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manual lab 5

The document discusses various draught systems used in combustion processes, focusing on their working principles and construction. It categorizes draught systems into Natural and Artificial draught, with further classifications of Artificial draught into Forced, Induced, and Balanced draught. The purpose of these systems is to supply air for combustion and remove exhaust gases, while also addressing environmental pollution concerns.

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aliesh kingking
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19 views

manual lab 5

The document discusses various draught systems used in combustion processes, focusing on their working principles and construction. It categorizes draught systems into Natural and Artificial draught, with further classifications of Artificial draught into Forced, Induced, and Balanced draught. The purpose of these systems is to supply air for combustion and remove exhaust gases, while also addressing environmental pollution concerns.

Uploaded by

aliesh kingking
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DRAUGHT SYSTEM

EXPERIMENT - 5
1. Objective:
To study of various draught system.
2. Aim:
To understand the working principle and construction of various draught system.
3. Introduction:
The purpose of draught is to supply required quantity of air for combustion and remove the
burnt product from the system. To move the air through the fuel bed and to produce a flow
of hot gases through the boiler, economizer, preheater and chimney required a difference
of pressure equal to that necessary to accelerate the burnt gases to their final velocity and
to overcome the pressure losses equivalent to pressure head. This difference of pressure
required to maintain the constant flow of air and to discharge the gases through the
chimney to atmosphere is known as draught.
Because of the emission of large amount of flue gases and other materials environment is
polluted, thus to decrease the environmental pollution some techniques and equipment’s
are used. Generally Electrostatic precipitators and Draughts system is used by coal gas
plants to decrease the environment pollution. Here we explain the brief about the Draught
system.
Draught can be obtained by use of chimney, fan, steam or air jet or combination of these.
When the draught is produced with help of chimney only, it is known as Natural Draught
and when the draught is produced by any other means except chimney it is known as
Artificial Draught.

4. Types of draught system


Draught are of two types:
a. Natural Draught
b. Artificial Draught
Natural draught:
The natural draught is obtained with the use of tall chimney which may be sufficient or
insufficient to overcome the losses in the system. Its usefulness depends upon the capacity
of the plant and duct work. This system of producing the draught is useful for small capacity
boilers and it does not play much important role in the present high capacity thermal power
plants. A chimney is a vertical structure of masonry; brick, steel or reinforced concrete built
for the purpose of enclosing a column of hot gases to produce the draught and discharge
the gases high enough which will prevent an air pollution the draught produced by the
chimney is due to the temperature difference of hot gases in the chimney and cold air
outside the chimney. Consider the height of the chimney above the grate level is ‘H’.

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DRAUGHT SYSTEM

Fig. 5.1 Natural draught


The pressure acting on the grate from the chimney side,
𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑎 + 𝑊𝑔 𝐻
And the pressure acting on the grate from the atmospheric side,
𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑎 + 𝑊𝑎 𝐻
Where, 𝑃𝑎 = Atmospheric pressure,
𝑊𝑎 , 𝑊𝑔 = Weight densities of the atmospheric air and hot gases passing through the
chimney respectively.
The gas density varies along the height of the chimney as part of the heat is lost by the gas
to the chimney. Therefore the average density of the gas should be taken for circulation.
The net acting pressure on the grate of the combustion chamber due to the pressure
exerted by gas column and air column is given by:
𝑃 = 𝑃2 − 𝑃1
Artificial draught:
Artificial draught can be further classified as:
Forced draught:
In a forced draught system, a lower is installed near the base of the boiler and air is forced
to pass through the furnace, flues, economizer, air-preheater and to the stack. This draught
system is known as positive draught or forced draught system because the pressure of air
throughout the system is above atmospheric draught system or forced draught system
because the pressure of air throughout the system is above atmospheric pressure and air is
forced to flow through the system. A stack or chimney is also used in this system but its
function is to discharge gases high in the atmosphere to prevent the contamination.

Fig. 5.2 forced draught

5-2
DRAUGHT SYSTEM

It is not much significant for producing draught therefore height of the chimney may not be
very much.
Induced draught:
In this system, the blower is located near the base of the chimney instead of near the grate.
The air is sucked in the system by reducing the pressure through the system below
atmosphere. The induced draught fan sucks the burned gases from the furnace and the
pressure inside the furnace is reduced below atmosphere and induces the atmospheric air
to flow through the furnace. The action of the induced draught is similar to the action of the
chimney. The draught produced is independent of the temperature of the hot gases
therefore the gases may be discharged as cold as possible after recovering as much heat as
possible in the air-preheater and economizer.
This draught is used generally when economizer and air-preheater are incorporated in the
system. The fan should be located at such a place that the temperature of the gas handled
by the fan is lowest. The chimney is also used in this system and its function is similar as
mentioned in forced draught but total draught produced in induced draught is the sum of
the draught produced by the chimney and the fan.

Fig. 5.3 Induced draught


Balance Draught:
It is always preferable to use a combination of forces and induces draught instead of forced
or induced draught alone.
If the forced furnace is used alone, then the furnace cannot be opened either for inspection
or for firing because the high pressure air inside the furnace will try to blow out suddenly
and there us every chance of blowing out the fire completely and furnace stops.
If the induced draught is used alone, then also furnace cannot be opened either for firing or
inspection because the cold air will try to rush into the furnace as the pressure inside the
furnace is below the atmospheric pressure. This reduces the effective draught and dilutes
the combination.
To overcome both the difficulties mentioned above either using forced draught or induced
draught alone, a balanced draught is always preferred. The balanced draught is a
combination of forced and induced draught. The forced draught overcomes the resistance

5-3
DRAUGHT SYSTEM

of the fuel bed therefore sufficient air is supplied to the fuel bed for proper and complete
combustion. The induced draught fan removes the gases from the furnace maintaining the
pressure inside the furnace just below atmosphere. This helps to prevent the blow-off of
flames when the doors are opened as the leakage of air is inwards. The pressure inside the
furnace is near atmospheric so there is no danger of blowout of flames or there is no danger
of inrushing the air into the furnace when the doors are opened for inspection.
The pressure of air below the grate is above atmosphere and it helps for proper and uniform
combustion. The pressure of air above the grate is just below the atmosphere and it helps to
remove the exhaust gases as quick as possible from the combustion zone.

Fig. 5.2 Balanced draught

5-4

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