Film Screen

9. Electric wiring
-
Processing Room Design

General Requirement of the Processing

Type of Film According to
Room Spectral Sensitivity

1. Location - Must be adjacent to the 1. Monochromatic Film

x-ray room - Blue-sensitive film with globular grains
- Sensitive to the spectral wavelength of
2. Size (9.5ft to 15ft.) - that can process photos emitted from calcium tungsten
200 radiographs daily. screen (420 nm)

- distance of wet and dry section - at least 2. Orthochromatic Film

4ft. - Green-sensitive film with tabular grains
- Sensitive to the green light emitted by
3. Protection against radiation rare earth screens, particular gadolinium
oxysulfide and lanthanum oxysulfide.
4. Ventilation - must be lightproof and (545nm)
able to filter out dust
- Humidity range - 40 to 60% 3. Panchromatic Film
- temperature - 67-83 f/20 c - Sensitive to entire visible light spectrum
- Air movement - 15 to 25ft/min (tabular and globular)

5. Cleanliness Radiographic Image Receptors

- Radiographic film is the principal medium
6. Door: Light Tight Entrance used by radiologic technologist to record
- Labyrinth / maze information that will be used by others in
- Revolving Door forming opinions or diagnoses concerning
- light lock door / Double door the presence or absence of the disease
- Single door dark room processes.

7. Illumination Radiography and Photography

- white light illumination - Radiography is a specialized field of
- Safe light illumination photography, both use radiant
(electromagnetic) energy to record an
Bulb unseen or latent image which can be
-712-15 watts tungsten bulb (red color) transformed later into visible, useful image

Filter
- Wratten 6B filter - for monochromatic film
- GBX 2 filter - for orthochromatic film

8. Color of Walls
Dark colors - not to reflect white light into
the darkroom
Types of Film Screen film with IS

Two general types of film are used in Double - Emulsion Film

diagnostic imaging - has an emulsion coating on both sides of
the base and a layer of super coat over
1. Regular Type Films (Screen film), each coating.
used with or without intensifying screens - uses double emulsion film with two
- With IS (90-99% density come in IS) intensifying screen.
- Without IS (1-10%) density come in xray)
Single Emulsion Film
2. Direct Exposure Films (duplex film / - only one emulsion layer, used with single
Dental / Intra Oral) intensifying screen.
- non screen film
- without IS Cross-sectional Drawing of a
Radiographic Film
Direct Exposure Film
- is often called non-screen film
- it is intended to used in a cardboard
holder and without intensifying screens.
- it has a single emulsion, and require
more developing time
- compared with screen film it requires
considerably more exposure
- commonly used for intra oral dental
radiography
- considered out dated technologist.

Screen Film
- Is the most widely used radiographic film Type of Film According to Used
- one or two intensifying screens
- it is more sensitive to light and less 1. Mammographic Film
sensitive to x-rays. - for radiography of the breast
- emulsion layer is thinner, required less - fine grain, single emulsion, greater detail
developing time. - no IS and no parallax effect
- required less x-ray exposure
2. Therapy localization Film
Screen Type Film with IS - given acceptable radiographic detail
- faster (more sensitive to the fluorescent under a wide range of exposure to x rays
output of IS) and gamma rays. Process in 90-second
processor
Screen type film without IS - direct exposure, fine grain
- slower when exposed by direct radiation
3. Dental X-ray Film / Duplex (intra
oral Film)
a. Periapical film - inside mouth roots of
the teeth
b. Bitewing or the inter proximal film -
localizing cavities between teeth 10. Dosimeter film (Personal
c. Occlusal film- larger than periapical, monitoring film)
large dental areas. -measure radiation absorbed dose
d. Panoramic - used for entire mouth
TLD-thermoluminescent dosimeter
4. Video Film
- Single emulsion film exposed in a device OSL - optically stimuled luminescence
called multiformat camera or a laser
camera. Film badge
- (less than 13mR (milliroentgens) to
5. Spot-film camera film / approximately 1800 roentgens of x or
Photofluorographic film gamma rays
- single emulsion - coated film
11. Automatic Serial Changer Film
6. Cine Film/ Cine fluorography - for serial radiography such as
single - emulsion film with sprocket holes angiography
- two size 16 and 35 mm (millimeters) - "Elema Schonander and Franklin Film"
refers to the width of the film. - has special protective coating to move
Green-sensitive. more smoothly and help prevent the build
up of static.
7. Copy or Duplicating film - "Film top coat is important to eliminate
- single emulsion film exposed to stacking errors in receiving magazines.”
entraviolet light through the existing
radiograph to produce a copy using 12. Polaroid Radiographic Film
ultraviolet fluorescent lamp. - Paper - based

8. Duplicating Radiographs 13. Industrial Film

- BluRay copier 6 seconds - exposed in high energy
- Dupont cronex 15 seconds - For high energy radiography
- Logetronic printer 70, 90, 105 mm format
- single-emulsion film and the emulsion 14. Laser Film
side must be placed against the original - used in laser printing such as MRI and Ct
radiograph to maintain sharpness. scan
- Ultraviolet light is the energy source for
exposing duplicating film (BLB ultraviolet Film Storage and Handling
fluorescent lamp - Film is a delicate material and should not
be handled carelessly or roughly. It is
9. Subtraction Techniques sensitive to heat, light, x-ray, gamma rays,
(Angiography) chemical fumes, pressure, rolling, bending
- The use of subtraction techniques is and, etc.
almost entirely limited to angiographic
procedures. Storing Unexposed film
- Purpose of subtraction is to remove, - Un exposed film should be stored in its
cancel out, or subtract unwanted original packaging, important information
information so that contrast-filled vessel about the film.
are more clearly seen.
- Film boxes should be stored vertically Pressure
not horizontally to prevent pressure - Make sure that the film are storage in
artifacts on the film vertical position to ensure that no pressure
or static artifacts are present
Packaging of the Film
- Films are packed in photo - inert Static electricity
polyethylene bag or in a metal foil to Caused of "static Artifacts"
protect them from light and moisture -Increase temperature
- Film sheets may or may not be -Decrease humidity
separated by photo -inert leaves of paper.
- 125 sheet per box Three types static markings
1. Tree static
Storage Precaution 2. crown static
film must be protected from: 3. smudge static
- Heat
- Radiation Expiration date
- Chemical Fumes - Film should be used before the
- Pressure expiration date, since film aging causes a
loss in speed and contrast and increase
HEAT fog.
- the cooler the room, the longer the film - Adhere to the "First in, First Out (FIFO)
may be stored without an objectable system"
increase in fog, - Film bin
- films cartons should be stored on edge to
prevent development of pressure artifacts Kind of Fog that can Affect the Film
- Age Fog
temp - Chemical Fog
- 50 degree to 70F (10degree C to 21 - Light Fog
degree C) and relative humidity of 40% to - Safe light fog
60%. - Heat fog
- Secondary Radiation fog
Radiation
- Radiographic film must be suitably Handling of Film
protected from the action of x-rays and all - handled radiographic films near edges
other forms of radiation. as possible
- hands should be clean and dry
Chemical Fumes - hand cream should be avoided
- Chemical affects the film specially in
processing of film in developing an image, Rubber gloves
but also affect the film in storage area - should be avoided. Use cotton gloves if
because of chemical fume the un exposed necessary (moist hand)
film will loss their image quality and
productivity process if there are expose in
chemical it may cause stain or dirt in the
film or un even surface