MA 3201- Engineering Mathematics III

UNIT: I
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
PART A( 2 Marks)
1. Form a partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants from
z = a2x + ay2 + b

Given equation is z = a2x + ay2 + b -----------------(i)

Differentiating partially with respect to x we get,
p = a2----------------------(ii)
Differentiating equation (i) with respect to y we get,
q = 2ay
q
a=
2y (1)
Substituting the value of a in equation (ii) we get,
q2
p=
4 y2
ie., 4y2p = q2
(1)
2. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating arbitrary constants a and b from
z = (x+a)2 + (y+b)2
Given that z = (x+a)2 + (y+b)2
Differentiating partially with respect to x we get,
p
p = 2(x+a)  x + a =
2
q
q = 2(y+b)  y + b =
2 (1)
Substituting these in equation (1) we get,
p2 q2
z= +
4 4
4z = p + q2
2

(1)
3. Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary function from
z = f(x2 + y2)

The equation can be written as

 
  z, x 2 + y 2  = 0
 
Let u = z and v = x2 + y2
u v
=p = 2x
x x
u v
=q = 2y (1)
y y
The required partial differential equation is given by,
 u v
x x = 0 ie., p 2 x = 0
u v q 2y
y y
yp – xq = 0 (1)

4. Find the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary function from

 x
  z 2 − xy,  = 0
 z

x
Let u = z 2 − xy and v=
z
u v z − px
= 2zp –y =
x x z2

u v − xq
= 2zq – x = 2
y y z (1)
The required partial differential equation is given by,
u v
x x = 0
u v
y y

z − px
2 zp − y
z2 = 0
qx
2qz − x − 2
z
ie.,px2 + (2z2 – xy)q + xz = 0 (1)
5. Find the complete integral of p – q =0

This is of the form f(p, q) =0

Hence the complete integral is z = ax + by + c where a – b = 0 (1)
Therefore the complete integral is z = ax + ay + c (1)
6. Find the singular integral of z = px + qy + p2 – q2

This is of Clairaut’s form.

Hence the complete integral is z = ax + by + a 2 – b2 (1)
Differentiating with respect to both ‘a’ and ’b’
x + 2a = 0 and y – 2b = 0
ie., a = -x/2 and b = y/2
Substituting these in equation (1) and simplifying we get,
x2 – y2 +4z = 0 (1)
7. Write down the complete integral of z = px + qy + c 1 + p + q2 2
 The given equation is of the form z = = px + qy + f(p,q),which is the Clairaut’s
equation. (1)
Hence the complete integral is z = ax + by + c 1 + a + b ,where a and b are arbitrary
2 2

constants. (1)
8. Find the complete integral of𝑝 + 𝑞 = 𝑝𝑞

This is of the form f(p, q) =0

Hence the complete integral is z = ax + by + c where a + b = ab (1)
a
ie., b =
1− a
a
Therefore the complete integral is z = ax + y+c (1)
1− a

9. Find the complete integral of√𝑝 + √𝑞 =1

This is of the form f(p, q) =0

Complete integral is z = ax + by + c where (
a + b = 1  b = 1− a )
2
(1)
(
Therefore the complete integral is z = ax + 1− a y + c )
2
(1)
10. Find the complete integral of𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑝𝑞
The given PDE is Clauirit’s type.
Putting p = a and q = b in the given eqn, the complete integral is of𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑎𝑏

11. Solve (𝐷 2 − 5𝐷𝐷′ + 6𝐷′2 )𝑧 = 0

The auxiliary equation is m2 – 5m + 6 = 0
m = 2, 3 (1)
C.F =  1(y+2x) +  2(y+3x) (1)

12. Solve (𝐷 2 − 4𝐷𝐷′ + 4𝐷′2 )𝑧 = 0

The auxiliary equation is m2 – 4m + 4 = 0
m = 2, 2 (1)
C.F =  1(y+2x) + x  2(y+2x) (1)

13. Find the particular integral of (𝐷 2 + 4𝐷𝐷′ + 4𝐷′2 )𝑧 = 𝑒 2𝑥+𝑦

1
P.I = 𝑒 2𝑥+𝑦
𝐷 2 +4𝐷𝐷′+4𝐷′2
1 2𝑥+𝑦
= 𝑒
16

14. Find the particular integral of (𝐷 2 + 𝐷𝐷 ′ − 6𝐷′2 )𝑧 = cos(3𝑥 + 2𝑦)

1 1
𝑃. 𝐼 = 𝐷2 +𝐷𝐷′ −6𝐷′2 𝑐𝑜 𝑠(3𝑥 + 2𝑦)= 9 𝑐𝑜 𝑠(3𝑥 + 2𝑦)

15. Solve (D 3 + D 2 D − DD 2 − D 3 )z = 0

Replacing D by m and D ' by 1, the auxiliary equation is

 m3 + m 2 – m – 1 = 0 (1)

m = 1, -1, -1

Hence the solution is z =  1(y +x) +  2(y-x) + x  3(y-x) (1)

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UNIT – II FOURIER SERIES

Part A( 2 Marks)

1. State Dirichlet’s condition’s for Fourier series.

A function f (x) defined in [c,c + 2l] and

i. f (x) is single valued, finite and periodic.

ii. f (x) is continuous or piece wise continuous with finite number of
discontinuous in the given interval.
iii. f (x) has at most a finite number of maxima or minima in the given interval.

2. State Euler’s formulas for the Fourier coefficients.

2 2 2
1 1 1
a0 =
  f ( x)dx , a
0
n =
  f ( x) cos nxdx and
0
bn =
  f ( x) sin nxdx .
0

3. Define Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥)in the interval (0,2𝑙).

Fourier series of f (x) in (0,2𝑙 ) is given by

nx nx 
 2l
a0  1
f(x) = +   a n cos + bn sin  ; a0 =  f ( x)dx
2 n =1  l l  l0
(1)
 nx   nx 
2l 2l
1 1
an =
l0 f ( x) cos
 l 
dx ; bn =  f ( x) sin 
l0  l 
dx
(1)

4. Define Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥)in the interval (0, 2𝜋).

Fourier series of f (x) in [0,2] is given by

a0
f (x) = +  (a n cos nx + bn sin nx ) (1)
2 n =1

2 2 2
1 1 1
a0 =
 
0
f ( x)dx , a n =
 
0
f ( x) cos nxdx and bn =
  f ( x) sin nxdx .
0
(1)
5. Define Fourier series of𝑓(𝑥)in the interval (−𝑙, 𝑙).
Fourier series of f (x) in (−𝑙, 𝑙)is given by

nx nx 
 l
a  1
f(x) = 0 +   a n cos sin + bn sin  ; a0 =  f ( x)dx (1)
2 n =1  l l  l −l

 nx   nx 
l l
1 1
an = 
l −l
f ( x) cos
 l 
dx ; bn = 
l −l
f ( x) sin 
 l 
dx (1)

6. Define Fourier sine series of 𝑓(𝑥)in the interval (0, 𝑙).

Fourier half – range sine series of f(x) in (0, 𝑙) is given by
nx nx
 l
2
f(x) =  bn sin
n =1 l
where bn =  f ( x) sin
l 0 l
dx

7. Define Fourier cosine series of 𝑓(𝑥)in the interval (0, 𝜋).

Fourier half-range cosine series of f(x) in ( 0 , ) is given by

a0
f(x) = +  a n cos nx (1)
2 n =1

 
2 2
a0 =
 
0
f ( x)dx , a n =
  f ( x) cos nxdx
0
(1)

8. If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 in the interval (0,2) then find the value of 𝑎0 in the Fourier series is 𝑓 (𝑥 ).
2l
1
a0 =  f ( x)dx (1)
l0

2
1
2
 x2 
=  xdx =   = 2 (1)
10  2 0

9. If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 in the interval (0,4) then find the value of 𝑎0 in the Fourier series is 𝑓 (𝑥 ).
2l
1
a0 =  f ( x)dx (1)
l0

4
1
4
 x2 
=  2 xdx =   = 8
20  2 0 (1)
10. Find the RMS value of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 is (−𝜋, 𝜋)
b

  f ( x) dx
2

RMS value of f(x) = y = a

b−a

 x  dx
2 2

−
= (1)
2


 x (x )
4
dx 5 
4
(y )
2
= −

2
= −

10
=
5

4 2
y= = (1)
5 5

11. Find the RMS value of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝜋 − 𝑥 in 0 < 𝑥 < 2𝜋

2

  f ( x) dx
2

RMS value of f(x) = y = 0

(1)
2
2

 ( − x)
2
dx 2

()
 y =
2
0

2
=
1  ( − x) 3 

2  − 3  0
 =
1  (− ) 3 ( ) 3   2

2  − 3
−
−3  3
= (1)

12. State the Parseval’s formula for the function 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) in the interval (−𝑙, 𝑙 )
1 
( )
l 2
1
  f ( x ) 2
dx =
a0
+  a n + bn .
2 2

2l −l 4 2 n =1

13. State the Parseval’s formula for the function 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) in the interval (0,2𝜋)

( )
2
1 
2
1
0  f ( x ) 2
dx =
a0
+  a n + bn .
2 2

2 4 2 n=1

14. Define Harmonic analysis.

When a function f(x) is given by its numerical values at equally spaced points , the process of
finding the Fourier coefficients representing f(x) by numerical integration is called harmonic
analysis.
15. Find the Fourier sine series of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 is 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
  
2
f(x) =  bn sin nx where bn =
n =1   f ( x) sin nnxdx (1)
0


x sin nnxdx = x(− cos nx) + sin nnx 
2 2


bn =
0
 0

= 2(−1) n+1


f ( x) = 2 (−1) n+1 sin nx (1)
n =1

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UNIT – III FOURIER TRANSFORM

PART A ( 2 Marks)

1. State Fourier integral theorem.

If f(x) is a piecewise continuosly differentiable and absolutely integrable function
defined in (-∞,∞) then
 
1
  f (t )e
i ( x − t )
f ( x) = dtd .
2 −−

2. Define Fourier transform.

If f(x) is a piecewise continuosly differentiable in each partial interval and absolutely
integrable function defined in (-∞,∞) then the Fourier transform of f(x) is defined as

1
 f ( x )e
isx
F[f(x)] = dx
2 −
3. Write the Fourier transform pair.

1
 f ( x )e
isx
The Fourier transform of f(x) is F[s] = dx (1)
2 −


1
 F ( s )e
−isx
Its inversion is given by f(x) = ds
2 − (1)

4. State shifting theorem in Fourier transform.

If F(f(x)) = F(s), then 𝐹 [𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑎)] = 𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑠 𝐹(𝑠)
5. Define Modulation theorem in Fourier transform.
If F(f(x)) = F(s), then F(f(x) cosax) = (F ( s + a) + F ( s − a) )
1
2
6. State Parseval’s identity in Fourier transforms.
  

  f ( x) dx =  F (s) ds
2 2
If F(f(x)) = F(s), then where F(f(x)) is the
− −

Fourier transform of f(x).

7. State the convolution theorem in Fourier transform.
If F(s) and G(s) are Fourier transform of f(x) and g(x) then
F(f(x)  g(x)) = F(f(x)) . F(g(x)) = F(s) . G(s)

8. Define Fourier cosine transform.


2
Fourier Cosine transform of f(x) is given by Fc(f(x)) =
  f ( x) cos sxdx
0

9. Write the Fourier cosine transform pair.


2
Fourier Cosine transform of f(x) is given by Fc(f(x)) =
  f ( x) cos sxdx
0
(1)


2
Its inversion is given by f(x) =
  F ( f ( x)) cos sxds
0
c (1)

10. Define Fourier sine transform.


2
Fourier Sine transform of f(x) is given by Fs(f(x)) =
  f ( x) sin sxdx
0

11. Write the Fourier sine transform pair.


2
Fourier Sine transform of f(x) is given by Fs(f(x)) =
  f ( x) sin sxdx
0
(1)


2
Its inversion is given by f(x) =
  F ( f ( x)) sin sxds
0
s (1)

12. State the linear property in Fourier transform.

Let f(x) and g(x) are given functions then

F[af(x) + b g(x)] = a F[f(x)] + bF[g(x)].

13. Find the Fourier sine transform of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 (𝑎 > 0)


2
Fs(f(x)) =
  f ( x) sin sxdx
0
(1)
 2 ∞ 2 𝑠
= √𝜋 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = √𝜋 𝑎2 +𝑠2 (1)

14. Find the Fourier cosine transform of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 (𝑎 > 0)


2
Fc(f(x)) =
  f ( x) cos sxdx
0
(1)

2 ∞ 2 𝑎
= √𝜋 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = √𝜋 𝑎2 +𝑠2 (1)

1 𝑓𝑜𝑟|𝑥 | < 1
15. Find the Fourier transform of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) given by 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = {
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟|𝑥 | ≥ 1

1
 f ( x )e
isx
F[f(x)] = dx (1)
2 −

1  e is − e −is 
1
1
 e dx = 2  is 
isx
=
2 −1

1  2 sin s  2 sin s
=   = (1)
2  s   s

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UNIT – IV

BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS

PART A ( 2 Marks)
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
1. Classify the PDE 4 𝜕𝑥2 + 4 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑦 2 − 𝜕𝑥 − 8 𝜕𝑦 − 16𝑢 = 0
Here A = 4 , B = 4 ,C = 1
B2 – 4AC = 4 – 4 = 0
Given equation is Parabolic.
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢 2 𝜕𝑢 2
2. Classify the PDE + 𝜕𝑦2 = (𝜕𝑥) + (𝜕𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 2
Here A = 1 , B = 0 ,C = 1
B2 – 4AC = 0 – 4 < 0
Given equation is Elliptic.
3. Classify the PDE  u =  u  u  + xy .
2

xy  x  y 
Here A = 0 , B = 1 ,C = 0
B2 – 4AC = 1 > 0
Given equation is Hyperbolic.
4. Classify the PDE Uxx + x Uyy = 0
Here A = 1 , B = 0 ,C = x
B2 – 4AC = -4x
 Case : 1 If x > 0, then B2 – 4AC < 0
Given equation is Elliptic.
Case : 2 If x < 0, then B2 – 4AC > 0
Given equation is Hyperbolic.
Case : 3 If x = 0, then B2 – 4AC = 0
Given equation is Parabolic.

5. Write down the one dimensional wave equation.

If y(x,t) is the deflection of the string, then the one dimensional wave
2 y 2  y
2
Tension
equation is = a ,a2 = .
t 2
x 2
mass

6. What are the three possible solutions of one dimensional wave equations?
1. y(x,t) = (A ekx + B e-kx) ( C ekat + D e-kat )
2. y(x,t) = (A cos kx + B sin kx) (C cos kat + D sin kat)
3. y(x,t) = (A x + B) (Ct + D)

7. What is the suitable solution of one dimensional wave equation?

The suitable solution of one dimensional wave equation is
y(x,t) = (A cos kx + B sin kx) (C cos kat + D sin kat) .
𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑦
8. In the heat equation 𝜕𝑡 = 𝛼 2 𝜕𝑥2 , What does 𝛼 2 stands for?
k ,which is called the diffusivity of the material of the bar
2 =
c
where k - thermal conductivity; c – specific heat. and  - density of the material.
9. What are the possible solutions of one dimensional heat equation?
The possible solutions are
1. y(x,t) = (A ekx + B e-kx)
2. y(x,t) = (A cos kx + B sin kx)
3. y(x,t) = (A x + B)
10. Write the different solutions of Laplace equations in Cartesian form.
The possible solutions are
1. u(x,y) = (A ekx + B e-kax) (C cos ky+ D sin ky)
2. u(x,y) = (A cos kx + B sin kx) (C eky + D e-ky)
3. u(x,y) = (A x + B) (C y + D)
11. What is the suitable solution of one dimensional heat equation?
 2 k 2t
y(x,t) = (A cos kx + B sin kx) e−
12. What is the suitable solution of two dimensional heat equation in steady state?
u = ax + b, where a & b are arbitrary constants.
13. A rod 50 cm long with insulated sides has its ends A and B kept at 20 oC and 70oC
respectively. Find the steady state temperature distribution of the rod.

 2u
In steady state the one dimensional heat equation is =0
x 2
u(x) = ax + b…………………. (1)
When x = 0, u = 20.
When x = 50, u = 70
 (1)  b = 20,a = 1.
  u (x) = x + 20
14. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x = 0 and x = l is initially at rest in its equilibrium
position. If it is set vibrating giving each point a velocity 3x (l – x),
Write the boundary conditions of the string.

The boundary conditions are

i. y (0,t) = 0,  t > 0.
ii. y(l,t) = 0 ,  t > 0
iii. y(x,0) = 0, 0 < x <l
iv. y (x,0) = 3x (l-x).
t
15. How many boundary conditions are required to solve (a) one dimensional wave
equation (b) One dimensional heat flow equation.

Number of boundary conditions required to solve

(a) One dimensional wave equation is 4

(b) One dimensional heat flow equation is 3

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UNIT – V

Z TRANSFORM

PART A ( 2 Marks)

1. Define Z – transform of the sequence{f(n)}

Z-transform of a casual sequence (f(n)) is defined as Z{f(n)} or

f (z) =  f ( n ) z −n
n =0

2. Find the Z (𝑛 + 1)

Z(n+1)=  (n + 1) z − n (1)
n =0

=1+ 2 + 32 + 43 + ....
z z z
−2
= 1 − 1  = z2 (1)
 z ( z − 1) 2

3. Find Z(𝑎𝑛 )

Z(an)=  a n z − n (1)
n =0

 n
=   a 
n =0 z 
 = z (1)
z−a

4. Find Z(1)

Z(1)=  (1) z − n (1)
n =0

=1+ 1 + 12 + 13 + ....
z z z
−1
= 1 − 1  = z (1)
 z ( z − 1)

5. Find 𝑧(𝑛)
 1 2 3
Z(n)=  nz − n = + 2 + 3 + .... (1)
n =0 z z z
−2
= 1 1 − 1 
z z
= z (1)
(z − 1) 2
1
6. Find 𝑧 (𝑛)
1  1
z  =  z −n (1)
 n  n =1 n

= 1 + 1 2 + 1 3 + ....
z 2z 3z
= − log(1 − 1 / z )
 z 
= log   (1)
 z −1

7. Find Z(n2)
d
Z(n2)= − z (z(n ) ) (1)
dz
 z 
=− z d  
dz  (z − 1) 2 
= z(z + 1) (1)
(z − 1) 3

8. State the time shifting property in Z – transform.

− n0
If Z{f(n)}= f (z ) then Z{f(n-n0)}= z Z{f(n)}
9. State final theorem in Z – transform
If Z{f(t)}= f (z) then lim f (t ) = lim( z − 1) f ( z )
t → z →1

10. State initial theorem in Z – transform

If Z{f(n)}= f (z) then f (0) = lim f ( z)

z→

11. State convolution theorem in Z- transform

If Z{f(n)}= f (z) then Z{f(n)* g(n)}= f (z) g ( z )

𝑧
12. Find 𝑧 −1 (𝑧−𝑎)
we have Z(an)=  z  (1)
 
z −a
 z  =an (1)
 Z −1  
z − a

𝑧
13. Find 𝑧 −1 ((𝑧−1)2)
we have Z(n)= z (1)
(z - 1) 2
𝑧
𝑧 −1 ((𝑧−1)2) = 𝑛 (1)
𝑧
14. Find 𝑧 −1 (𝑧+1)
we have Z(an)=  z 
 
z −a
 z  =an (1)
Z −1  
z −a
𝑧
𝑧 −1 (𝑧+1) = 𝑛 (1)

15. Form a difference equation by eliminating arbitrary constants from 𝑦𝑛 = 𝑎3⬚

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦𝑛 = 𝑎3𝑛
⇒ 𝑦𝑛+1 = 𝑎3𝑛+1 = 3𝑦𝑛 (1)
⇒ 𝑦𝑛+1 − 3𝑦𝑛 =0 (1)

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−