Reg. No.

Question Paper Code : 19677

B.E. / B.TECH. DEGREE EXAMINATIONS, MAY / JUNE 2023

Sixth Semester
B.E. – Electronics and Communication Engineering
19EC601 – DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
(Regulations: Mepco – R2019)
Duration: 3 Hours Max. : 100 Marks
Answer ALL Questions
PART A – (10  2 = 20 Marks)
BTL, CO

A, CO1 1. A message signal having peak-to-peak value of 2 V, root mean square value of
0.1 V and bandwidth of 5 kHz is sampled and fed to a Pulse Code Modulation
(PCM) system that uses a uniform quantizer. The PCM output is transmitted over
a channel that can support a maximum transmission rate of 50 kbps. Assuming
that the quantization error is uniformly distributed, the maximum signal to
quantization noise ratio that can be obtained by the PCM system (rounded off to
two decimal places) is ___________. Justify your answer.
A) 12.45 B) 30.72 C) 64.26 D) 38.25
A,CO1 2. A Narrowband signal has a bandwidth of 10 kHz centered on a carrier frequency
of 100 kHz. It is proposed to represent this signal in discrete-time form by
sampling its in-phase and quadrature components individually. The minimum
sampling rate that can be used for this representation is __________. Justify your
answer.
U,CO2 3. What is Inter Symbol Interference and mention the causes of ISI?
“ISI cannot be avoided” - Comment your response.
U,CO2 4. Given the data stream 1110010100, sketch the transmitted sequence of pulses for
each of the following line codes:
A) Polar nonreturn-to-zero B) Manchester code
R,CO3 5. Compare and contrast the coherent and non coherent detection schemes.
A, CO3 6. In binary frequency shift keying (FSK), the given signal waveform are:
U0 (t) = 5cos (20000πt); 0 ≤ t ≤Т and
U1 (t) = 5cos(22000πt); 0 ≤ t ≤ T,

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 where T is the bit-duration interval and t is in seconds. Both U0 (t) and U1 (t) are
zero outside the interval 0 ≤ t ≤ T. With a matched filter (correlator) based
receiver, the smallest positive value of T (in milliseconds) required to have U0 (t)
and U1 (t) uncorrelated is ___________. Justify your answer.
A) 1.0 ms B) 0.75 ms C) 0.5 ms D) 0.25 ms
R,CO4 7. Consider a (4,3) linear block code where each codeword consists of three data
bits and one parity bit given by p = m1 + m3
A) Find all codewords in this code
B) Find the minimum distance of the code
U,CO4 8. A given Hamming code have a minimum distance of 3. What are the error
correction and error detection capabilities of the code?
A, CO5 9. Consider a DSSS downlink with bandwidth expansion N = Bs / B =100. Assume

the system is interference limited and there is no multipath on any user’s channel.
The number of users of the system can support under BPSK modulation such that
3
each user has a BER of less than 10 is __________. Justify your answer.
U, CO5 10. Consider the following statements regarding Spread Spectrum Frequency
Hopping technology :
1. It uses a particular frequency for communication
2. It is very secure and difficult to hack
3. Infrared devices use this technology
Which of the statements given above are incorrect? Justify your answer.
A) 1, 2 only B) 1, 2 and 3 C) 2, 3 only D) 1, 3 only

PART B – (5  16 = 80 Marks)
A, CO1 11. a) i. A television signal with a bandwidth of 4.2 MHz is transmitted
using a binary PCM and the number of quantization levels is 512.
Calculate the following parameters:
A) Code word length
B) Transmission bandwidth
C) Final bit rate
(8 Marks)
D) Output signal to quantization noise ratio
U, CO1 11. a) ii. Define Quantization. Explain the classification of quantization
and derive the Signal to Noise Ratio for noise power and
(8 Marks)
quantization noise.
OR
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A, CO1 11. b) i. A Compact Disc (CD) records audio signals digitally using PCM.
Assume the audio signal bandwidth to be 15 kHz.
A) What is the Nyquist rate?
B) If the Nyquist samples are quantized to L = 65, 536 levels and
then binary coded, determine the number of bits required to
encode a sample.
C) Determine the number of bits per second (bit/s) required to
encode the audio signal.
D) For practical reasons, signals are sampled at a rate well above
the Nyquist rate, at 44,000 samples per second. For L = 65,536
determine the number of bits per second required to encode the
signal and the minimum bandwidth required to transmit the
encoded signal. (8 Marks)
U, CO1 11. b) ii. Elucidate the basic concepts of Differential Pulse Code
Modulation show that the prediction error variance is less than the
variance of the prediction input for the predictor of order one and
derive its signal-to-noise ratio. Also, mention the operation of
DPCM encoder and decoder with relevant block diagrams. (8 Marks)

U, CO2 12. a) i. The binary data (0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1) are applied to the input of a

duo binary encoder. Construct the duo binary encoder output and
the corresponding receiver output, without precoder. Suppose due
to error during transmission, the level produced by 3rd digit is
reduced to zero, construct the new receiver output. (8 Marks)
U, CO2 12. a) ii. Consider the data sequence 0010110 as input to an encoder that
adds ISI in a controlled manner and explain the signaling scheme.
Derive the frequency response of modified duobinary signaling
scheme with a block diagram. (8 Marks)
OR
U, CO2 12. b) Explain how Nyquist’s criterion eliminates interference, for
distortion-less baseband binary transmission. Also, state and
prove Nyquist’s first criterion for zero ISI. (16 Marks)

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U, CO3 13. a) Draw the signal space diagram of coherent BPSK and with a neat
block diagram, explain how the coherent BPSK signal is detected
at the receiver. Derive the expression for probability of error for
Binary PSK. (16 Marks)
OR
U, CO3 13. b) With a neat block diagram, explain the transmitter and receiver of
a coherent Quadrature Phase Shift Keying signal. Draw the signal
space diagram and describe how the system reproduces the
original sequence with the minimum probability of symbol error.
Also, derive the expression for the Error probability of QPSK. (16 Marks)

A, CO4 14. a) Consider a (6, 3) linear block code defined by the generator
matrix.

G=[ ]

A) Determine if the code is a Hamming code. Find the parity

check matrix H of the code in systematic form.
B) Find the encoding table for the linear block code.
C) What is the minimum distance dmin of the code? How many
errors can the code detect? How many errors can the code
correct?
D) Draw the hardware encoder diagram.
E) Find the decoding table for the linear block code.
F) Draw the hardware syndrome generator diagram.
G) Suppose C = [ ] is sent and
r = [ ] is received. Show how the code can
correct this error. (16 Marks)
OR

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A, CO4 14. b) For the given convolutional encoder shown in figure, draw the
state diagram, Trellis diagram, code tree and Viterbi decoding
algorithm. If the received bits sequence is 11 01 11 00 01….
decode using Viterbi algorithm.

( 16 Marks)

U, CO5 15. a) Elucidate the Direct Sequence spread spectrum transmitter and
receiver block diagram with coherent BPSK and also, derive the
processing gain, probability of error and Antijam characteristics. (16 Marks)
OR
U, CO5 15. b) i. Analyze the importance of Frequency-hopping spread spectrum
with a necessary expression. (8 Marks)
L, CO5 15. b) ii. You work for a company that wants to design a next-generation
digital system for voice plus high-speed data. The FCC has
decided to allocate 100 MHz of spectrum for this system based on
whatever standard is agreed to by the various industry players.
You have been charged with designing the system and pushing
your design through the standards body. You should describe your
design in as much detail as possible, paying particular attention to
how it will combat the impact of fading, jamming margin,
processing gain and ISI and to its capacity for accommodating
both voice and data. Also, develop arguments explaining why
your design is better than competing strategies. (8 Marks)

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