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Separable Differential Equations

The document introduces the concept of separable first-order differential equations and provides methods for solving them through separation of variables and integration. It includes examples demonstrating the solution process for specific differential equations, as well as an initial value problem. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding integration techniques for solving these equations.

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hameedsaqib002
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
14 views

Separable Differential Equations

The document introduces the concept of separable first-order differential equations and provides methods for solving them through separation of variables and integration. It includes examples demonstrating the solution process for specific differential equations, as well as an initial value problem. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding integration techniques for solving these equations.

Uploaded by

hameedsaqib002
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Note: We begin our study of how to solve differential equations with the simplest of all differential

equations: first-order equations with separable variables. Because the method in this section and many
techniques for solving differential equations involve integration, you are urged to refresh your memory
on important formulas.

Separable Differential Equations:

A first-order differential equation of the form


𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
is said to be separable or to have separable variables.

For Example,
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
 = 𝑒 3𝑥+2𝑦
𝑑𝑥

Example: Solve the following DE by separation of variables:


𝑑𝑦
i. 𝑑𝑥
+ 2𝑥𝑦 2 = 0
ii. 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + sec 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Solution:
𝑑𝑦
i. + 2𝑥𝑦 2 = 0
𝑑𝑥

Step-1( Separating Variables)


𝑑𝑦
= −2𝑥𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
1
− 2 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑦
Step-2( Integrating both sides)
1
∫− 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑦2
− ∫ 𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑦 −1 2𝑥 2
− = +𝑐
−1 2
1
= 𝑥2 + 𝑐
𝑦
iii. 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Step-1( Separating Variables)

𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = − sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
1 1
𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑦
sec 2 𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑦
cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑦

Step-2( Integrating both sides)

∫ cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑦

1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
Using identity cos 2 𝑥 = 2
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
∫( ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
+ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑐1
2 4
2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 4𝑐1
2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑐

Example: Solve the following initial value problem by separation of variables:


𝑑𝑦 𝜋
𝑑𝑥
= 4(𝑥 2 + 1) ; 𝑦 ( 4 ) = 1

Solution:
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 4(𝑥 2 + 1)

Step-1( Separating Variables)

𝑑𝑦 = 4(𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥
Step-2( Integrating both sides)

∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 4(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝟒𝒙𝟑
𝒚= + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒄 (1)
𝟑

Step-3( Initial Condition)


𝜋
Given 𝑦 ( 4 ) = 1
𝜋
When 𝑥 = 4 , 𝑦 = 1
𝜋
Substitute 𝑥 = 4 , 𝑦 = 1 in (1)
𝜋
4( )3 𝜋
4
1= 3
+ 4 (4) + 𝑐

𝜋3
1 = 48 + 𝜋 + 𝑐

𝝅𝟑
𝒄=𝟏− −𝝅
𝟒𝟖

𝟒𝒙𝟑 𝝅𝟑
𝒚= + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏 − −𝝅
𝟑 𝟒𝟖

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