.
Goal 9: Infrastructure, industrialization.
Goal 10: Inequality.
Goal 11: Cities.
Goal 12: Sustainable consumption and production.
Goal 13: Climate Action.
Goal 14: Oceans.
Goal 15: Biodiversity, forests, desertification.
Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions.
Goal 17: Partnerships for the goals.

1.13 THE ENERGY SCENARIO

One of the key ingredients in any nation’s economic prosperity is energy. Given that developing energy needs
are always growing and require significant investments to be met, the energy industry assumes a crucial role
in these countries.
Several different types of energy can be identified based on the following standards: Energy sources include
primary, secondary, commercial, non-commercial, and renewable sources.
1.13.1 Renewable and Non-renewable Energy
Energy derived from virtually limitless resources is referred to as renewable energy. A few examples of
renewable energy sources are wind, solar, geothermal, tidal, and hydroelectric electricity. The ability to use
renewable energy without releasing hazardous pollutants is its key advantage. Traditional fossil fuels like coal,
oil, and gas are examples of non-renewable energy and are expected to run out over time.
Examples of such sources that are continuously replenished are the sun and the wind. There are many different
types of renewable energy available to us. On the other hand, non-renewable fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas
require hundreds of millions of years to create.
By the end of November 2022, renewable energy has an installed capacity of 119.512 GW. The government
has stated that no further coal-based capacity is needed beyond the 50 GW already being built and anticipated
to be operational between 2017 and 2022 incorporates nuclear and substantial hydropower. Large hydropower
and other renewable energy sources will have a combined installed capacity of 163 GW as of August 31, 2022.
The installed capacity for renewable energy sources is as follows: 41.2 GW of wind energy. Power from solar
59.34 GW. As part of its energy revolution, India has been one of the world leaders in adopting renewable
energy. By August 2022, installed renewable energy capacity—including huge hydro—had increased from a
few megawatts (MW) in 2010. The government of India’s aspirational goals for renewable energy, along with
the corresponding framework for policy and reform, have been a significant driver of the sector’s growth. The
change has also led to a rejection of coal generating capacity, with additions reaching an all-time low in FY
2021/22. In India, between 2010 and 2022, more than 606 GW of coal-fired power projects were abandoned
or cancelled, and 15.6 GW were retired.

1.13.2 Primary and Secondary Energy

There are two types of primary energy sources: naturally preserved Coal, oil, natural gas, and biomass are
common first-generation energy sources (such as wood). In addition to these basic energy sources, there are
also nuclear energy from radioactive materials, thermal energy that is stored inside the earth, and potential
energy brought on by gravity. Primary energy sources like fossil fuels, solar energy, and nuclear fuels can all
be transformed into more useful energy types like electricity and heat. Secondary energy is all energy that has
undergone human-caused alteration. In industrial utilities, primary energy sources are typically transformed
into secondary energy sources, such as coal, oil, or gas processed into steam and electricity. Direct utilisation
of primary energy is also possible. Some energy sources can also be utilized for purposes other than producing
energy. For instance, coal or natural gas can be used as a feedstock in fertilizer factories.
Original or unconverted fuels make up primary energy. Resources that have been transformed or stored are
considered secondary energy. Petroleum, natural gas, coal, biomass, moving water, wind, and sunlight are a
few examples of primary energy sources. These fuels can be mined, reappeared, extracted, harvested, or
directly harnessed. Secondary energy is energy that has already been transformed; it cannot be obtained
directly from nature. For instance, electricity cannot be mined or collected, despite occasionally being
produced in brief bursts by lightning. It is produced from primary fuels like natural gas in secondary form. All
energy products that have not been refined, directly utilised, or imported are considered primary energy. In
particular, it consists of crude oil, oil shale, natural gas, solid mineral fuels, biomass, solar radiation, hydraulic
energy, wind energy, geothermic energy, and the energy derived from uranium fission. Secondary energy, on
the other hand, refers to all energy produced as a result of transforming primary energy.

1.13.4 Commercial and Non-commercial Energy

Commercial energy refers to energy sources that are offered on the market for a set price. The most significant
sources of commercial energy are by far coal, refined petroleum products, and electricity. Modern industrial,
agricultural, transportation, and commercial development all depend on commercial energy. Commercialized
fuels are the main source not only for economic output but also for many household chores in industrialised
nations while non-commercial energy refers to energy sources that are not offered for sale on the commercial
market. Fuels like firewood, cow dung, and agricultural waste are examples of non-commercial energy
sources. These materials are traditionally harvested rather than purchased at a fee and are used particularly in
rural communities. These also go by the name conventional fuels. In energy accounting, non-commercial
energy is frequently overlooked.
Examples include the use of animal power for transportation, threshing, lifting water for irrigation, for
crushing sugarcane; firewood and agricultural waste in rural areas; solar energy for heating water and
generating electricity; wind energy for lifting water and generating electricity; and solar energy for drying
grain, fish, and in Examples include lignite, coal, oil, natural gas, and electricity.
The growth of industry and the production of power has been supported by coal, which continues to be the
dominant fuel in the energy mix. India now consumes more energy than any other country in the world, thanks
to rising incomes and rising standards of living. Since 2000, energy consumption has increased, with coal, oil
and solid biomass still meeting 80% of the need. Three fuels—coal, oil, and solid biomass—provide more
than 80 % of India’s energy requirements. This issue is the result of thermal power plants running out of coal.
But this is hardly a brand-new phenomenon. The shortage happens virtually annually, and despite the
government’s numerous efforts, it has not been resolved. Rapid population expansion, urbanisation, and
industrialisation led to the remarkable rise in the nation’s energy consumption. Primary energy use increased
from 12.7 Mtoe in 2000 to 2400 Mtoe in 2011. As of November 30th, 2022, the installed power capacity in
the nation was approximately 4087 GW. Up till October 2022, India will have 166 GW of renewable energy
capacity. With a total installed non-fossile energy capacity of 159.95 GW, or 41.4% of the installed electricity
capacity, India has met its NDC target.
India is the sixth-largest energy user, accounting for roughly 3.4% of worldwide energy consumption, and has
the fifth-largest electrical generation capacity. Over the past 30 years, India’s energy demand has increased at
the 3.6% annual rate. India currently ranks fourth globally in the deployment of solar PV as of the end of 2021.
As of the 30th of November 2022, the installed capacity of solar energy was approximately 61.97 GW. India’s
solar target are currently extremely competitive and have reached grid parity. Energy projections and scenarios
give an idea of how the energy supply may change in the future. These studies are predicated on predictions
of long-term political, technical, economic, and demographic trends. In an effort to decarbonize their
operations, diversify the business portfolio, and support the government’s ambitions for renewable energy, a
number of Indian public sector enterprises (PSUs) have also been pledging to install renewable energy
capacity. The aggregate goal to non-power sector PSUs to increase renewable capacity is 16.5 GW by 2030.
These PSUs include Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), Indian Oil Corporation (IOC), Bharat
Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL), and GAIL.
Green hydrogen is a significant factor on the demand side that has the potential to significantly fuel India’s
objectives for clean energy. India needs an additional 118GW of renewable energy capacity to reach its 2030
green hydrogen target of 5 MTPA. Corporates have enthusiastically backed the nation’s green hydrogen policy
according to announcements from the Adani Group and Reliance Industries.
By 2050, the world’s electrical production will have increased by 123% to 150%. Between now and 2050,
then will be a rise in global electricity production; 21.5 billion MWh of electricity were produced worldwide
in 2010. By 2050, this is anticipated to increase in Jazz by 150% to 53.6 billion MWh. The World Energy
Outlook 2022 (WEO) offers essential analyses and insights on the ramifications of this significant and ongoing
shock to energy systems around the world at a time when the world is experiencing the first ever global energy
crisis, which was caused to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. According to the most recent edition of the IEA’s
World Energy Outlook, the global energy crisis brought on by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine is bringing about
significant and long-lasting changes that could expedite the transition to a more secure and sustainable energy
system.
The current energy crisis is causing an upheaval of unparalleled scope and complexity. The strongest tremors
have been felt in the natural gas, coal, and power markets, but there has also been major volatility in the oil
markets, forcing two unprecedented-scale oil stock releases by IEA member countries to prevent even more
serious disruptions. Energy markets remain incredibly susceptible due to persistent geopolitical and
economical worries and the crisis serves as a warning of the brittleness and unreliability of the current global
energy system. Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century, the global use of fossil
fuels has increased along with GDP; reversing this trend will mark a turning point in the history of energy. In
the Stated Policies Scenario, the proportion of fossil fuels in the world’s energy mix decreases from over 80
% to just above 60 % by 2050. By 2050, global CO2 emissions will have gradually decreased from a peak of
37 billion tonnes annually to 32 billion tonnes. By 2100, this would result in an increase in world average
temperatures of about 23 ºC which is far too little to prevent dangerous climate change effects. The globe
would move towards safer ground if all climate commitments were fully met, but there is still a significant
gap.
If current growth rates for the deployment of solar PV, wind, electric vehicles (EVs), and batteries are
maintained, the transformation would occur much more quickly than predicted in the Stated Policies Scenario.
However, this would necessitate supportive policies not only in the early leading markets for these
technologies but also globally. Supply chains are growing at rates that support higher global ambition for some
critical technologies, such as batteries, solar PV, and electrolysers. If every solar PV manufacturing growth
plan that has been declared materialises, manufacturing capacity in 2030 will be approximately 75 % higher
than the deployment levels in the Announced Pledges Scenario. The combined potential excess capacity of all
stated projects for electrolysers used to produce hydrogen is about 50%. The economic arguments in favour
of cost-competitive and accessible clean technologies are now stronger, and so is the case for energy security,
even though the environmental case for clean energy didn’t require reinforcement. A better outcome for the
people of the globe and the plane has already begun to be achieved as a result of today’s integration of
economic, climatic, and security interests.