Department of Education - Republic of the Philippines

Community Engagement, Solidarity and Citizenship – Grade12

Self Learning Module
Quarter 4 – Module 6: Plan Using Participatory Approaches
First Edition, 2020

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 What I Need to Know

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY:

HUMSS_CSC12-IVad-19

Plan Using Participatory Approaches

This module is a tool guide of learners to enhance their skills and widen their
knowledge to become more effective citizens of this country. The community action
plan is one of the participatory tools to be used in building the capacity of the
community members in taking action in accordance with the problems, needs, and
potentials of the community (see also problem analysis and decision making) Using
participatory approaches in evaluation means involving stakeholders, particularly the
participants in a program or those directly affected by a given policy along the
evaluation process.
The term covers a wide range of different types of participation, which differ in
terms of what is understood by ‘participation’, whose participation is wanted, and
what it is that those people are involved in and how they may participate. By asking
the question “Who should be involved, why and how” for each step of an impact
evaluation, an appropriate and context-specific participatory approach can be
developed. Participatory approaches can be used in any impact evaluation design –
they are not exclusive to specific evaluation methods or restricted to quantitative or
qualitative data collection and analysis. Participation by stakeholders can occur at
any stage of the impact evaluation process.

At the end of the module, you should be able to:

1. Discuss the relevance of participatory planning

2. Distinguish the value of participatory approaches to assess community needs and
resources
3. Recognize a national/local organized event that failed to realize its purpose, thus
making the activity unsuccessful.
4. Think of possible solutions and recommendations to make the organized event
successful and meaningful with regards to its objectives.

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 What I Know

Direction: Read each statement carefully. Choose the letter of the correct
answer and write it down in your formative notebook.

1. It is the systematic recording and periodic analysis of information that has

been chosen and recorded by insiders with the help of outsiders.
a. Monitoring Planning b. Participatory Planning
c. Evaluation Planning d. Action Plan

2. It is a product of long-lasting interaction between researchers, development

workers, government agents and local populations.
a. Participatory Planning b. Participatory Approach
c. Participatory Monitoring d. Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation
3. It is a process in which all the stakeholders who took part of a certain project
are engaged in the activities of monitoring, data collection and final evaluation
a. Participatory Planning b. Participatory Approach
c. Participatory Monitoring d. Participatory Monitoring and
Evaluation

4. It is one of the participatory tools used to build the capacity of community

members in taking action in accordance with the problems, needs, and
potentials of the community (see also problem analysis and decision making).
a. Participatory Planning b. Community Action plan
c. Participatory Monitoring d. Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation
5. It is at the most basic level of something, down there in the dirt with the roots
of an idea or activity.
a. grassroots b. community roots
c. community grass d. none of the above

II. True or False. Write T if the statement is correct and F if otherwise.

___ 6. Participatory Monitoring provides information during the life of the project.

___ 7. Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PM&E) is a process in which all the
stakeholders who took part of a certain project are not engaged in the
activities of monitoring, data collection and final evaluation.

___ 8. Education may not be needed, for community members and the organization.

___ 9. A participatory planning process generally reflects the mission and goals of
grass roots and community-based organizations.

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__ 10. The core principle of good governance is to facilitate public participation in
the decision-making process.

__ 11. Participatory Monitoring is the systematic recording and periodic analysis of

information that has been chosen and recorded by insiders with the help of
outsiders.

__ 12. Grassroots is at the most basic level of something, down there in the dirt with
the roots of an idea or activity.

__ 13. Monitoring planning approach avoids pitfalls caused by ignorance of the

realities of the community or the target population.

__ 14. Grassroots community refer to a group of activists generally focused on

limited number of issues.

__ 15. Equitable sharing of resources and benefits is also an issue of sustainable

development.

What’s In

Review:

1. What is community Action Plan?

2. What are the parts of a Community Action Plan? Write your answer in your
notebook.

What’s New

Task 1. Supply the concept map below with sufficient information.

What comes into your mind when you hear about Participatory Monitoring
and Evaluation? Write your answers in your activity notebook.

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1. What is the difference between Participatory Approach and Participatory Planning?
2. What are the steps under Participatory Approach?
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Participatory Approach?
4. Why are participatory monitoring and evaluation necessary?

The Community Action Plan is one of the participatory tools used to build
the capacity of community members in taking action in accordance with the
problems, needs, and potentials of the community (see also problem analysis and
decision making). Using participatory approaches in impact evaluation means
involving stakeholders, particularly the participants in a program or those affected by
a given policy in specific aspects of an evaluation process.

What is Participatory Planning?

I. Rationale and Definition: Participatory planning is an urban planning paradigm

that emphasizes involving the entire community in the strategic and management
processes of urban planning; or, community-level planning processes, urban or
rural. It is often considered as part of community development. Participatory
planning aims to harmonize views among all of its participants as well as prevent
conflict between opposing parties. In addition, marginalized groups have an
opportunity to participate in the planning process.

II. The Need for Participatory Action Planning

1. Public distrust of planning based on past practices Participatory planning

is needed when there is public distrust of previous planning practice and/or
where new development may lead to significant conflicts. Therefore, public
relations consultants have been hired to 'do public outreach, run community
meetings, provide public notices and informational items to get the public
involved'. This sounds less ambitious than many examples encountered in our

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 research, but the point remains that there is a perceived need to make a step-
change from past practices.

2. Governments' desire to improve the co-ordination. Planning needs to

change from a narrow, self-enclosed system of regulation to become a means
of delivering development that achieves broader objectives, social justice and
other sustainable development action initiatives.

3. Respect to Grassroots Community Planning practice needs to engage

with the reality of diversity in today's society. This means being aware of
different cultures and ensuring that issues of diversity are addressed
throughout the planning process. Traditional public participation has often
failed to do this. Participatory planning is built around diversity, conflicting
interests and the need to listen to the voices of marginalized groups. A
recognition amongst governments and non-governmental organizations that
sustainable development requires consensus building and engagement with
citizens.

Grassroots involvement and local participatory democracy are much more a

part of a political culture while in other country it is a non-political culture, a sense of
resistance. Thus, there is a good deal of regional variability in attitudes toward
planning, government, and local activism. Planning is accepted widely and there is
an emphasis on grassroots participation and inclusivity.

WHAT ARE THE LEVELS OF PARTICIPATORY PLANNING?

There are a number of ways to be considered in participatory planning. As

demonstrated in the discussion regarding its advantages and disadvantages, this
kind of process always presents, even at best, a trade-off between efficiency and
inclusiveness. Time pressure, the needs of the community, the skills and experience
of those participating, and the nature of the intervention, among other factors, all
help to dictate the actual shape of the planning process. So what are the
possibilities? Just how participative do you want to be? David Wilcox, in his
excellent "Guide to Effective Participation," sets out the following as a model of the
different possible levels of participation:

1. Information - The least you can do is tell people what is planned.

2. Consultation - You offer a number of options and listen to the feedback you get.
3. Deciding together - You encourage others to provide some additional ideas and
options, and join in deciding the best way forward.
4. Acting together - Not only do different interests decide together what is best, but
they form a partnership to carry it out.
5. Supporting independent community initiatives - You help others do what they
want - perhaps within a framework of grants, advice and support provided by
the resource holder. Each of these levels may be appropriate in different

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 circumstances, or with different groups, although only at "deciding together" and
above do they really begin to be fully participatory in the sense that the term is
used in this section.

What is the history of Participatory Approach?

Participatory approaches are a product of long-lasting interaction between

researchers, development workers, government agents and local populations. The
history of participatory methods in development co-operation began in the late
1970s with the introduction of a new research approach called "Rapid Rural
Appraisal (RRA)", which immediately became popular with decision-makers in
development agencies. Building on close collaboration with local populations RRAs
were designed to collect first-hand data from the local people about their
perceptions of their local environments and living conditions in rural areas. RRAs
were usually conducted as 13 days workshops with villagers in the field and
facilitated by small teams of RRA specialists or researchers. RRA methods were
specifically adapted to respond to local conditions. Thus, communication processes
with illiterate persons not used to communication in abstract terms were carefully
considered. Visualization using locally comprehensible symbols, and tools like
mapping, diagramming and ranking were introduced. A limitation of RRA, however,
was that it was extractive; the role of the local people was limited to providing
information, while the power of decision-making about the use of this information
remained in the hands of others.

These core principles of good governance are to facilitate public participation

in the decision-making process. Public participation increases the likelihood that
actions taken or services provided by public agencies more adequately reflect the
needs of people and that the benefits of development are more equitably shared.
Equitable sharing of resources and benefits is also an issue of sustainable
development. As such, public participation has been recognized as one of the core
principles of sustainable development. Here, participation means contributing to
development, benefiting from development and taking part in decision-making about
development, which could be realized through activities facilitated by authorities as
well as activities initiated or generated by the people themselves. Many people also
believe that further to merely contributing to the planning process, people can
prepare their own plans in most cases with some qualified help. The planner can
limit his or her role to that of a facilitator of the planning process and provider of
technical inputs. Participatory approaches may be practiced at all levels of planning.
However, the extent or nature of participation by various actors
(beneficiaries/citizens, public officials elected by the people, professionals and civil
servants, and other stakeholders) may vary. It may be recalled here that the
involvement of citizens in governance of society is the subject of history itself and is
very important to any democratic society. However, the term participation is open to
varied interpretations and the level or intensity of involvement by various groups of
actors may greatly vary. The simplest terms, a participatory approach is everyone

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who has a stake in the intervention of a voice, either in person or by representation.
he use of that term implies not just that you'll ask for someone's opinion before you
do what you were going to do anyway, but rather that each participant becomes an
important contributor to the planning process. A true participatory approach is one
in which everyone's perspective is considered. That does not mean that people
cannot challenge others' assumptions, or argue about what the best strategy might
be. It does mean, however, that everyone's thoughts are respected, and it is not
necessarily assumed that the professionals or the well educated automatically know
what is best. Everyone actually gets to participate in the planning process, and has
some role in decision-making.

Steps of Participatory Approach

1. Form a planning team

2. Identify possible issues and list all broad groups of stakeholders
3. Carry out participants’ analysis
4. Determine the purpose and level of public participation
5. Identify constraints and special circumstances
6. Select a method (or a combination of methods) of participation
7. Decide

Participatory approaches are not about a ‘single’ method but about a way of
undertaking impact evaluation that is meaningful to different stakeholders – and
specifically to program participants. Many opportunities exist to use participatory
approaches in impact evaluation, so it is important to systematically think through
who is best involved in which aspect of the evaluation, and to be clear about the
purpose of more or different forms of participation. Participatory approaches can be
used in any impact evaluation design, and with both quantitative and qualitative data
collection and analysis methods.

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 Assessment

Direction: Read each statement carefully and make sure to follow the instructions
provided for you.

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References
https://sswm.info/sswm-solutions-bop-markets

https://www.aarp.org/livable-communities/network-age-friendly-communities/info-
2014/
http://www.myhio.org/sites/default/files
https://www.template.net/business/plan-templates/community-action-
plantemplate/ https://www.justice.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Publications
https://www.feverbee.com/strategy/elements-of-a-communitys-strategic-plan/
https://en.wikipedia.org/
https://course1.winona.edu/shatfield/air/saskhealthplan.pdf(Original
Format)

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