Mathematics 2 A
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findingobjects1Mathematics 2 A
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findingobjects1MATHEMATICS - II A
SECOND YEAR
1
CONTENTS
S.NO CHAPTER
1 COMPLEX NUMBERS
2 DE MOIVRE'S THEOREM
3 QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS
4 THEORY OF EQUATIONS
5 PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS
6 BINOMIAL THEOREM
7 PARTIAL FRACTIONS
8 MEASURES OF DISPERSION
9 PROBABILITY
10 RANDOM VARIABLES
2
MATHEMATICS - II A
EXPECTED WIGHTAGE OF MARKS CHAPTERWISE
S.NO CHAPTER VSAQ (2M) SAQ(4M) LAQ (7M) TOTAL
1 COMPLEX NUMBERS 2(2) 4(1) 8
2 DE MOIVRE'S THEOREM 2(1) 7(1) 9
3 QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS 2(1) 4(1) 6
4 THEORY OF EQUATIONS 2(1) 7(1) 9
5 PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS 2(2) 4(2) 12
6 BINOMIAL THEOREM 2(1) 7(2) 16
7 PARTIAL FRACTIONS 4(1) 4
8 MEASURES OF DISPERSION 2(1) 7(1) 9
9 PROBABILITY 4(2) 7(1) 15
10 RANDOM VARIABLES 2(1) 7(1) 9
20(10) 20(7) 35(7) 97
3
Chapter - 1
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Weightage : (2 + 2 + 4)
Key Concepts:
→ A complex number is an ordered pair of real numbers. It is denoted by (a, b);
a R, bR ,
z = a+ib, Re(z)=a and Im(z)
→Two complex numbers z1=a+ib, z2=c+id are said to be equal if a=c, b=d
→Algebra of complex numbers z1=a+ib, z2=c+id then
(a) z=z1+z2=(a+c)+i(b+d)
(b) z=z1-z2=(a-c)+i(b-d)
(c) z=z1.z2=(ac-bd)+i(ad+bc)
z1 ac+bd (bc-ad)
(d) z= = +i 2 2
z 2 c2 +d2 c +d
→ If z=a+ib then conjugate of complex number z=a-ib
→ If z=a+ib then additive inverse of a complex number –z = - a - ib
→ If z=a+ib then z = a2 +b2
2 2
a2 +b2 -a
→ If z=a+ib then z= a+ib=±
a +b +a if b>0
+i 2
2
→ If z=a+ib then modulus-amplitude or polar form of a+ib=r (cosθ+isinθ)
a b
Where r= a 2 +b 2 ,cosθ= ,sinθ= where θ (-π,π
r r
→ cosθ+isinθis simply denoted by ‘ cisθ ’
im ( z ) b
→ Z=a+ib then Argz= tan-1 =tan-1
Re ( z ) a
→Arg(z1.z2)=Argz1 +Argz2
→Arg(z1/z2)=Argz1 -Argz2
→i2 = - 1, i3 = - i, i4 =1, i5 = i
π π π
→ i=cos +isin =cis
2 π 2 2 π π
→ -i=cos − +isin − =cis − =
2 2 2
→ 1=cos0+isin0=cis(0)
→ -1 = cosπ + isinπ = cis(π) =
4
Level-1
Very Short Answer Questions:
1. Find the additive inverse of (-6,5)+(10,-4)
Sol. -6+5i+10-4i=4+i
Additive inverse of 4+i is -4-i
Additive inverse of a+ib=-a-ib
2. Find the multiplicative inverse of 7+24i
7-24i
Sol. Multiplicative inverse of 7+24i is
625
a-ib
Multiplicative inverse of a+ib=
a2 +b2
3. Find the complex conjugate of (3+4i)(2-3i)
Sol. (3+4i)(2-3i)=6-9i+8i-12i2=18-i i2 =-1
Complex conjugate of 18-i is 18+i
Complex conjugate of a+ib is a-ib
1
4. If z=(cosθ,sinθ) find z -
z
1
Sol. z- =cosθ+isinθ- (cosθ-isinθ)
z
=cosθ+isinθ-cosθ+isinθ
1
= 2isinθ z=cosθ+isinθ =cosθ-isinθ
z
a+ib
5. Find the real and imaginary parts of the complex number
a-ib
(a+ib)
2
a+ib 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a +i b +2iab a -b +2iab a -b 2iab
Sol. = = = = +
i2=-1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a2 +b2
a-ib (a-ib)(a+ib) a -i b a +b a +b
a2 -b2 2ab
The real part is 2 2
and imaginary part is 2 2
a +b a +b
6. Find the square root of 7+24i
2 2 2 2
Sol. a+ib= a +b +a +i a +b -a if b>0
2 2
7 + 242 − 7
2
7 2
+ 242
+ 7
7 + 24i = +i
2 2
49 + 576 − 7
= 49 + 576 + 7 + i
2 2
625+7 625-7
= +i
2 2
= 25+7 25-7
2
+i
2
= 16+i 9
5
= 4+3i
7. If z=2-3i show that z2-4z+13=0
Sol. Given that z=2-3i
(a-b) =a2 -2ab+b2
2
z-2=-3i
squaring on both sides
(z-2)2=(-3i)2
Z2-4z+4=9i2
Z2-4z+4=-9 i2 =-1
Z2-4z+13=0
8. If z 0. Find Argz+Argz
Sol. Z=a+ib, Argz=θ and Argz=-θ
I)Argz=θ Argz=-θ
Argz+argz = θ-θ=0
9. Find the polar or modulus-amplitude form of following complex numbers
(i) 1+i 3 (ii) -1-i
Sol. (i) Let a+ib=1+i
Here a = 1, b= 3
Now r= a2 +b2 = 12 +( 3) = 1+3= 4=2
2
a 1 b
cosθ= = ,sinθ= =
r 2 r 2
3
sinθ
tanθ= = 2 = 3 θ=tan-1 3
cosθ 1
2
π
θ=
3
π
‘ θ ’ lies in I quadrant and θ= -π,π
3
π π
Mod-amplitude form of 1+i 3=2 cos +isin
3 3
Polar or mod-Amplitude form of a+ib=r(cosθ+isinθ)
(ii) -1-i
Let a+ib=-1-i
Here a=-1, b=-1
Now r= a2 +b2 = (-1) + ( -1) =
2 2
a -1 b -1
cosθ= = ,sinθ= =
r 2 r 2
π
‘ θ ’ lies in III quadrant and θ= -π
4
-3π
θ=
4
Mod-amplitude form of -3π -3π
-1-i= 2 cos 4 +isin 4
6
z1
10. If z1=-1 and z2=i then find Arg
z2
Sol. z1=-1=cosπ+isinπ Argz1=π
π π π
z2 =i=cos +isin Argz2 =
2 2 2
z1 z1
Arg =Argz 1=Argz 2 Arg =Argz 1-Argz 2
z2
z2
π π
= π- =
2 2
11. I) z1=-1 and z2=-I, then find Arg(z1z2)
Sol. z1=-1= cosπ+isinπ Argz1=π
-π -π -π
z2=-i= cos +isin Argz =
2
2 2 2
Arg(z1z2)=Argz1+Argz2 Argz1z2=Argz1+Argz2
π π
= π- =
2 2
12. I) z=x+iy and |z|=1, then find the locus of z
Sol. Given z=x+iy and |z|=1
|x+iy|=1
x2 +y2 = 1 x2+y2=1 |x+iy|= x2 +y2
π π
13. If Argz and Argz2 are and respectively, then find (Argz1+Argz2)
1
5 3
π -π
Sol. Given that Argz = Argz =
1 1
5 5
π
Argz = Argz=-θ
2
3
-π π 2π
Argz1+Argz2= + =
5 3 15 n
1+i
14. Find the least positive integer n, satisfying 1-i =1
n n
1+i 1+i 1+i
Sol. Given that =1 × =1
1-i
n 1-i 1+i
(1+i)2 1+i +2i
2 n
2 2
1 -i =1 1+1 =1
n
n
1-1+2i 2i
=1 =1
2
2
in=1 in=i4
n=4 which is least
15. If |z+ai|=|z-ai| find the locus of z
Sol. Let z=x+iy
Given |z+ai|=|z-ai|
|x+iy+ai|=|x+iy-ai|
7
|x+i(y+a)|=|x+i(y-a)|
x2 + ( y+a ) = x2 + ( y-a)
2 2
|x+iy|= x2 +y2
SOBS
x2 +( y+a ) =x2 (y-a)
2 2
x2 +y2 +a2 +2ay=x2 +y2 +a2-2ay
4ay=0 y=0
Locus1 of z is x-axis
x y 2 2
16. If (x-iy) =a-ib , then prove that
3
a
+
b
(
=4 a -b )
1
Sol. Given (x-iy)3 =a-ib
(x-iy) =(a-ib)
3
(a-b)
3
x-iy=a3-3a2ib+3ai2b2-i3b3 =a3-3a2b+3ab2 -b3
x-iy=a3-3ab2-3a2ib+ib3
x-iy=a3-3ab2 -i 3a2b-b3 ( ) i2 =-1
Equations real & imaginary parts
x=a3-3ab2; y=3a2b-b3
= a (a2 -3b2 ) ; = b(3a2 -b2 )
x y
=a2 -3b2 =3a2 -b2
a b
x y 2 2 2 2
Then + =a -3b +3a -b
a b
= 4a2 -4b2
= 4 (a2 -b2 )
17. If (a+ib) =x+iy find x2+y2
2
Sol. Given (a+ib)2=x+iy
a2+i2b2+2abi=x+iy
a2-b2+2abi=x+iy
equating real and imaginary parts
x=a2-b2, y=2ab
Then x2+y2=(a2-b2)+(2ab)2
=(a2-b2)+4a2b2
(a-b) +4ab=(a+b)
2 2
x2+y2=(a2+b2)2
18. Represent the complex number 2+3i in Argand plane
Sol. The complex number 2+3i in the Argand plane is represented as (2,3)
Level-2:
1. 5i
Write the complex conjugate of
7+i
5i 5i(7-i) 5(7i-i 2
) 5(7i+1) 5(7i+1) 7i+1
Sol. = = = = =
7+i (7+i) (7-i) 49-i2 49+1 50 10
8
1+7i 1-7i
complex conjugate of =
10 10
2. Simplify i2+i4+i6+……+(2n+1) terms
Sol. i2+i4+i6+i8+………+(2n+1) terms
=i2+(i2)2+(i2)3+(i2)4+… .... + odd no.of terms
=-1+1-1+1……..-1=-1
3. Find the square root of -47+i8 3
Sol. a+ib= a2 +b2 +a +i a2 +b2 -a if b>0
2 2
( )
(-47) + 8 3 -47 ( )
(-47) + 8 3 +47
2 2
2 2
-47+i8 3 = +i
2 2
2209+192-47 +i 2209+192+47
=
2 2
= 2401-47 +i 2401+47
2 2
49-47 49+47
= +i
2 2
2 96
= +i
2 2
= ( 1+i 48)
= = (1+i4 3)
4. Find the polar form of following complex numbers
(i) -1-i 3 (ii) - 7+i
Sol. (i) -1-i 3
Let x+iy=-1-i
Here x=-1,y=-
Now r= x2 +y2 = (-1)2 + ( - 3) = 1+3= 4=2
2
x -1
=cosθ= cosθ=
r 2
y − 3
=sinθ= sinθ=
r 2
π
θ lies in III quadrant and θ = -π
3
-2π
=
3
Polar form of -1-i 3=r (cosθ+isinθ)
9
= 2cos -2π +isin -2π
3
3
(ii) z=- 7+i 21
Sol. Let x+iy=- 7+i
Here x=- 7,y=
(- 7 ) +( )=
2 2
Now r= x2 +y2 = 21 7+21= 28=2 7
x - 7 1
Hence cosθ= cosθ= =-
r 2 7 2
y
sinθ= sinθ= 21 = 3× 7 = 3
r 2 7 2 7 2
π
θ lies in II quadrant and θ=π-
3 2π 2π
Polar form of - 7+i 21=r (cosθ+isinθ) =2 7 cos +isin
3 3
5. If z = 3-5i, the show that z3-10z2+58z-136=0
Sol. Given that z = 3-5i
3- z=5i SOBS
2 2
(3-z) =(5i)
9+z2-6z=25i2 9+z2-6z=-25
z2-6z+9+25=0
z2-6z+34=0
Now z3-10z2+58z-136=z(z2-6z+34)-4(z2-6z+34)
=z(0)+4(0)=0
6. π
If the amplitude of (z-1) is then find locus of z.
2
Sol. Let z=x+iy then z-1=x+iy-1=(x-1)+iy
π
Amp(z-1)=
2
tan-1 y π
=
x-1 2
y π y y 1
= tan = = x-1=0
x-1 2 x-1 x-1 0
Locus of z is x-1=0
7. If (1-i)(2-i)(3-i)…….(1-ni)=x-iy then prove that 2.5.10……(1+n2)=x2+y2
Sol. (1-i)(2-i)(3-i)…….(1-ni)=x-iy
Applying mod on both sides
|(1-i)||(2-i)||(3-i)| .......... |(1-ni)|=|x-iy| |x+iy|= x2 +y2
12 +(-1) 22 +(-1) 32 +(-1) 1 +(-n) = x2+y2
2 2 2........................ 2 2
2 5 10 ......... 1+n2 = x2 +y2
2.5.10........(1+n2 ) =x 2 +y2
10
If ( 3+i) =299 (a+ib) then show that a2+b2=4
100
8.
( )
100
Sol. 3+i =299 a+ib
100
)
2 99
2
3 +1 =2 a2 +b2
( 3+1) =2 a +b
100
99 2 2
( 4 ) =2 a +b
100
99 2 2
2100 =299 a2+b2
2100
= +b2
99
2
2= a2 +b2 SOBS
a2+b2=4
Short Answer Questions (4 Marks)
Level-1 :
1
1. If x+iy= then show that 4x2-1=0
1+cosθ+isinθ
1
Sol. Given that x+iy=
1+cosθ+isinθ
1 1+cosθ-isinθ
= ×
1+cosθ+isinθ 1+cosθ-isinθ
1+cosθ-isinθ
= Rationalise the denominator
(1+cosθ) - (isinθ)
2 2
1+cosθ-isinθ
=
1+cos2θ+2cosθ-i2sin2θ
1+cosθ-isinθ
= i2 =-1
1+cos2θ+2cosθ+sin2θ
= 1+cosθ-isinθ
2+2cosθ
1+cosθ sinθ
= -i
2 (1+cosθ) 2 (1+cosθ)
1
= - isinθ
2 2 (1+cosθ)
Equating real part of x+iy
1
= x= 2x=1 4x2 =1 4x2 -1=0
2
3
2. If x+iy= then show that x2+y2=4x-3
2+cosθ+isinθ
3
Sol. Given that x+iy=
2+cosθ+isinθ
3 2cosθ-isinθ Rationalise the Denominator
= ×
2cosθ+isinθ 2+cosθ-isinθ
11
3(2+cosθ-isinθ)
=
(2+cosθ) - (isinθ)
2 2
6+3cosθ-i (3sinθ)
=
4+cos2θ+4cosθ-i2sin2θ
(6+3cosθ)-i (3sinθ)
= i2 =-1
4+cos2θ+4cosθ+sin2θ
6+3cosθ-i3sinθ
x+iy=
5+4cosθ
= 6+3cosθ -i 3sinθ
5+4cosθ 5+4cosθ
Equating real and imaginary parts
6+3cosθ -3sinθ
x= ,y=
5+4cosθ 5+4cosθ
2 2
6+3cosθ -3sinθ
L.H.S. = x +y = +
2 2
5+4cosθ 5+4cosθ
36+9cos2θ+36cosθ+9sin2θ
=
(5+4cosθ)
2
36+9 (cos2θ+sin2θ)+36cosθ
=
(5+4cosθ)
2
= 45+36cosθ2
(5+4cosθ)
9(5+4cosθ) 9
= =
(5+4cosθ)2 5+4cosθ
R.H.S.=4x-3= 4
6+3cosθ
-3
5+4cosθ
= 24+12cosθ-15-12cosθ
5+4cosθ
= 9
5+4cosθ
L.H.S.=R.H.S. i.e, x2+y2=4x-3
3. z+1
If the real part of is 1, then find the locus of z
z+i
z+1 x+iy+1 (x+1) +iy
Sol. Let z=x+iy then = =
z+i x+iy+i x+i(y+1)
(x+1) +iy x-i(y+1)
= ×
x+i(y+1) x-i (y+1)
x (x+1) +ixy-i(x+1)(y+1)-i2y(y+1)
=
x2-i2 (y+1)
2
x (x+1) +y(y+1) -i (x+1) (y+1) -xy
= i2 =-1
x +(y+1)
2 2
12
x (x+1) +y(y+1) (x+1)(y+1)-xy
= -i
x2 +(y+1) x2 +(y+1)
2 2
x x+1 +y y+1 (x+1) (y+1) -xy
x+iy= ( 2 ) ( 2 ) -i 2
x +(y+1) x +(y+1)
2
equating real part = 1
x (x+1)+y(y+1)
=1
x2 +(y+1)
2
x2 +x+y2 +y=x2 +y2 +1+2y
x-y-1=0
4. If z = x+iy and if the point P in the Argand plane represents z. Find the locus of z
satisfying the equation |z-3+i|=4
So. Given z=x+iy
|z-3+i|=4 |x+iy-3+i|=4
|(x-3)+i(y+1)|=4
(x-3) +(y+1)
2 2
=4 |x+iy|= x2 +y2
SOBS
(x-3) +(y+1)2=16
2
x2+9-6x+y2+1+2y=16
x2+y2-6x+2y-6=0
Locus of z represents a circle
5. z-2 π
If the amplitude of = find the locus of z
z-6i 2
Sol. Let z=x+iy then
z-2 x+iy-2 x-2+iy x-2+iy x-i ( y-6)
= = = ×
z-6i x+iy-6i x+i(y-6) x+i(y-6) x-i (y-6)
(x-2) +iy x-i (y-6) (x-2) x-i (x-2) (y-6) +ixy-i y(y-6)
2
=
x2 -i2 (y-6) x2 +(y-6)
2 2
(x-2) x+y(y-6)-i(x-2)(y-6)+ixy
x2 +(y-6)2
x2 − 2x + y2 − 6 y (6x + 2 y −12)
+i
x2 + ( y − 6) x2 + ( y − 6)
2 2
Given that Amp
z-2 π
=
z-6i 2
tan-1 6x+2y-12 π
=
x2 +y2-2x-6y 2
6x+2y-12 =tan π Ampz=tan-1
y
x2 +y2 -2x-6y 2 x
6x+2y-12 1
2 2
=
x +y -2x-6y 0
x2+y2-2x-6y=0
13
z-4
6. Determine the locus of a, z 2i such that Re =0
z-2i
Sol. Let z=x+iy
z-4 x+iy-4 (x-4) +iy
Now = =
z-2i x+iy-2i x+i(y-2)
(x-4) +iy ×x-i (y-2) = (x-4) +iy x-i (y-2)
x+i(y-2) x-i (y-2) x2 -i2 (y-2)
2
x (x-4)-i(x-4)(y-2)+iny-i2y(y-2)
x2 +(y-2)
2
x ( x − 4) + y ( y − 2) ( x − 4) ( y − 2) − xy
−i
x2 + ( y − 2) x2 + ( y − 2)
2 2
z-4
Given that Re
=0
z-2i
x (x-4)+y(y-2)
=0
x2 +(y-2)
2
x2 -4x+y2-2y
=0
x2 +(y-2)
2
x2+y2-4x-2y=0
The locus o z represents a circle
7. If z = 2 − i 7 then show that 3z3-4z2+z+88=0
Sol. z=2-i z-2=-i
Squaring on both sides
(z-2) ( ) (z-2) =7i (z-2) =-7
2 2 2 2
2
= -i 7
Z2-4z+4=-7 (z-2)2=7i2 (z-2)2=-7
3z3-4z2+z+88=3z(z2-4z+11)+8(z2-4z+11)=3z(0)+8(0)=0
8. Show that the points in the Argand plane represented by the complex numbers
2+2i, -2-2i, -2 3+2 3i are the vertices of an equilateral triangle
Sol. Given points in the Argand diagram are A(2,2), B(-2,-2), C (-2 3, 2 3)
(2+2) +(2+2)
2 2
AB= = 42 +42 = 16+16=
(-2+2 3) +(-2-2 3) = 4+12-8 3+4+12+8 3 = 16+16= 32
2 2
BC=
(2+2 3) +(2-2 3) = 4+12+8 3+4+12-8 3 = 16+16= 32
2 2
CA=
AB=BC=CA, In equilateral triangle all sides are equal
The points A,B,C form an equilateral triangle
9. Show that the four points in the Argand plane represented by the complex
numbers 2+i,4+3i,2+5i,3i are the vertices of a square
Sol. Given A=2+i=(2,1),B=4+3i, C=2+5i=(2,5), D=3i=(0,3)
Distance between two points A(x1, y1 ), B(x2 ,y2 ) is AB=
14
AB= (4-2) +(3-1) = 22 +22 = 4+4=
2 2
(2-4) +(5-3) (-2)
2 2 2
BC= = +22 = 4+4=
(0-2) +(3-5) (-2) + ( -2)
2 2 2 2
CD= = = 4+4=
(2-0) +(1-3) = 22 + ( -2) = 4+4=
2 2 2
DA=
(2-2) +(5-1)
2 2
AC= = 0+42 = 16=4
(0-4) +(3-3) (-4)
2 2 2
BD= = +0= 16=4
AB=BC=CD=DA and AC=BD
In the square all sides are equal and diagonals are also equal
A,B,C,D Form a square
10. Show that the points in the Argand plane represented by the complex numbers -
-3 1 7
2+7i, + i,4-3i, ( 1+i ) are the vertices of a Rhombus
2 2 2
Sol. Given points in the
-3 Argand
1 -3plane
1 are
A=-2+7i=(-2,7),B= + i= ,
2 2 2 2
7 7 77
C=4-3i=(4,-3),d= + i= ,
2 2 2 2
Distance between two points A(x1,y1 ) and B(x2 ,y2 ) is AB=
1 -13
AB= -3 +2 + 1 -7 = 2+ 2=
1 169 = 170
+
2 2 2
2 4 4 4
2 2
11 -7
2 2
3 1 121 49 170
BC= 4+ + -3- = + = + =
2 2 2 2 4 4 4
-1 13
2 2
7 7 1 169 170
CD= -4 + +3 = + = + =
2 2 2 2 4 4 4
2 2 2
-11 7
2
7 7 121 49 170
DA= -2- + 7- = + = + =
2 2 2 2 4 4 4
(4+2) + ( -3-7) = 62 + ( -10) = 36+100=
2 2 2
AC=
2 2 2
10 1
2
7 3 7 1 100 36 136
BD= + + - = + = + =
2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4
AB=BC=CD=DA and AC BD
In the rhombous all sides are equal but diagonals are not equal
11. Show that 2-i 2 and -2-11i are conjugate to each other
25
(1-2i)
Sol. Let z = 2-i ,z = -2-11i
(1-2i)
1 2 2
25
2-i 2-i 2-i -3+4i
z1 = 2
= = ×
1+4i -4i 1-4-4i -3-4i -3+4i
15
-6+8i+3i-4i2 -6+4+11i
= =
(-3) - (4i)
2 2
9-16i2
= -2+11i
9+16
-2+11i
=
25
z1 is the conjugate of z2
Level-2:
2+i
1. If u+iv= and z=x+iy then find u, v
z+3
2+i
Sol. Given u+iv= = 2+i
=
2+i
z+3 x+iy+3 (x+3)+iy
=
2+i
×
(x+3) -iy
(x+3) +iy (x+3)-iy
(2+i) (x+3)-iy
=
(x+3) -i2y2
2
2(x+3)-2iy+i(x+3)-i2y
=
(x+3) +y2
2
2x+6+y+i(x+3-2y)
=
(x+3) +y2
2
(2x+y+6) i(x-2y+3)
u+iv= +
(x+3) +y2 (x+3) +y2
2 2
equating real and imaginary parts
2x+y+6 x-2y+3
u= ,v=
(x+3) (x+3)
2
2
+y2 +y2
π
2. The complex number z has argument 0, 0<θ< and satisfying the equation
6 2
|z-3i|=3, then prove that cotθ- =i
z
Sol. Let z=x+iy
y y x
θ=tan-1 tanθ= so cotθ=
x x y
Given that |z-3i|=3
|x+iy-3i|=3 |x+i(y-3)|
x2 + ( y-3) =3
2
SOBS
x2 +( y-3) =9
2
x2 +y2-6y+9=9 x2 +y2 =6y ............... (1)
6
Consider cotθ- x 6 = x - 6 (x-iy)
= -
z
y x+iy y (x+iy) (x-iy)
16
= x - (2 2 )2 = x - (2 2)
6 x-iy 6 x-iy
y x -i y y x +y
x 6(x-iy)
= - From (1)
y 6y
x x iy
= - + =i
y y y
3. The points P, Q denote the complex numbers z1,z2 in the Argand diagram, O is the
origin. If z1z2 +z1z2 =0 Then show that POQ=900
Sol. Let z1=x1+iy1 and z2=x2+iy2 then z1=x1-iy1 and z2 =x2 -iy2
The points z1,z2 in the Argand diagram are P(x1,y1) Q(x2,y2) and (0,0), slope of
y1 y2
OP= , slope OQ=
x1 x2
z1z2 +z1z2 =0 (x1+iy1 )(x2-iy2 )+(x1-iy1 )(x2+iy2 )=0
x x x x
2 2
x1x2 -i y2 +i y1-i y1y2 +x1x2 +i y2 -i y1-i y1y2 = 0
1 2 1 2
2x1x2 + 2 y1 y2 = 0 x1x2 +y1y2 =0
y y =-x x y1 y2 =-1
1 2 1 2 x x
1 2
(slope of OP ) (slope of OQ )=-1 POQ=900
z 2z1 +z2
4. If 2 ,z 1 0 is an imaginary number then find the value of
z1 2z1-z2
z2
Sol. , (z 1 0) is purely imaginary
z1
z
we can suppose that 2 =iy
z1
z2
2z +z z1 2+
1 2 = z1
2z1-z2 z2
z1 2-
z1
z
2+ 2
= z1
z2
2-
z1
2+iy
=
2-iy
4+y2
= |x+iy|= x2 +y2
2
4+y
=1
17
Chapter-2
De Moivre’s Theorem
Weightage : (2 + 7)
Key Concepts:
→ De Moivre’s Theorem: If ‘n’ is an integer and ‘ θ ’ be any real number then
(i) (cosθ+isinθ) =cosnθ+isinnθ
n
(ii) (cosθ-isinθ) =cosnθ-isinnθ
n
1
If x = cosθ+isinθthen =cosθ-isinθ and
1 x
(i) 1 n 1 n 1
x+ =2cosθ (ii) x- =2isinθ (iii) x + =2cosnθ (iv) x - =2isinnθ
x x xn xn
Here cosθ+isinθ=cisθ, cosθ - isinθ = cis(-θ)
Cube roots of unity
The roots of x3=1 are called cube roots of unity then which are 1,w,w2 where
-1+i 3 2 -1-i 3
w= ,w =
2 2
If 1,w,w2 are the cube roots of unity then
(i) 1+w+w2=0 1+w=-w2 1+w2 =-w w+w2 =-1
(ii) w3=1,w4 =w3.w=w,w5=w3.w2 =w2,w6 =(w3)2 =1
nth roots of a complex number
The nth roots of a complex number
z=r (cosθ+isinθ) are
1 1
2kπ+θ
z =r cis ; where k=0, 1,2 ……. (n-1)
n n
n
cisθ.cis=cis(θ+)for any θ, R
cisθ
=cis(θ- ) for any θ, R
cis
Level-1:
Very Short Answer Questions (2Marks)
1. If A, B, C are the angles of a triangle and x=cisA, y=cisB, z=cisC find the value of
xyz
Sol. Given x=cisA, y=cisB, z=cisC
in ΔABC, A+B+C=1800
x.y.z=cisA.cisB.cisC
18
= cis(A+B+C) cisθ.cis = cis(θ+ )
= cis1800 cisθ=cosθ+isinθ
0 0
=cos180 + isin180
= -1
2. If x=cisθ then find the value of x6 + x16
Sol. x=cisθ=cosθ+isinθ
x6 =(cisθ) =cos6θ+isin6θ
6
1
=cos6θ-isin6θ (cosθ+isinθ)
n
=cosnθ+isinnθ
x6
1
x 6 + = cos6θ + isin6θ + cos6θ - isin6θ
x6
= 2cos6θ
3. Find the
1
cube roots
1
of
1
‘8’?
1 1 1 1
Sol. = 83 =((8) (1))3 =(8)3 .(1)3 =(23 )3 (1)3 =2(1)3
= 2(1,w,w2)=2(1),2(w),2(w)2 Cube roots of ‘1’ are 1, w, w2
Cube roots of ‘8’ are 2,2w, 2w2
Find the roots of the equation (x-1) +8=0 . If the cube roots of unity are 1,w,w2
3
4.
Sol. (x-1)3+8=0 (x-1)3=-8=-23
=(x-1) 3 =-23 x-1=-2 x-1=-2 (1)3 =-2 (1,w,w2 )
1
The roots of x-1 are -2,-2w, -2w2
Hence the roots of x are -1, 1-2w, 1-2w2
Find the value of (1+i 3)
3
5.
1 3
Sol. 1+i 3 = 2 +i multiplying and dividing by a2+b2 = 1+3=2
2 2
π π
= 2 cos +isin
3 3
3
(1+i 3) = 2 cos π3 +isin π3
3
3
π π
= 23 cos +isin
3 3
π π
= 8cos3 +isin3
3 3
= 8(cosπ+isinπ)
=8(-1) = - 8
6. Find the value of (1-i)8
Sol. (1-i)= 2 1 -i 1 = multiplying & Dividing by
a2 +b2 = 12 +(-1)2 =
19
π π
= 2 cos -isin
4 4
1-i 8 = π π 8
( ) 2 cos 4 -isin 4
8 8
π π
( )
= 2 cos -isin
4 4
4 π π
= 2 cos8 -isin8
4 4
= 2 (cos2π-isin2π)
4
=16(1-i(0))=16(1)=16
5
3 + i 3 i 5
7. Find the value of 2 2 - -
2 2
3 1 π π
+i
Sol. =cos +isin
2 2 6 6
3 1 π π
-i
=cos -isin
2 2 6 6
5
3 i
5 5
i
5
π π π π
+ - 3
2 2 2 2
- = cos +isin - cos -isin
6 6 6 6
5π 5π 5π 5π
= cos +isin - cos -isin
6 6 6 6
5π 5π 5π 5π
=cos +isin -cos +isin
6 6 6 6
5π
= 2isin
6 π
= 2isin π- =2isin
π
6 6
= 2i =i
1
2
Find all the values of ( 3+i)
1
8. 4
Sol. 3 i =2 cos π +isin π Multiplying & Dividing by = a2+b2 = 1+3=2
3+i=2 2 + 2 6 6
= 3+i=2 cos 2kπ+ π +isin 2kπ+ π
6
6
= 2 cis2kπ+ π
6
1
π 41
( )
3+i = 2 cis 2kπ+
4
6
20
1
1 π 4
= 24 cis 2kπ+
6
1
1 12kπ+π 4
= 2 cis
4
6
1
π
= 24cis(12k+1) ,k=0,1,2,3
24 1
9. Find all the values of (-i)6
-π -π
Sol. -i=cos +isin
2 2
π
= cos 2kπ- +isin 2kπ-
π
2 2
4kπ-π 4kπ-π
= cos 2 +isin 2
=cos ( ) +isin ( )
4k-1 π 4k-1 π
2 2
1
(4k-1) π (4k-1) π 61
(-i)6 = cos +isin
2 2
=cis (
4k-1) π 1
.
2 6
= cis
( 4k-1) π
, where k=0,1,2,3,4,5
12
1
10. Find all the values of (-32) 5
Sol. -32=32(-1)= 25 (cosπ+isinπ)
= 25 (1cos(2k+1) π+isin (2k+1) π) 1
1
(-32)5 =(2 )5 cos (2k+1) π+isin(2k+1) π5
5
1
= 2cis(2k+1) π.
5
= 2cis
(2k+1) π , k=0,1,2,3,4
5
11. If 1,w,w2 are the cube roots of unity then find the values of (i) (1+w+w2)3
(iii) (1-w+w2 ) +(1+w-w2 ) (iv)
5 5
(ii) (1-w)(1-w2)(1-w4)(1-w8)
a+bw+cw2 a+bw+cw2
c+aw+bw2 + b+cw+aw2
Sol. (i) (1-w+w2)3=(-w-w)3=(-2w)3=-8w3=-8(1)=-8
1+w+w2 =0 1+w2 =-w
w3=1
(ii) (1-w)(1-w2)(1-w4)(1-w8)
21
2 2 w4 =w3.w=1.w=w
=(1-w)(1-w )(1-w)(1-w )
w8=w4.w4 =w.w=w2
=[(1-w)(1-w2)]2
=(1-w-w2+w3)2 1+w+w2 =0 -w-w2 =1 w3=1
=(1+1+1)2=32=9
(iii) (1-w+w2)5+(1+w-w2)5
=(1+w2-w)5+(1+w-w2)5
=(-w-w)5+(-w2-w2)5
=(-2w)5+(-2w2)5
5 5 10 1+w+w2 =0
=(-2) (w +w )
w3=1
=-32(w3.w2+(w3)3.w)
=-32(w2+w)=-32(-1)=32
a+bw+cw2 a+bw+cw2
(iv) 2
+ 2
c+aw+bw b+cw+aw
w2 (a+bw+cw2 ) w (a+bw+cw2 )
= 2 +
w (c+aw+bw2 ) w (b+cw+aw2 )
w2 (a+bw+cw2 ) w(a+bw+cw2 )
= +
aw3+bw4 +cw2 aw3+cw2 +bw
w2 (a+bw+cw2 ) w(a+bw+cw2 )
= +
a+bw+cw2 a+bw+cw2
=w2+w=-1 1+w+w2 =0 w2 +w=-1 w4 =w
12. If 1,w,w2 are the cube roots of unity, then prove that
(ii) (2-w ) ( 2-w 2 )(2-w10 )(2-w11 )=49
1 1 1
(i) + =
2+w 1+2w 1+w
(iii) (x+y+z)(x+yw+zw2 )(x+yw2 +zw)=x3 +y3 +z3 -3xyz
Sol. (i) 1 + 1 = 1+2w+2+w
2+w 1+2w (2+w)(1+2w)
3+3w
=
(2+w)(1+2w)
3(1+ w)
=
2 + 4w + w + 2w2
3(-w2 )
=
2+2w+2w2 +3w
-3w2
=
2(1+w+w2 )+3w
-3w 2
=
3w
=-w
-w (1+w)
=
1+w
22
-w-w2
=
1+w
1
=
1+w
1 1 1
+ =
2+w 1+2w 1+w
(ii) (2-w ) ( 2-w 2 )(2-w10 )(2-w11 )
w10 = ( w 3 ) .w=1.w=w
3
(
= ( 2-w ) ( 2-w 2 ) 2- ( w 3 ) .w
3
)(2- (w ) .w )
3
3
2
w11=(w3 ) .w2 =1.w2 =w2
3
( )(2-w ) (2-w2 )
= ( 2-w ) 2-w 2
= (2-w)(2-w2 )
2
2
= 4-2w-2w2 +w3
1+w+w2 =0 w+w2 =-1
= 4-2(w+w2 )+w3
2
w3 =1
= 4-2(-1) +1
2
=4+2+1
2
=72
=49
(
)(2-w10 )(2-w11 )=49
( 2-w ) 2-w 2
(iii) (x+y+z)(x+yw+zw2 )(x+yw2 +zw)
=(x+y+z) x2 +xyw2 +xzw+xyw+y2w3 +yzw2 +xzw2 +yzw4 +z2w3
=(x+y+z) x2 +y2 +z2 +xy(w2 +w)+yz(w2 +w4 )+zx (w+w2 )
=(x+y+z) x2 +y2 +z2 +xy(-1) +yz(-1) +zx (-1)
=(x+y+z) x2 +y2 +z2 -xy-yz-zx
=x3 +y3 +z3-3xyz
(
(x+y+z) x+yw+zw2 )(x+yw2 +zw)=x3 +y3 +z3 -3xyz
13. Prove that (a+b)(aw+bw2)(aw2+bw)=a3+b3. If 1,w,w2 are the cube roots of unity
Sol. (a+b) (aw+bw 2 )( aw 2 +bw)
=(a+b) a2w3 +abw2 +abw4 +b2w3
=(a+b) a2 (1) +abw2 +ab(w) +b2 (1)
=(a+b) a2 +ab(w2 +w)+b2
=(a+b) a2 +ab(-1) +b2
=(a+b) a2 -ab+b2
=a3 +b3
(
(a+b) aw+bw2 )(aw2 +bw)=a3 +b3
23
14. Solve x4-1=0
Sol. (
x4 -1=0 x2 +1 )(x2 -1)=0
x2 +1=0(or)x2-1=0
x2 =-1(or)x2 =1
x= or x=
x=±i or x= 1
(cosα+isinα)
4
15. Simplify
(sinβ+icosβ)
8
(cosα+isinα) = (cosα+isinα)4 8
4
Sol. 8
(sinβ+icosβ) (-i2sinβ+icosβ)
(cosα+isinα)
4
=
i (cosβ-isinβ)4
8
(cosα+isinα)
=
i8 (cosβ-isinβ)
8
cos4α+isin4α
=
cos8β-isin8β
= (cos 4 + i sin 4 )(cos8 + i sin8 )
=cos(4α+8β)+isin(4α+8β)
16. If α,β are the roots of the equation x2 +x+1=0 , then prove that α4 +β4 +α-1β-1=0
Sol. x2 +x+1=0
Since α,β are the complex cube roots of unity take α=w,β=w2
α4 +β4 +α-1β-1 =w4 +(w2 ) +(w) (w )
4 -1 2 -1
1 1+w+w2 =0
( ) .w2 +
2
=w 3 .w+ w 3
w3 w3 =1
=w+w2 +1=0
17. If 1,w,w2 are the cube roots of unity, then find the value of
(i) (a+2b) +(aw2 +2bw) +(aw+2bw2 ) (ii) (1+w) +(1+w2 )
2 2 2 3 3
(i) (a+2b) +(aw2 +2bw) +(aw+2bw2 )
2 2 2
Sol.
(a+2b)
2
=a2 +4ab+4b2 ..............................................(1)
(aw2 +2bw)
2
=a2w4 +4abw3 +4b2w2 =a2w3.w+4abw3+4b2w2
=a2w+4ab+4b2w2.......................................... (2)
(aw+2bw2 ) =a2w2 +4abw3 +4b2w4
2 1+w+w2 =0
w3 =1
=a2w2 +4ab+4b2w ................... (3)
By adding (1), (2), & (3)
(a+2b)2 +(aw2 +2bw) +(aw+2bw2 )
2 2
24
=a2 +4ab+4b2 +a2w+4ab+4b2w2 +a2w2 +4ab+4b2w
( )
=a2 1+w+w2 +12ab+4b2 1+w+w2 ( )
=a (0)+12ab+4b (0)
2 2
=12ab
(ii) (1+w)3+(1+w2)3
=(-w2)3+(-w)3
6 3 1+w+w2 =0
=-w -w
w3 =1
=-1-1
=-2
Long Answer questions(7Marks)
Level-1 :
nπ
If ‘n’ is an integer, then show that (1+i) +(1-i) =2n+1cos
2n 2n
1.
2
1 1
Sol. 1+i= 2 Multiply and Divide with a2 +b2 = 1+1=
+i
2 2
π π
= 2 cos +isin
4 4
2n π π 2n
(1+i) = 2 cos +isin
2n 4 2nπ 4 2nπ
( )
= 2
cos +isin ( cosθ+isinθ) =cosnθ+isinnθ
n
4 4
nπ
nπ ........................
=2n cos +isin (1)
2 2
1-i= 2 1 -i 1
2 2
π π
= 2 cos -isin
4 4
2n π π 2n
(1-i) = 2 cos -isin
2n 4 2nπ4 2nπ
( )
= 2
cos -isin
4 4
n nπ nπ .........................
=2 cos -isin (2)
2 2
Adding (1) &2n(2)
(1+i) +(1-i) =2n cos +isin +2n cos -isin
2n nπ nπ nπ nπ
2
2
nπ nπ nπ nπ
=2n cos +isin +cos -isin
2 2 2 2
nπ
=2n .2cos
2
25
nπ
=2n+1cos
2
nπ
(1+i) +(1-i) =2
2n 2n n+1
cos
2
nπn+2
If ‘n’ is an integer then show that (1+i) n +(1-i) =2 2 cos
n
2.
4
1 1
Sol. 1+i= 2
2
+i
2
π π
= 2 cos +isin
4 4
n π π n
(1+i) = 2 cos +isin
n 4 nπ 4 nπ
= 2 ( )
cos +isin
4 4
n
nπ nπ
=22 cos +isin ....................(1)
1 1
4 4
1-i= 2 -i
2
2
π π
= 2 cos -isin
4 4
n π π n
(1-i) = 2 cos -isin
n 4 π 4 π n
( )
= 2 cos -isin
4 4
n
nπ nπ
=22 cos -isin .................. (2)
4 4
Adding (1) & (2)n
n n nπ nπ n nπ nπ
(1+i) +(1-i) =2 cos +isin +22 cos -isin
2
4 4 4 4
n
nπ nπ nπ nπ
=22 cos +isin +cos -isin
4 4 4 4
=22 .2cos nπ
n
4
n+2
nπ
=2 2 cos
4
n+2
nπ
(1+i) n +(1-i) =2 2 cos
n
4
nπ
If α,β are the roots of the equation x -2x+4=0 , then show that α +β =2 cos 3
2 n n n+1
3.
2±4-16 2± -12 2±2 -3 2±2 3i2 2 1± 3i ( )
Sol. x -2x+4=0 x=
2
= = = = = 1 3i
2 2 2 2 2
Let α=1+ 3i, β=1- 3i
26
( ) +(1- 3i)
n n
αn +βn = 1+ 3i
n n
1 3 1 3
= 2 +i
2 + 2 -i 2
2 2
π π
n π π n
= 2cos +isin + 2cos -isin
3 3 3 3
nπ nπ nπ nπ
=2n cos +isin +2n cos -isin
3 3 3 3
nπ nπ nπ nπ
=2n cos +isin +cos -isin
3 3 3 3
nπ
=2n .2cos
3
nπ
=2n+1cos
3
nπ
α +β =2n+1cos
n n
3
4. If cosα+cosβ+cosγ=0=sinα+sinβ+sinγ then show that
(i) cos3α+cos3β+cos3γ=3cos(α+β+γ)
(ii) sin3α+sin3β+sin3γ=3sin(α+β+γ)
(iii) cos(α+β)+cos(β+γ)+cos(γ+α)=0
Sol. Let a=cosα+isinα,b=cosβ+isinβ,c=cosγ+isinγ
a+b+c=cosα+isinα+cosβ+isinβ+cosγ+isinγ
=(cosα+cosβ+cosγ)+i(sinα+sinβ+sinγ)
=0+i(0)
=0
a+b+c=0 a3 +b3 +c3 =3abc
(cosα+isinα) +(cosβ+isinβ) +(cosγ+isinγ) =3(cosα+isinα)(cosβ+isinβ)(cosγ+isinγ)
3 3 3
cos3α+cos3β+cos3γ+i(sin3α+sin3β+sin3γ) =3cos(α+β+γ)+3isin(α+β+γ)
equating real and imaginary parts on both sides
(i) cos3α+cos3β+cos3γ=3cos(α+β+γ)
(ii) sin3α+sin3β+sin3γ=3sin(α+β+γ)
(iii) a = cisα, b = cisβ, c = cisγ
1 1 1
=cis(-α),=cis (-β), =cis (-γ)
a b c
a+b+c=cisα+cisβ+cisγ=0
1 1 1
+ + =cis(-α) +cis (-β) +cis (-γ)
a b c
=cosα-isinα+cosβ-isinβ+cosγ-isinγ
=cosα+cosβ+cosγ-i(sinα+sinβ+sinγ)
=0-i (0)=0
27
1 1 1
Consider ab+bc+ca= abc + +
c a b
=abc(0)=0
ab+bc+ca=0
cisα.cosβ+cisβcisγ+cisα.cisγ=0
cis(α+β)+cis(β+γ)+cis(γ+α)=0
cos(α+β)+isin(α+β)+cos(β+γ)+isin(β+γ)+cos(γ+α)+isin(γ+α)=0=0+i(0)
cos(α+β) +cos (β+γ) +cos (γ+α) +i sin (α+β) +sin (β+γ) +sin (γ+α) =0+i(0)
Comparing the real part
cos(α+β)+cos(β+γ)+cos(γ+α)=0
5. If cosα+cosβ+cosγ=0=sinα+sinβ+sinγ , then prove that
2 2 2 3 2 2 2
cos α+cos β+cos γ= =sin α+sin β+sin γ
2
Sol. Let x = x=cosα+isinα, y=cosβ+isinβ, z=cosγ+isinγ
x+y+z=cosα+isinα+cosβ+isinβ+cosγ+isinγ
=cosα+cosβ+cosγ+i(sinα+sinβ+sinγ)
=0+i(0)
=0
If x+y+z=0 x2 +y2 +z2 =-2(xy+yz+zx)
1 1 1
x2 +y2 +z2 =-2xyz
+ +
x y z
=-2xyz(cosα-isinα+cosβ-isinβ+cosγ-isinγ)
=-2xyz(cosα+cosβ+cosγ-i(sinα+sinβ+sinγ))
=-2xyz 0-i (0)
=-2xyz(0)
=0
x +y +z2 =0
2 2
(cosα+isinα) +(cosβ+isinβ) +(cosγ+isinγ) =0
2 2 2
cos2α+isin2α+cos2β+isin2β+cos2γ+isin2γ=0
(cos2α+cos2β+cos2γ)+i(sin2α+sin2β+sin2γ)=0+i(0)
Comparing real & imaginary
cos2α+cos2β+cos2γ=0
2cos2α-1+2cos2β-1+2cos2γ-1=0
2cos2α+2cos2β+2cos2γ-3=0
(
2 cos2α+cos2β+cos2γ =3 )
3
cos2α+cos2β+cos2γ =
2
3
1-sin α+1-sin β+1-sin γ=
2 2 2
28
3-
(sin2α+sin2β+sin2γ)= 32
3 3
sin 2α+sin 2β+sin 2γ=3- =
2 2
If n is an integer then show that (1+cosθ+isinθ) +(1+cosθ-isinθ) =2n+1cosn cos
n n θ nθ
6.
2 2
n n
n n θ θ θ θ θ θ
Sol. (1+cosθ+isinθ) +(1+cosθ-isinθ) = 2cos2 +i2sin cos + 2cos2 -i2sin cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
θ θ θ n θ θ θ n
= 2cos cos +isin + 2cos cos -isin
2 2 2 2 2 2
n n n n
θ θ θ θ θ θ
= 2cos cos +isin + 2cos cos -isin
2 2 2 2 2 2
θ nθ nθ n n θ nθ nθ
=2ncosn cos +isin +2 cos cos -isin
2 2 2 2 2 2
θ nθ nθ nθ nθ
=2ncosn cos +isin +cos -isin
2 2 2 2 2
θ nθ
=2ncosn .2cos
2 θ 2 nθ
=2n+1cosn .cos
2 2
n θ nθ
(1+cosθ+isinθ) +(1+cosθ-isinθ) =2n+1cosn
n
cos
2 2
7. If ‘n’ is a positive
1 -1 Q
integer then show that
1
=2(P 2+Q 2 ) cos tan
1 1
(P+iQ) +(P-iQ)
n n
2n
Qn P
Sol. Let P+iQ= P +i
2
P +Q 2
P2 +Q2
P2 +Q2
P+iQ=r(cosθ+isinθ)
P Q
cosθ= ,sinθ=
P2 +Q2 P2 +Q2
Q
r= P2 +Q2 ,tanθ=
1
P
1 1
(P+iQ)n =r1 n (cosθ+isinθ)n (cosθ+isinθ)
n
=cosnθ+isinnθ
θ θ
=rn cos +isin
n n
P-iQ=r(cosθ-isinθ)
1 1 1
(P-iQ)n =r (cosθ-isinθ)n
n
1
θ θ
=rn cos -isin
n n
29
θ θ 1 θ nθ
(P+iQ)n +(P-iQ)n =rn cos n
1 1 1
+isin +r cos -isin
n n n n
1
θ θ θ θ
=rn cos +isin +cos -isin
n n n n
1 θ
=rn .2cosn
(
=2 P2 +Q2 ) cos 1 tan
1n -1 Q
1
n P
2 2
1 Q
=2(P +Q ) 2n
cos Arc tan r= P +Q , tanθ=
2 2
n P
1 Q
P
1
(P+iQ) +(P-iQ) =2(P 2+Q )
1 1
2 2n
n cos Arc tan
n
n P
8
π π 3
1+sin 8 +icos 8
8. Show that one value of π π =-1
1+sin -icos
8 8
π π 1+cos π - π +isin π - π
1+sin +icos 2 8 2 8
Sol. 8 8
π π = π π π π
1+sin 8 -icos 8 1+cos - -isin -
2 8 2 8
3π 3π 2 3π 3π 3π
1+cos +isin 2cos +i2sin cos
8 8 16 16 16
3π 3π = 2 3π 3π 3π
1+cos -isin 2cos -i.2sin .cos
3π 8 3π 8 3π 16 16 16 θ
2cos cos +isin 1+cosθ=2cos2
16 16
= 2cos 3π cos 3π -isin 3π
16 θ 2θ
sinθ=2sin cos
16 16 16 2 2
π π 3
8
3π 3π 38
1+sin 8 +icos 8 cos 16 +isin 16
= 3π 3π
1+sin π -icos π cos -isin
8 8 16 16
8 3π 8 3π π π
cos . +isin . cos +isin 0+i(1) i
3 16 3 16 = 2 2= = =-1
8 3π 8 3π π π 0-i(1) -i
cos . -isin . cos -isin
3 16 3 16 2 2
9. Find all the roots of the equation x11-x7 +x4 -1=0
Sol. x11-x7 +x4 -1=0
( ) ( )
x7 x 4 -1 +1 x4 -1 =0
(x7 +1)(x4 -1)=0
x7 +1=0 x7 =-1=cosπ+isinπ
1 1
x=(-1)7 =(cosπ+isinπ)7
30
x=cos
(2kπ+π) +isin 2kπ+π where k=0,1,2,3,4,5,6
7 7
π π π
If k=0, x=cos +isin =cis
7 7 7
If k=1, x=cos 3π +isin 3π =cis 3π
7 7 7
5π
If k=2, x=cos +isin =cis 5π 5π
7 7 7
7π 7π
If k=3, x= cos +isin =cisπ=-1
7 7
9π 9π 9π
If k=4, x=cos +isin =cis
7 7 7
11π 11π 11π
If k=5, x=cos +isin =cis
7 7 7
13π 13π 13π
If k=6, x=cos +isin =cis
7 7 7 1
1
x4-1=0 x4 =1 x=(1)4 =(cos00+isin00 )4
(2kπ+00 ) 2kπ+00
x=cos 4 +isin where k=0,1,2,3
4
If k=0, x=cos00+isin00=1+10 (0)=1
If k=1, x=cos π +isin π =0+i(1) =i
2 2
If k=2, x=cosπ+isinπ=-1+i(0)=-1
3π 3π
If k=3, x=cos +isin =0+i(-1) =-i
2 2
π 3π 5π 9π 11π 13π
solution set= 1,-1,i,-i,cis ,cis
7 7 ,cis 7 ,cis 7 ,cis 7 ,cis 7
10. Solve x9-x5+x4-1=0
Sol. x9-x5+x4-1=0
( ) ( )
x5 x4 -1 +1 x4 -1 =0
(x4 -1)(x5+1)=0
1 1
x4-1=0 x4 =1 x=(1)4 =(cos00+isin00 )4
(2kπ+00 ) 2kπ+00
x=cos 4 +isin where k=0,1,2,3
4
If k=0, x=cos00+isin00+1+i(0)=1
If k=1, x=cos π +isin π =0+i(1) =i
2 2
If k=2, x=cos +isin =-1+i(0)=-1
3 3
If k=3, x=cos +isin =0+i(-1) =-i
2 2
31
1
x +1=0 x =-1 x=(-1)5
5 5
1
2kπ+π 2kπ+π
x=(cosπ+isinπ)5 =cos
+isin where k = 0,1,2,3,4
5 5
π π π
If k=0, x=cos +isin =cis
5 5 5
3π 3π 3π
If k=1, x=cos +isin =cis
5 5 5
5π 5π
If k=2, x=cos +isin =cosπ+isinπ=-1
5 5
7π 7π 7π
If k=3, x=cos +isin =cis
5 5 5
9π 9π 9π
If k=4, x=cos +isin =cis
5 5 5
π 3π 7π 9π
solution set= 1,-1,i,-i,cis ,cis ,cis 5 ,cis 5
5 5
z2n -1
11. If ‘n’ is an integer and z=cisθ then show that =itannθ
z2n +1
(cosθ+isinθ)
2n
z2n -1 -1 cos2nθ+isin2nθ-1
Sol. = =
z2n +1 (cosθ+isinθ)2n +1 cos2nθ+isin2nθ+1
- (1-cos2nθ) +isin2nθ
=
1+cos2nθ+isin2nθ
- (2sin2nθ)+i(2sinnθcosnθ)
1-cos2θ=2sin2θ
= 1+cos2θ=2cos2θ
2cos nθ+i(2sinnθcosnθ)
2
sin2θ=2sinθcosθ
2i2sin2nθ+i(2sinnθcosnθ)
=
2cos2nθ+i(2sinnθcosnθ)
2isinnθcosnθ+isinnθ
=
2cosnθcosnθ+isinnθ
sinnθ
=i
cosnθ
=itannθ
If (1+x)n=a0+a1x+a2x2+……+anxn then show that (i) a0-a2+a4-a6+……= 2 2 cos n
n
12.
4
32
(ii) a1-a3+a5 .................... = 22 sin n
n
4
Sol. (1+x) n=a0 +a1 x+a2 x +.....anx 2 n
Let x=i
(1+i) =a +a (i)+a
n
0 1 2
(i2 )+a (i3 )+a (i4 )+ .....a (i )
3 4 n
n
a 0 +a1i+a 2 i2 +a3 i3+a 4i4 +a 5i5+.....a nin = (1+i)
n
n
1 1
a0 +a1i+a2 (-1)+a3 (-i)+a4 (1)+a5 (i)+...... 2 +i
2
n 2 n
π π
a0 +a1i-a2 -a3i+a4 +a5i-.........= 2 cos +isin ( )
n 4 4
nπ nπ
(a0-a2 +a4.......)+i (a1-a3+a5........)=22 cos +isin
4 4
n
nπ 2n nπ
( a 0 -a2 +a4......) +i(a1-a3+a5-.........)=22cos +2 isin
4 4
Equating real and imaginary parts
n
nπ
a0 -a2 +a4................ =22 cos
4
n
nπ
a1-a3 +a5 ............... =22sin
4
13. If m,n are integers and x=cosα+isinα, y=cosβ+isinβ then prove that
1 1
xmyn + =cos(mα+nβ) & xmyn - m n =2isin(mα+nβ)
m n
x y x y
xm =(cosα+isinα) =cosmα+isinmα
m
Sol.
yn =(cosβ+isinβ) =cosnβ+isinnβ
n
xmyn =(cosmα+isinmα)(cosmβ+isinmβ)
=cos(mα+nβ)+isin(mα+nβ) ............ (1) cisθ,cis=cis(θ+)
1
=cos(mα+nβ)-isin(mα+nβ) .............. (2)
xmyn
By adding (1) & (2)
1
xmyn + =cos(mα+nβ)+isin(mα+nβ)+cos(mα+nβ)-isin (mα+nβ)
m n
x y
=2cos(mα+nβ)
By subtracting (1) & (2)
1
xmyn - m n
=cos(mα+nβ) +isin(mα+nβ)-cos(mα+nβ) +isin(mα+nβ)
x y
=2isin(mα+nβ)
1
xmyn + =2cos(mα+nβ)
m n
x y
1
xmyn - m n =2isin(mα+nβ)
x y
33
14. If 1,w,w2 are the cube roots of unity prove that
(i)
(1-w +w ) +(1-w +w) =128=(1-w+w ) +(1-w +w)
2 6 6
2 2 2 7 2 7
(ii) (a+b) (aw+bw2 )(aw 2 +bw)=a3+b3
(iii) x2 +4x+7=0 when x=w-w2 -2
(i) (1-w+w2 ) +(1-w2 +w) =(-w-w)6 +(-w2-w2 )
6 6 6
Sol.
=(-2w) +(-2w2 )
6 6
(
=26 w6 +w12 )
=26 ((w ) + ( w ) )
3 2 3 4
= 26 (1+1)=26.2
=64x2=128
(1-w+w2 ) +(1+w-w2 ) =(-w-w) +(-w2-w2 ) =(-2w) +(-2w2 )
7 7 7 7 7 7
=(-2) (w7 +w14 ) =(-2) (w+w2 )
7 7
=-128(-1)=128
(ii) (a+b) (aw+bw2 )(aw2 +bw)=(a+b)(a2w3+abw4 +abw2 +b2w3 )
(a+b)(a2 (1)+abw+abw2 +b2 ) = ( a+b ) a 2 +ab(w+w2 )+b2 ( )
(
=(a+b) a2 +ab(-1) +b2 )
=(a+b)(a2 -ab+b2 ) =a3+b3
(iii) x=w-w2 -2 x+2=w-w2
(x+2) =(w-w2 )
2
x2 +4x+4=w2 +w4 -2w3
2
x2 +4x+4=w2 +w-2
=-1-2=-3
x +4x+4=-3
2
x2 +4x+7=0
34
CHAPTER - 3
QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS
WEIGHTAGE : ( 2 + 4 MARKS)
VERY SHORT QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)
1. Find the quadratic equation whose roots are 7+ 2√𝟓 and 7 - 2√𝟓.
Solu: Let 𝛼 = 7 + 2√5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 = 7 - 2√5.
Then 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 7 + 2√5 + 7 − 2√5 = 14
𝛼𝛽 = ( 7 + 2√5) (7 − 2√5) = 49 - 20 = 29
If 𝛼 , 𝛽 are roots then x2 – (𝛼 + 𝛽)x + 𝛼𝛽 = 0 is the quadratic equation.
The required quadratic equation is x2 – 14 x + 29 = 0.
2. Find the quadratic equation whose roots are -3 ± 5i.
Solu: Let 𝛼 = −3 + 5i 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 = - 3 – 5i
Then 𝛼 + 𝛽 = ( −3 + 5i ) + ( - 3 – 5i ) = - 6
𝛼𝛽 = ( −3 + 5i ) ( - 3 – 5i )= 9 + 25 = 34
If 𝛼 , 𝛽 are roots then x2 – (𝛼 + 𝛽)x + 𝛼𝛽 = 0 is the quadratic equation.
The required quadratic equation is x2 + 6 x + 34 = 0.
𝒑−𝒒 −(𝒑+𝒒)
3. Find the quadratic equation whose roots are , ( p ≠ ±𝒒).
𝒑+𝒒 𝒑−𝒒
𝒑−𝒒 −(𝒑+𝒒)
Solu : Let 𝛼 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 =
𝒑+𝒒 𝒑−𝒒
35
(𝒑−𝒒) −(𝒑+𝒒) (𝑝−𝑞)2−(𝑝+𝑞)2 −4𝑝𝑞
Then 𝛼 + 𝛽 = + = 𝑝2−𝑞2
=
𝒑+𝒒 𝒑−𝒒 𝑝2−𝑞2
𝒑−𝒒 −(𝒑+𝒒)
𝛼𝛽 = ( )( ) = -1
𝒑+𝒒 𝒑−𝒒
If 𝛼 , 𝛽 are roots then x2 – (𝛼 + 𝛽)x + 𝛼𝛽 = 0 is the quadratic equation.
−4𝑝𝑞
The required quadratic equation is x2 – ( ) x – 1 = 0.
𝑝2−𝑞2)
(p2 – q2) x2 + 4pqx – ( p2 – q2 ) = 0
4. If 𝜶 , 𝜷 are roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 then find the values of
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
i) + ii) + 𝜷𝟐 iii) 𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐
𝜶 𝜷 𝜶𝟐
Solu :If 𝛼 , 𝛽 are roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 then
−𝑏 𝑐
α +β = and αβ =
𝑎 𝑎
−𝑏
𝟏 𝟏 𝝰 +β
I) + = = 𝑎
𝑐 = −𝒃
𝜶 𝜷 𝝰β 𝒄
𝑎
𝑏2 2𝑐
𝟏 𝟏 𝜶𝟐 +𝜷𝟐 (𝝰 +β)2−2𝝰β 𝑎2
−
𝑎 𝐛𝟐−𝟐 𝐚𝐜
II) 𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐 = = 𝝰2 β2
= 𝑐2 = 𝐜𝟐
𝝰2 β2
𝑎2
III) 𝑏2 𝐛𝟐−𝟐 𝐚𝐜
𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐 = (α + β)2 − 2αβ = 2𝑐
𝑎2
− =
𝑎 𝐚𝟐
5. For what values of m the equation (m+1)x2 + 2(m+3) x + m + 8 = 0 has
equal roots.
Solu :
Roots are equal ⟹ ∆ = 0 ⟹ b2 − 4 ac = 0 .
Here a = m+1 , b= 2m+6, c = m+8
⟹ (2m+6)2 - 4 (m+1)(m+8) = 0 ⟹ 4m2 + 24m+36 - 4(m2 + 9m +8) = 0
𝟏
⟹ 4m2 + 24m +36 - 4m2 - 36m - 32 = 0 ⟹ -12m + 4 = 0 ⟹ m =
𝟑
6. If the equation x2 - 15 - m(2x-8) = 0 has equal roots find value of m.
Solu :
Roots are equal ⟹ ∆ = 0 ⟹ b2 − 4 ac = 0 .
36
Given equation can be rewritten as x2 - 2mx +8m - 15 = 0
Here a = 1 , b= -2m , c = 8m - 15
⟹ (-2m)2 - 4 (1)(8m - 15) = 0 ⟹ 4m2 - 32m +6 0 = 0
⟹ m2 - 8m + 15 = 0 ⟹ m2 - 5m - 3m + 15 = 0
⟹(m-5) (m-3) = 0 ⟹ m = 5 , m = 3
7. At what value of x the expression 2x - 7 - 5x2 has maximum and also find the
maximum value .
Solu: Given expression 2x - 7 - 5x2
Here a = -5 , b = 2 , c = -7
−𝒃 −𝟐 𝟏
Since a < 0 ,The expression has absolute maximum at x = = =
𝟐𝒂 𝟐(−𝟓) 𝟓
𝟒𝐚𝐜 − 𝐛𝟐 4(−5)(−7) − (2)2 −𝟑𝟒
Maximum value = = = .
𝟒𝒂 4(−5) 𝟓
8. Find the maximum or minimum of the expression x2 - x + 7
Solu: Given expression x2 - x + 7
Here a = 1 , b = - 1 , c = 7
−𝒃 −(−𝟏) 𝟏
Since a > 0 ,The expression has absolute minimum at x = = =
𝟐𝒂 𝟐(𝟏) 𝟐
𝟒𝐚𝐜 − 𝐛𝟐 4(1)(7) − (−1)2 𝟐𝟕
Minimum value = = = .
𝟒𝒂 4(1) 𝟒
9. Find the changes in the sign of expression x2 - 5x +6 .
Solu: Case - I) x2 - 5x + 6 > 0 ⟹ x2 - 3x - 2x + 6 > 0
⟹ x(x-3) -2(x- 3) > 0 ⟹ (x-2) (x - 3) > 0
( x -𝛂 ) ( x - 𝛃 ) > 0 ⟹ x <𝛂 or x >𝛃
x <𝟐 or x > 3
Case - Ii) x2 - 5x + 6 < 0 ⟹ x2 - 3x - 2x + 6 < 0
⟹ x(x-3) -2(x- 3) < 0 ⟹ (x-2) (x - 3) < 0
( x -𝛂 ) ( x - 𝛃 ) , 0 ⟹ 𝛂< x <𝛃
𝟐< x < 3
37
Hence forx <𝟐 or x > 3 the expression is positive and for
𝟐< x < 3 the expression is negative.
10. For what values of x the expression 15 + 4x - 3x2 is negative.
Solu: 15 + 4x - 3x2< 0 ⟹ - (3x2 - 4x - 15) < 0
⟹ 3x2 - 4x -15 > 0 ⟹3x2 - 9x + 5x - 15 > 0
⟹ 3x(x-3) + 5(x- 3) > 0 ⟹ (3x+ 5) (x - 3) > 0
( x -𝛂 ) ( x - 𝛃 ) > 0 ⟹ x <𝛂 or x >𝛃
−𝟓
x< or x > 3
𝟑
11. Find a quadratic equation ,the sum of whose roots is 1 and sum of
squares of the roots is 13.
Solu: Let 𝛼 , 𝛽be the roots of the equation .
Given 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 1 and 𝛼2 + 𝛽2 = 13
𝜶𝟐 + 𝜷𝟐 = (α + β)2 − 2αβ ⟹ (1)2 - 2(αβ) = 13
2αβ = -12 ⟹ 𝛂𝛃 = - 6
If 𝛼 , 𝛽 are roots then x2 – (𝛼 + 𝛽)x + 𝛼𝛽 = 0 is the quadratic equation.
The required equation is x2 - (1)x + (- 6) = 0 ⟹ x2 - x - 6 = 0
12. If x2 - 6x + 5 = 0 and x2 - 12x + p = 0 have a common root then find p.
Solu: Given equation is x2 - 6x + 5 = 0 ⟹ x2 - 5x - x + 6 = 0
⟹ x(x-5) -1(x- 5) = 0 ⟹ (x-5) (x - 1) = 0
⟹ x = 1 or x = 5.
If x = 1 is a common root then x2 - 12x + p = 0 ⟹ 1 - 12 + p = 0 ⟹p = 11
If x = 5 is a common root then x2 - 12x + p = 0 ⟹ 25 - 60 + p = 0 ⟹p = 35.
13. If x2+ bx + c = 0 and x2 + cx + b = 0 have a common root then show that
b+c+1=0
Solu : Let α be common root of both the equations. Then
α2+ bα + c = 0 --- (1) andα2+ cα + b = 0 ------- (2)
38
Solving these two equations
(1) - (2) ⟹ α2+ bα + c - α2 - cα - b = 0
⟹bα - cα + c - b = 0
⟹ α (b - c) - (b - c) = 0
𝑏−𝑐
⟹α = 𝑏−𝑐
=1
Substitute α= 1 in eqn ---(1)
⟹ 1+ b = c = 0
14 Prove that roots of (x-a) ( x- b) = h2 are always real.
Solu :Given equation is (x-a) (x-b) = h2
⟹x2 - (a +b) x + ab = h2
⟹x2 - (a +b) x = h2 - ab
Here a = 1 b = -(a+b) c = ab - h2
Discriminant ∆ = b2 - 4ac = (a +b ) 2 - 4(1) (ab-h2 ) = (a +b ) 2 - 4ab + 4h2
= ( a - b ) 2 + 4h2 ≥ 0
Roots are always real.
Model questions :
1. Find the value of m for which the following equations have equal roots.
I) X2 + (m+3) x +(m + 6) = 0 ii) (3m+1) x2 +2( m+1) x + m = 0
Iii) (2m+1) x2 + 2( m+3) x + ( m+5) = 0
2. Find the maximum or minimum of the following expressions
I) 3x2 + 4x + 1 = 0 ii) 4x - x2 -10 = 0 iii) x2 + 5x + 6 = 0
3. Determine the sign of expressions
I) X2 - 5x + 14 ii) 3x2 + 4x + 4 .
4. Find a quadratic equation ,the sum of whose roots is 7 and
sum of squares of the roots is 25.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
1. Prove that + − does not lie between 1 and 4 if
𝟑𝒙+𝟏 𝒙+𝟏 (𝟑𝒙+𝟏)(𝒙+𝟏)
39
x is real.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙+𝟏 + 𝟑𝒙 +𝟏 −𝟏
Solu: Let y = + − =
𝟑𝒙+𝟏 𝒙+𝟏 (𝟑𝒙+𝟏)(𝒙+𝟏) (𝟑𝒙+𝟏)(𝒙+𝟏)
𝟒𝒙 +𝟏
⟹Y = (𝟑𝒙+𝟏) (𝒙+𝟏)
⟹ y( 3x+1) (x+1) = 4x+1
⟹ y( 3x2 +3x +x + 1 ) = 4x + 1
⟹ 3x2 y +4xy + y = 4x + 1
⟹ 3x2 y +4xy + y - 4x - 1 = 0
⟹ 3x2 y + (4y -4)x +( y - 1) = 0
It is in the form of ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a = 3y , b = 4y - 4 , c = y - 1
Since x is real ⟹ ∆≥ 0 ⟹ b2 - 4ac ≥ 0.
⟹(4y -4 ) 2 - 4( 3y) ( y - 1 ) ≥ 0.
⟹ 16y2 - 32 y + 16 -12y2 + 12y ≥ 0.
⟹ 4y2 - 20y + 16 ≥ 0.⟹ 4(y2 - 5y+ 4 ) ≥ 0.
⟹ Y2 - 5y + 4 ≥ 0.⟹ y2 - 4y -y + 4 ≥ 0.
⟹ Y(y -4) - 1( y - 4 ) ≥ 0.⟹ (y-4) (y-1) ≥ 0.
Y does not lie between 1 and 4 .
( x -𝛂 ) ( x - 𝛃 )≥ 0 ⟹ x≤ 𝛂 or x≥ 𝛃
Hence the given expression does not lie between 1 and 4 .
𝑥 −1
2. If x is real prove that 𝑥2−5𝑥+9
lies between 11
and 1
𝑥
Solu : Y = 𝑥2−5𝑥+9
⟹ y(𝑥2 − 5𝑥 + 9) = x ⟹ yx2 - 5xy + 9y = x
⟹ yx2 - 5xy + 9y - x = 0
⟹ yx2 + ( -5y - 1 ) x + 9y = 0
It is in the form of ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a = y , b = -5y - 1 , c = 9y
Since x is real ⟹ ∆≥ 0 ⟹ b2 - 4ac ≥ 0.
⟹(-5y - 1 ) 2 - 4( y) ( 9y ) ≥ 0. ⟹ 25y2 + 10 y + 1 - 36y2≥ 0.
40
⟹ -11y2 +10y + 1 ≥ 0.⟹ - (11y2 - 10y - 1 ) ≥ 0.
⟹ 11Y2 - 10y - 1 ≤ 0.⟹ 11y2 -11y + y - 1 ≤ 0.
⟹ 11 Y(y -1) + 1( y - 1 ) ≤ 0.⟹ (11y + 1) (y-1) ≤ 0.
−1
Y lies between and 1
11
( x -𝛂 ) ( x - 𝛃 )< 0 ⟹ 𝛂<x<𝛃
−𝟏
Hence the given expression lies between and 1
𝟏𝟏
𝑥2 +34𝑥 − 71
3. Show that none of the values of the function over R lies
𝑥2 +2𝑥 − 7
between 5 and 9
𝑥2 +34𝑥 − 71
Solu: Let y = ⟹ y( x2 + 2x - 7 ) = x2 + 34x - 71
𝑥2 +2𝑥 − 7
⟹y x2 + 2x y- 7y = x2 + 34x - 71
⟹y x2 + 2x y- 7y - x2 - 34x + 71 = 0
⟹ (y-1) x2 + (2y - 34)x + 71 - 7y = 0
It is in the form of ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a = y - 1 , b = 2y - 34 , c = -7 y
+71
Since x is real ⟹ ∆≥ 0 ⟹ b2 - 4ac ≥ 0.
⟹(2y - 34 ) 2 - 4( 71 - 7y) ( y - 1 ) ≥ 0.
⟹ 4y2 - 136 y + 1156 - 4( 71y - 7y2 - 71 + 7y) ≥ 0.
⟹ 4y2 - 136 y + 1156 - 312y + 28y2 + 284 ≥ 0.
⟹ 32y2 - 448y + 1440 ≥ 0.⟹ 32(y2 - 14y+ 45 ) ≥ 0.
⟹ Y2 - 14y + 45 ≥ 0.⟹ y2 - 9y - 5y + 45 ≥ 0.
⟹ Y(y -9) - 5( y - 9) ≥ 0.⟹ (y-5) (y-9) ≥ 0.
Y does not lie between 5 and 9.
( x -𝛂 ) ( x - 𝛃 )≥ 0 ⟹ x≤ 𝛂 or x≥ 𝛃
Hence the given expression does not lie between 5 and 9.
𝒙−𝒑
4. If the expression 𝒙𝟐−𝟑𝒙+𝟐
takes all real values for x ∈ 𝐑 then
41
find the bounds of p
𝑥−𝑝
Solu : Let Y = 𝑥2−3𝑥+2
⟹ y(𝑥2 − 3𝑥 + 2) = x - p ⟹ yx2 - 3xy + 2y = x - p
⟹ yx2 - 3xy + 2y - x + p = 0
⟹ yx2 - ( 3y +1 ) x + 2y + p = 0
It is in the form of ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a = y , b = -3y - 1 , c = 2y + p
Since x is real ⟹ ∆≥ 0 ⟹ b2 - 4ac ≥ 0.
⟹(-5y - 1 ) 2 - 4( y) ( 2y + p ) ≥ 0. ⟹ 9y2 + 6 y + 1 - 8y2 - 4py ≥ 0.
⟹ y2 + 6 y + 1 - 4py ≥ 0.⟹ y2 + (6 - 4p) y + 1 ≥ 0.
∀ x ∈R ,sign of the expression is > 0 , coeffecient of x2 is > 0 ⟹ ∆< 0
Since sign of the expression is > 0 , coeffecient of y2 is > 0 ⟹ ∆< 0
⟹b2 - 4ac < 0. here a = 1 , b = 6-4p , c = 1
⟹ ( 6 -4p) 2 - 4 (1) (1) < 0 ⟹ 16p2 - 48p + 36 - 4 < 0
⟹ 16p2 - 48p + 32 < 0 ⟹ 16( p2 -3p + 2 ) < 0.
⟹ p2 - 2p - p +2 < 0. ⟹ (p - 1 ) ( p - 2) < 0.
⟹ 𝟏 <p< 2
( x -𝛂 ) ( x - 𝛃 )< 0 ⟹ 𝛂<x<𝛃
Hence p ∈ ( 𝟏 , 𝟐)
𝑥2 +14𝑥 + 9
5. Find the maximum and minimum value of
𝑥2 +2𝑥 + 3
𝑥2 + 14𝑥 +9
Solu : Let y = ⟹ y( x2 + 2x +3 ) = x2 + 14x +9
𝑥2 +2𝑥 +3
⟹y x2 + 2x y+3y = x2 + 14x +9
⟹y x2 + 2x y+3y - x2 - 14x - 9 = 0
⟹ (y-1) x2 + (2y - 14)x + (3y - 9) = 0
It is in the form of ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a = y - 1 , b = 2y - 14 , c = 3 y - 9
Since x is real ⟹ ∆≥ 0 ⟹ b2 - 4ac ≥ 0.
42
⟹(2y - 14 ) 2 - 4( 3y - 9) ( y - 1 ) ≥ 0.
⟹ 4y2 - 56 y + 196 - 4( 3y2 - 3y + 9 - 9y ) ≥ 0.
⟹ 4y2 - 56 y + 196 - 12y2 + 36y +12y - 36 ≥ 0.
⟹ -8y2 - 8y + 160 ≥ 0.⟹ -8(y2 +y - 20) ≥ 0.
⟹ Y2 + y - 20 ≤ 0.⟹ y2+ 5y - 4y - 20 ≤ 0.
⟹ Y(y + 5) - 4( y + 5) ≤ 0.⟹ (y + 5) (y - 4)≤ 0.
Y does not lie between -5 and 4
( x -𝛂 ) ( x - 𝛃 )≤ 0 ⟹ 𝛂 ≤ x≤ 𝛃
Maximum value is 4 and minimum value is -5
6. If the equations x2 + ax + b = 0 and x2 + cx + d = 0 have a common root and the
first
equation has equal roots then show that 2( b+d) =ac
Solu: Given equations x2 + ax + b = 0 ------(1) x2 + cx + d = 0 ------ (2)
Letα be common root of (1) and (2)
α2+ aα+ b = 0 -------(3) α2 + cα + d = 0----------- (4)
Since Eqn (1) has equal roots let them be α , α
Sum of the roots α + α = - a ⟹ 2α = -a ⟹ α = - a/2
Product of roots αα = b ⟹ α2 = b
Substitute α and α2 in (4) ⟹ b+ c(-a/2) + d = 0
2𝑏 −𝑎𝑐 +2𝑑
⟹ =0 ⟹ 2b -ac + 2d = 0
2
⟹2( b+d) = ac.
7. If c ≠ ab and the roots of ( c2 -ab)x2 - 2( a2 - bc) x + (b2 - ac ) = 0 are equal then
show
that a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc or a = 0.
Solu : Given equation is ( c2 -ab)x2 - 2( a2 - bc) x + (b2 - ac ) = 0
It is in the form of ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a = c2 -ab, b = - 2( a2 - bc) , c = b2 - ac
Given that roots are equal ⟹ ∆ = 0 ⟹ b2 - 4ac = 0.
43
⟹ [ - 2( a2 - bc)]2 - 4 (c2 - ab) ( b2 - ac) = 0
⟹ 4( a4 + b2 c2 -2a2bc) -4( c2b2 -ac3 -ab3 + a2bc) = 0
⟹4[ a4 + b2 c2 -2a2bc - c2b2 +ac3 + ab3 - a2bc] = 0
⟹ 4a( a3 - 3abc +c3 + b3 ) = 0
⟹a = 0 or a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
𝑥 𝑥−3 5
8. Solve √ + √ =
𝑥−3 𝑥 2
𝑥 𝑥−3 1
Solu : Let √ =t √ =
𝑥−3 𝑥 𝑡
1 5 𝑡2+1 5
Given t + = ⟹ =
𝑡 2 𝑡 2
⟹2t2 +2 = 5t ⟹ 2t2 - 5t +2 = 0 ⟹ 2t2 -4t -t + 2 = 0
⟹2t(t -2) - ( t - 2 ) = 0 ⟹ (2t - 1 ) ( t - 2 ) = 0
⟹t = 1/2 , t = 2
𝑥 𝑥 1
t = 1/2 ⟹√ = 1/2 ⟹ =
𝑥−3 𝑥−3 4
⟹ 4x = x -3 ⟹3x = -3 ⟹x = -1
𝑥 𝑥
t=2 ⟹√ =2 ⟹ =4
𝑥−3 𝑥−3
⟹ x = 4x - 12 ⟹ 3x = 12 ⟹x=4
9. Let a , b , c ∈R and a ≠ 0 such that the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has real roots
α , β and α < β then
I) For α < 𝑥 < β , ax2 + bx + c and ‘a’ have opposite signs.
ii) For x <α and x >β , ax2 + bx + c and ‘a’ have same signs.
−𝑏
Solu: Let α , β are the roots of ax2 +bx +c = 0 then α+β =
𝑎
𝑐
and αβ =
𝑎
2 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
ax2 +bx +c = a( x + x + ) = a( x 2 -(- ) x + 𝑐 ) = a( x2 - (α + β ) x + αβ )
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
2
ax + bx + c
⟹ ax2 + bx + c = a(x - α) ( x - β) ⟹ = (x - α) ( x - β) -------- (1)
𝑎
44
I) Given α < 𝑥 < β ⟹ α < 𝑥 , x < β ⟹ x >α , x < β
⟹(x - α) > 0 , ( x - β) < 0 ⟹ (x - α) ( x - β) < 0
ax2 + bx + c
From eqn (1) < 0 , ax2 + bx + c and ‘a’ have opposite signs.
𝑎
Ii) Case - (a) x <α and we have α < β
⟹ x < β ⟹(x - α) < 0 ,( x - β) < 0
⟹ (x - α) ( x - β) > 0
Case ( b) x > β , β>αType equation here.
⟹ x > β , β > α ⟹ x >α
⟹ x >α , x > β ⟹(x - α) > 0 ,( x - β) > 0
⟹ (x - α) ( x - β) > 0
ax2 + bx + c
From eqn (1) > 0 , ax2 + bx + c and ‘a’ have same signs.
𝑎
10. Let a , b , c ∈R and a ≠ 0 then the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are
nonreal complex numbers if and only if ax2 + bx + c and ‘a’ have
same signs.
Solu : Given quadratic equation is ax2 + bx + c + 0
Suppose that the equation has nonreal complex roots then b2 - 4ac < 0
𝑏 𝑐
Now ax2 +bx +c = a( x2 + 2 𝑏 )x + 𝑏2 - 𝑏2 𝑐
x + ) = a( x +2( 2 4𝑎2 𝑎
+ )
𝑎 𝑎 2 2𝑎 4𝑎
2 𝑏 2 𝑏 𝑐
⟹ax +bx +c = a[(x + ) -
4𝑎2 𝑎
+ ]
2𝑎
𝑏 2 4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏2
= a[(x + ) + ]
2𝑎 4𝑎2
ax2 + bx + c 𝑏 2 4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏2
⟹ = [(x + ) + ] >0 ( since b2- 4ac < 0 )
𝑎 2𝑎 4𝑎2
ax2 + bx + c 2
> 0 ∴ax + bx + c and ‘a’ have same signs.
𝑎
Conversely suppose that ax2 + bx + c and ‘a’ have
ax2 + bx + c
same signs (i.e) > 0 , ∀ x ∈R.
𝑎
ax2 + bx + c 𝑏 2 4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏2
⟹ = [(x + ) + ] >0 ∀ x ∈R.
𝑎 2𝑎 4𝑎2
𝑏 4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏2
On taking x = - then > 0 ⟹ 4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏2> 0
2𝑎 4𝑎2
45
⟹ b2 - 4ac < 0
Hence ax2 + bx + c = 0 has nonreal complex roots.
Model Problems :
𝑥2 +𝑥 + 1
1. Find the range of the expression for x ∈ R
𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1
2𝑥2 −6𝑥 + 5
2. Determine the range of the expression 𝑥2 −3 𝑥 + 2
for x ∈ R
𝑥+2
3. Determine the range of the expression 2𝑥2 +3 𝑥 + 6
for x ∈ R
(𝑥+1) (𝑥+2)
4. Determine the range of the expression for x ∈ R
𝑥+3
𝟏 𝟏
5. Solve 2( x + )2 - 7 (x + ) + 5 = 0 when x ≠ 0.
𝒙 𝒙
*************
46
CHAPTER – 4
THEORY OF EQUATIONS
WEIGHTAGE : (2 +7 = 9 MARKS.)
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)
1. Find the polynomial equation whose roots are 2±√𝟑 , 1 ± 2i.
Solu: Given roots are 2±√3 , 1 ± 2i.
If 𝛼 , 𝛽 , 𝛾 , 𝛿 , are roots then (x- 𝛼) (x- 𝛽) (x -𝛾 ) (x-𝛿 ) = 0 is the equation
R
equired equation is
[x – (2+ √3)] [ x- ( 2+ √3)] { x- (1+2i)] [x-(1- 2i)] = 0
[(x-2) - √3] [(x-2) + √3] [(x-1) +2i[ (x-1) - 2i] = 0
[(x-2)2 – ( √3) 2 ] [( x- 1)2 - ( 2i)2 ] = 0 ( since (a+b) ( a-b) = a2 – b2 )
(x2 – 4x + 1) ( x2 -2x + 5) = 0 ( since i2 = -1)
X4 -6x3 + 14x2 -22x + 5 = 0
2. Form the monic polynomial equation of degree 3 whose roots are 2 , 3 , 6.
Solu: The polynomial equation whose roots are 2 , 3 , 6 is
⟹(x-2) (x-3) ( x- 6) = 0
If 𝛼 , 𝛽 , 𝛾 are roots then (x- 𝛼) (x- 𝛽) (x -𝛾 ) = 0
⟹(x2 – 5x + 6) (x-6) = 0 is the equation
⟹X3 – 11x2 + 36x - 36 = 0
3 If 𝜶, 𝜷 , 𝜸 are roots of 4x3 – 6x2 +7x + 3 = 0 then find the value of𝜶𝜷 + 𝜷𝜸 + 𝜸𝜶
47
Solu : Given equation is 4x3 – 6x2
+7x + 3 = 0 If 𝛼 , 𝛽 , 𝛾 are roots then the value of
6 7 3
⟹X3 - x2 + x+ =0 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = S2 = P2
4 4 4
𝟕
⟹ 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = S2 = P2 =
𝟒
4 If 1 , 1 , 𝜶 are roots of x3 - 6x2 + 9x – 4 = 0 then find 𝜶.
Solu : Given 1 , 1 , 𝛼 are roots of x3 - 6x2 + 9x – 4 = 0
𝑎1
Then S1= sum of the roots = - P1 = -( ) = -(-6) = 6
𝑎0
⟹ 1+1 + 𝛼 = 6.
⟹ 𝛼 =4
5. If -1 , 2 , 𝜶 are the roots of the equation 2x3 + x2 – 7x – 6 = 0 then find 𝜶.
Solu : Given - 1 , 2 , 𝛼 are roots of 2x3 + x2 – 7x – 6 = 0
𝑎1 1
Then S = sum of the roots = - P = -( )= −
1 1
𝑎0 2
1 𝟑
⟹ -1+2 + 𝛼 = − ⟹ 𝜶 =−
2 𝟐
6. If 1 , -2 , 3 are roots of the equation x3 – 2x2 + ax + 6 = 0 then find a
Solu : If 𝛼 , 𝛽 , 𝛾 are roots then𝑆2 = 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = P2
𝑆2 = a = (1)(-2) + (-2) (3) + (3) (1) = -2 -6 + 3 = -5
Hence a = -5.
7. If the product of roots of 4x3 + 16 x 2 – 9x – a = 0 is 9 then find a.
Solu : Given 4x3 + 16 x 2 – 9x – a = 0 ,
: If 𝛼 , 𝛽 , 𝛾 are roots then𝑆3= product of roots
𝑎3
Then S3 = product of the roots = - P3 = -( )
𝑎0
𝑎
S3 = 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = 9 ⟹ -( - 4 ) = 9 ⟹ a = 36.
8. If 𝜶 , 𝜷 , 𝟏 are roots of x3 -2x2 – 5x +6 = 0 then find 𝜶 , 𝜷 .
48
Solu: Given 𝛼 , 𝛽 ,1 are roots of x3 -2x2 – 5x +6 = 0
Now S1 = 2
S1 = sum of the roots = - P1 = -( )
⟹ 𝛼+𝛽 +1 =2
S3 = product of the roots =
⟹ 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 1 eqn(1)
𝑁𝑜𝑤 S3 = -6
⟹ 𝛼 . 𝛽 .1 = - 6
⟹ (𝛼 − 𝛽)2 = (𝛼 + 𝛽)2 - 4 𝛼 . 𝛽
⟹ (𝛼 − 𝛽)2 = 1 - 4( -6) = 25
⟹ (𝛼 − 𝛽) = 5 ⟶ eqn 2
Solving eqns (1) and (2 )
𝛼+𝛽 =1
𝛼−𝛽 =5 We get 𝜶 = 3 and 𝜷 = - 2.
9. If 𝜶 , 𝜷 , 𝜸 are roots of x3 – 2x2 + 3x - 4 = 0 then find the value of
i) ∑ 𝛼2 𝛽2 (ii) ∑ 𝛼2 𝛽 + ∑ 𝛼 𝛽2.
Solu: Given 𝛼 , 𝛽 , 𝛾 are roots of x3 – 2x2 + 3x - 4 = 0
S1= 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = 2
𝑆2 = 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = 3
S3 = 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = 4.
i) ∑ 𝛼2 𝛽2 = 𝛼2𝛽2 +𝛽2𝛾2+𝛾2𝛼2
= (𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 )2 - 2( 𝛼𝛽𝛾 ) ( 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 )
= 32 - 2 (4) (2) = 9 – 16 = -7
ii) ∑ 𝛼2 𝛽 + ∑ 𝛼 𝛽2 = S1 𝑆2 - 3 𝑆3
49
= 2(3) – 3(4) = 6 – 12 = - 6
10. If 𝜶 , 𝜷 , 𝜸 are roots of x3 – 10x2 + 6x - 8 = 0 then find the value of 𝜶𝟐+𝜷𝟐
+𝜸𝟐.
Solu : Given 𝛼 , 𝛽 , 𝛾 are roots of x3 – 10x2 + 6x - 8 = 0
S1= 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = 10
𝑆2 = 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = 6
S3 = 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = 8.
𝜶𝟐+𝜷𝟐 +𝜸𝟐 = (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 )2 – 2 (𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼)
= (10)2 - 2( 6)
= 100 -12 = 88.
11. Find the transformed equation whose roots are the negatives of the roots of
x4 +5x3 + 11x + 3 = 0 .
Solu: Let f(x) = x4 +5x3 + 11x + 3 = 0 . −𝛼1,−𝛼2, … … … . . − 𝛼𝑛are roots of the
Required equation is f(-x) = 0 equation f(-x) = 0
⟹ (-x)4 +5 (-x)3 +11(-x) + 3 = 0
x4 - 5x3 - 11x + 3 = 0 .
12. Find the transformed equation whose roots are the reciprocals of the roots of
x4 - 3x3 + 7x2 + 5x - 2 = 0 .
+ + ………..+ are roots
4 3 2
Solu : Let f(x) = x - 3x + 7x +5x - 2 = 0 .
1 of f(1/x) = 0
Required equation is f( 𝑥 ) = 0
f( 1/x) = (1/x) 4– 3( 1/x)3 + 7 (1/x)2 + 5 (1/x) - 2 = 0
1−3𝑥+ 7𝑥2+5𝑥3−2𝑥4
⟹ 𝑥4
=0
⟹ -2 x4 + 5x3 +7x2 – 3x + 1 = 0
50
⟹2 x4 - 5x3 - 7x2 + 3x - 1 = 0.
13. Find the algebraic equation whose roots are 2 times the roots of
x5 – 2x4 +3x3 -2x2 + 4x + 3 = 0. 2𝛼1, 2𝛼2, … … … . . 2 𝛼𝑛are roots of the
5 4 3 2 equation f(x/2) = 0
Solu : Let f(x) = x – 2x +3x -2x + 4x + 3 = 0.
Required equation is f(x/2) = 0
⟹ (x/2)5 -2(x/2)4 +3(x/2)3 -2(x/2)2 +4(x/2) + 3 = 0
𝑥5 𝑥4 𝑥3 𝑥2
⟹ - 2 (16 ) + 3 -2 +2x +3 = 0
32 8 4
X5 – 4 x4 + 12 x3 - 16 x2 + 64 x + 96 = 0
14. Find the polynomial equation whose roots are squares of the roots of
x3 +3x2 - 7x + 6 = 0
Solu : Let f(x) = x3 +3x2 - 7x + 6 = 0 𝛼12, 𝛼22−−−−−−−𝛼𝑛2 are roots of
Required equation is f(√𝑥 ) = 0 f(√𝑥 ) = 0
⟹( √𝑥 )3 + 3(√𝑥)2 – 7 ( √𝑥) + 6 = 0
⟹ x√𝑥 + 3x - 7√𝑥 + 6 = 0
⟹ √𝑥( 𝑥 − 7) = - ( 3x+6)
Squaring both sides
⟹ x( x2 – 14x + 49) = 9x2 + 36x + 36
⟹ X3 – 14x2 + 49x = 9x2 + 36x + 36
X3 – 23x2 +13x – 36 = 0
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (7MARKS)
2. Solve the equation x4 – 10x3 + 26 x2 -10x + 1 = 0 .
Solu : Given equation is x4 – 10x3 + 26 x2 -10x + 1 = 0 → (1)
which is an even degree reciprocal equation of class -I
Dividing the equation (1) by x2
51
10 1 1 1
x2 - 10x + 26 - + = 0 ⟹ ( x2 +
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥2
) – 10( x + 𝑥 ) +26 = 0 →(2)
1 1 1 2 2 1 2
2
Let x + = a ⟹ x + = (x + 𝑥) - 2 ⟹ x + =a -2
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥2
Substitute in eqn (2)
⟹ a2 - 2 -10a +26 = 0
⟹ a2 - 10 a + 24 = 0 ⟹ (a-6) (a-4) = 0 ⟹ a = 6 or a= 4
Case -I) If a = 6
1 −𝑏±√𝑏2−4𝑎𝑐
x+ = 6 ⟹ x2 - 6x + 1 = 0 ⟹𝑥=
𝑥 2𝑎
6±√62−4.1.1 6±4√2 = 3 ± 2√𝟐
𝑥= ⟹𝑥=
2.1 2
Case - ii) If a= 4
1 −𝑏±√𝑏2−4𝑎𝑐
x+ = 4 ⟹ x2 - 4x + 1 = 0 ⟹𝑥=
𝑥 2𝑎
4±√42−4.1.1 4±√12 = 2 ±√𝟑
𝑥= 2.1
⟹𝑥= 2
Hence the roots of the given equation are 3 ± 2√𝟐 , 2 ±√𝟑
3. Solve 6x4 - 35 x 3 + 62 x 2 - 35x + 6 = 0 .
Solu: Given equation is 6x4 - 35 x 3 + 62 x 2 - 35x + 6 = 0 .→ (1)
which is an even degree reciprocal equation of class -I
Dividing the equation (1) by x2
35 6 1 1
6x2 - 35x + 62 - + = 0 ⟹6 ( x2 +
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥2
) – 35( x + 𝑥 ) +62 = 0 →(2)
1 1 1 2 2 1 2
2
Let x + = a ⟹ x + = (x + 𝑥) - 2 ⟹ x + =a -2
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥2
Substitute in eqn (2)
⟹ 6(a2 - 2) -35a +62 = 0
⟹ 6a2 - 35 a + 50 = 0 ⟹ 6a2 -20a -15a + 50 = 0
⟹ (2a-5) (3a-10) = 0 ⟹ a = 5/2 or a = 10/3
Case -I) If a = 5/2
52
1
x+ = 5/2 ⟹ 2x2 - 5x + 2 = 0 ⟹ 2x2 -4x -x + 2 = 0
𝑥
⟹ (2x-1) (x-2) = 0 ⟹ x = 1/2 , x = 2
Case - ii) If a= 10/3
1
x+ = 10/3 ⟹ 3x2 - 10x + 3 = 0 ⟹ 3x2 -9x -x + 3 = 0
𝑥
⟹ (3x-1) (x-3) = 0 ⟹ x = 1/3 , x = 3
Hence the roots of the given equation are 3 , 1/3 , 2 , 1/2 .
4. Solve the equation x5 - 5 x4 + 9 x 3 - 9x 2 + 5x - 1 = 0 .
Solu: Given equation is x5 - 5 x4 + 9 x 3 - 9x 2 + 5x - 1 = 0 . →(1)
Which is an odd degree reciprocal equation of class -II
1 is a root of the given equation hence by synthetic division
1 1 -5 9 -9 5 -1
0 1 -4 5 -4 1
1 -4 5 -4 1 0
The reduced equation is x4 - 4x3 + 5x2 - 4x + 1 = 0 →(2)
Clearly eqn (2) is an even degree reciprocal equation of class - I
Dividing the equation (2) by x2
4 1 1 1
x2 - 4x + 5 - + = 0 ⟹ ( x2 +
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥2
) – 4( x + 𝑥 ) +5 = 0 →(3)
1 1 1 2 2 1 2
2
Let x + = a ⟹ x + = (x + 𝑥) - 2 ⟹ x + =a -2
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥2
Substitute in eqn (3)
⟹ a2 - 2 - 4a + 5 = 0
⟹ a2 - 4 a + 3= 0 ⟹ (a- 3) (a- 1) = 0 ⟹ a = 1 or a= 3
Case -I) If a = 1
1 −𝑏±√𝑏2−4𝑎𝑐
x+ = 1 ⟹ x2 - x + 1 = 0 ⟹𝑥=
𝑥 2𝑎
53
1 ± √12 − 4.1.1 𝟏 ± 𝒊√𝟑
𝑥= ⟹𝒙=
2.1 𝟐
Case - ii) If a= 3
1 −𝑏±√𝑏2−4𝑎𝑐
x+ = 3 ⟹ x2 - 3x + 1 = 0 ⟹𝑥=
𝑥 2𝑎
3 ± √32 − 4.1.1 𝟑 ± √𝟓
𝑥= ⟹𝒙=
2.1 𝟐
𝟏±𝒊√𝟑 𝟑±√𝟓
Hence the roots of the given equation are 1 , , .
𝟐 𝟐
4.Solve 6x6 - 25x5 + 31x4 - 31x2 + 25x - 6 = 0
Solu: Given equation is 6x6 - 25x5 + 31x4 - 31x2 + 25x - 6 = 0.
Is an even degree reciprocal equation of class -II
Hence 1, -1 are roots of the equation . By synthetic division
6 -25 31 0 -31 25 -6
-1 0 -6 31 -62 62 -31 6
6 -31 62 -62 31 -6 0
1 0 -25 37 -25 6
6 -25 37 -25 6 0
The reduced equation is 6x4 - 25x3 + 37x2 - 25x + 6 = 0 →(2)
Clearly eqn (2) is an even degree reciprocal equation of class - I
Dividing the equation (2) by x2
25 6 1 1
6x2 - 25x + 37 - + = 0 ⟹6 ( x2 +
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥2
) – 25( x + 𝑥 ) +37 = 0 →(3)
1 1 1 2 2 1 2
2
Let x + = a ⟹ x + = (x + 𝑥) - 2 ⟹ x + =a -2
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥2
Substitute in eqn (3)
⟹ 6(a2 - 2) - 25a + 37 = 0
54
⟹ 6a2 - 12 - 25a + 37= 0 ⟹ 6a2 -25a +25 = 0
⟹ 6a2 - 15a - 10a + 25 = 0 ⟹ 3a(2a-5) -5(2a-5) = 0
⟹ (2a-5)( 3a -5) = 0 ⟹ a = 5/2 or a= 5/3.
Case -I) If a = 5/2
1
x+ = 5/2 ⟹ 2x2 - 5x + 2 = 0 ⟹ 2x2 -4x -x + 2 = 0
𝑥
⟹ (2x-1) (x-2) = 0 ⟹ x = 1/2 , x = 2
Case - ii) If a= 5/3
1 −𝑏±√𝑏2−4𝑎𝑐
x+ = 5/3 ⟹ 3x2 - 5x + 3 = 0 ⟹𝑥=
𝑥 2𝑎
5 ± √52 − 4.3.3 5 ± √25 − 36 𝟓 ± 𝒊√𝟏𝟏
𝑥= ⟹𝑥= ⟹𝒙=
2.3 6 𝟔
𝟓±𝒊√𝟏𝟏
Hence the roots of the given equation are 1 , -1, , 2 , 1/2
𝟔
5. Solve 8x3 -36x2 -18x +81 = 0 given that roots are in A.P.
Solu : Let a-d , a , a+d be the roots of given equation
𝑎1 −(−36)
S1 = sum of the roots = - P1 = -( )
=
𝑎0 8
(36)
⟹a - d + a +a +d = 8
(36) (36) 𝟑
⟹3a = ⟹a = ⟹a =
8 24 𝟐
𝑎3 −(81)
S3 = product of the roots = - P3 = -( )
=
𝑎0 8
−(81)
⟹ (a - d ) a (a +d ) =
8
(−81)
⟹a(a2 - d2 ) = ⟹ 3 (9- d2 ) = (−81)
8 2 4 8
9 9 27
⟹ ( - d2 ) = (−81) x 2 ⟹ d2 = + = 9
4 8 3 4 4
⟹d = ± 3
d = 3 , a= 3/2
Therefore the roots are a-d , a, a+d (i.e) -3/2 , 3/2 , 9/2.
55
6. Solve 4x3 - 24x2 + 23x + 18= 0 given that roots are in A.P.
Solu : Let a-d , a , a+d be the roots of given equation
𝑎1 −(−24)
S1 = sum of the roots = - P1 = -( )
=
𝑎0 4
(24)
⟹a - d + a +a +d = 4
(24) (24)
⟹3a = ⟹a = ⟹a = 2
4 12
𝑎3 −(18)
S3 = product of the roots = - P3 = -( )
=
𝑎0 4
−(18)
⟹ (a - d ) a (a +d ) =
4
(−9) (−9)
⟹a(a2 - d2 ) = ⟹ 2(4- d2 ) =
2 2
2 (−9) 1 2 9 25
⟹ (4- d ) = ⟹d = + 4=
x
2 2 4 4
5
⟹d = ±
2
d = 5/2 , a = 2
Therefore the roots are a-d , a, a+d (i.e) -1/2 , 2, 9/2.
7. Solve 18x3 + 81x2 + 121x + 60 = 0 given that a root is equal to half of the sum of
the remaining roots.
Solu : Given equation is 18x3 + 81x2 + 121x + 60 = 0
Given that a root is equal to half of the sum of the remaining roots.
⟹The roots are in A.P
Let a-d , a , a+d be the roots of given equation
𝑎1
S1 = sum of the roots = - P1 = -( ) = −(81)
𝑎0 18
(81)
⟹a - d + a +a +d = -
18
−(81) −(81) 𝟑
⟹3a = ⟹a = ⟹a = -
18 54 𝟐
𝑎3 −(60)
S3 = product of the roots = - P3 = -( ) =
𝑎0 18
−(10)
⟹ (a - d ) a (a +d ) =
3
56
(−10)
⟹a(a2 - d2 ) = ⟹ 3 (9- d2 ) = − (10)
3 2 4 3
9 (−10) 2 9 20
⟹ ( - d2 ) = x - ⟹ d2 = - = 1/36
4 3 3 4 9
⟹d = ± 1/6
Therefore the roots are a-d , a, a+d
⟹ -3/2 - 1/6, -3/2 , -3/2 + 1/6
⟹ -5/3 , -3/2 , -4/3
8. Solve 3x3 - 26x2 + 52x - 24 = 0 given that roots are in G.P.
Solu: Let the roots be a/r , a , ar .
𝑎 −(−24)
S3 = .a . ar = = 8 ⟹a3 = 8 ⟹a = 2
𝑟 3
𝑎 −(−26) 𝑎+ 𝑎𝑟 +𝑎𝑟2 26
S1 = +a + ar = ⟹ =
𝑟 3 𝑟 3
2+ 2𝑟 +2𝑟2
⟹ 26
= 3
⟹6 +6r + 6r2 = 26r ⟹6 -20r + 6r2 = 0
𝑟
2
⟹ 3r -10r + 3 = 0 ⟹(r-3) (3r-1) = 0 ⟹ r= 3 or r = 1/3
Taking r = 3 and a = 2
The roots are a/r , a , ar ⟹2/3 , 2 , 6
9. Solve x3 - 7x2 + 14x - 8 = 0 given that roots are in G.P.
Solu: Let the roots be a/r , a , ar .
𝑎
S3 = .a . ar = -(- 8 ) ⟹a3 = 8 ⟹a = 2
𝑟
𝑎 𝑎+ 𝑎𝑟 +𝑎𝑟2 2+ 2𝑟 +2𝑟2
S1 = +a + ar = −(−7) ⟹ = 7 ⟹ = 7
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
⟹ 2r2 +2r -7r + 2 = 0 ⟹2r2 -5r + 2 = 0
⟹ 2r2 -4r - r + 2 = 0 ⟹(r-2) (2r-1) = 0 ⟹ r= 2 or r = 1/2
Taking r = 2 and a = 2
The roots are a/r , a , ar ⟹ 1 , 2 , 4
10. Solve x4 + x 3 - 16 x 2 - 4x + 48 = 0 given that product of two roots is 6
Solu: Letα , β , γ, δ be the roots of the given equation.
Given that product of two roots is 6 ⟹ αβ = 6 → (1)
57
S1 = α + β + γ + δ = -1
S2 = αβ + β γ + γ δ + αδ = -16
S3 = αβγ + βγδ + γδα + αβδ = 4
S4 = αβγδ = 48
Substituting (1) in S4 we get 6 γδ = 48 ⟹ 𝛄𝛅 = 8 → (2)
From S3 = αβ (γ+ δ) + γδ(α + β) = 4
Now substituting (1) and (2) values and from S1, γ+ δ = -1−(α + β)
S3 =6 (-1−(α + β)) + 8(α + β) = 4
⟹ - 6 - 6 α - 6β + 8 α + 8β = 4
⟹ 2α + 2β = 10 ⟹ 𝛂 + 𝛃 = 5 → (3)
Substituting (3) in γ+ δ = -1−(α + β)we get𝛄+ 𝛅 = -6 → (4)
α + β = 5 , αβ = 6
( α − β)2 = ( α + β)2 - 4αβ ⟹ ( α − β)2 = 25 - 24 = 1
α − β = 1 and α + β = 5 solving 𝛂 = 𝟑 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝛃 = 2
Similarly solving (2) and (4)
( γ- δ)2 = (γ+ δ)2 - 4γδ ⟹ ( γ − δ)2 = 36 - 32 = 4
γ -δ = 4 and γ+ δ =- 6 solving 𝛄 = −𝟐 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝛅 = - 4
∴The roots are 3, 2 , - 2 , - 4.
11. Solve x4 + 4x 3 - 2x 2 - 12x + 9 = 0 given that it has two pairs of equal roots
.
Solu: Given that the equation has two pairs of equal roots
Let f(x) = x4 + 4x 3 - 2x 2 - 12x + 9 = 0
⟹ f1(x) = 4x3 + 12x2 - 4x - 12
58
⟹ f1(x) = 4x3 + 12x2 - 4x - 12
f(1) = 1 + 4 - 2 - 12 + 9 = 0
f1(1) = 4+ 12 - 4 - 12 = 0
⟹ 1 is a multiple root of f(x) = 0
By synthetic division
1 1 4 -2 -12 9
0 1 5 3 -9
1 5 3 -9 0
1 0 1 6 9
1 6 9 0
The reduced equation is x2 + 6x + 9 = 0
⟹ (x+3) 2 = 0 ⟹ x = - 3 , - 3
The roots are 1, 1, -3 , -3 .
12. Find the polynomial equation whose roots are translates of those of
the equation x4 - 5x3 + 7x2 -17x + 11 = 0 by -2
Solu: Let f(x) = x4 - 5x3 + 7x2 -17x + 11 = 0.
Required equation is f(x+2) = 0.
By synthetic division.
2 1 -5 7 -17 11
0 2 -6 2 -30
2 1 -3 1 -15 -19 = a4
0 2 -2 -2
2 1 -1 -1 -17 = a3
0 2 2
2 1 1 1 = a2
59
0 2
2 1 3 = a1
0
1 = a0
The required equation is a0x4 + a1x3 + a2x2 + a3x + a4 = 0
⟹ x4 + 3x3 + x2 - 17x - 19 = 0
13. Find the polynomial equation whose roots are translates of those of
the equation x5 + 4x3 - x2 + 11 = 0 by -3
Solu: Let f(x) = x5 + 4x3 - x2 + 11 = 0
Required equation is f(x+3) = 0. By synthetic division.
3 1 0 4 -1 0 11
0 3 9 39 114 342
3 1 3 13 38 114 353 = a5
0 3 18 93 393
3 1 6 31 131 507 = a4
0 3 27 174
3 1 9 58 305 = a3
0 3 36
3 1 12 94 = a2
03
3 1 15 = a1
3 0
1 = a0
The required equation is a0x5 + a1x4 + a2x3 + a3x2 + a4 + a5 = 0
⟹ x5 + 15x4 + 94x3 +305 x2 + 507x + 353 = 0
60
14. Transformx4 + 4x3 + 2x2 - 4x - 2 = 0 into one in which the coeffecient of
second highest power of x axis is zero and also find its transformed equation.
Solu: Given equation is f(x) = x4 + 4x3 + 2x2 - 4x - 2 = 0
To eliminate second highest powers of x term in f(x) = 0 we transform
𝑎1 𝟒
f(x) = 0 into f(x+h) = 0 such that h = -( ) = -( ) -1
=
𝑛𝑎0 𝟒.𝟏
The required transformed equation is
F(x) = 0 ⟹ a0x4 + a1x3 + a2x2 + a3x + a4 = 0
-1 1 4 2 -4 -2
0 -1 -3 1 3
-1 1 3 -1 -3 1 = a4
0 -1 -2 3
-1 1 2 -3 0 = a3
0 -1 -1
-1 1 1 -4 = a2
0 -1
-1 1 0 = a1
1 = a0
The required equation is f(x-1) = a0x4 + a1x3 + a2x2 + a3x + a4 = 0
⟹ x4 - 4 x2 + 1 = 0
61
CHAPTER- 5
PERMUTATION & COMBINATION
Weightage : (2 + 2 + 4 + 4)
Key Concepts:
PERMUTATIONS OF DISTINCT THINGS
Fundamental principle of addition: If an event A can happen in m ways, another
even B which is independent of A can happen in n ways, then either A or B [exactly
one of A, B or only one of A, B] can happen in (m+n) ways.
Ex: In a class 25 girls and 15 boys, the class teacher wants to elect one student as
class monitor. So that total number of ways of selecting “exactly one student”
monitor either from 25 girls or from 15 boys = 25 + 15 = 40.
Fundamental principle of multiplication [counting principle]:
If an event A can happen in “m” ways and another event B which is independent of
A can be happen in m ways, then both events A and B in succession can happen in
m x n ways.
Ex: In a college, from a section 3 girls [g1, g2, g3] and 2 boys (b1, b2) are willing to
join in the invitation committee. The number of ways that the principal can select
two students, so that there must be “one boy and one girl” in the invitation
committee = 3 x 2 = 6. They are g1 b1 g2 , b2, g3 b3.
n n!
Pr =
(n − r)!
n pr = n(n −1) …… r terms
n pn = n!
n pn-1 = n!
0! = 1, 1! = 1, 2! = 2, 3! = 6
4! = 24, 5! = 120, 6! = 720 and so on
62
Very Short Answers (2 M)
Level – I
1. If n p4 = 1680 find n
Sol. L.H.S n p 4 = n(n - 1) (n - 2) (n - 3) ----- (1)
R.H.S = 1680 x 10 = (2x84) x (5 x 2) = (2 x 2 x 42) x (5 x 2)
= (2 x 2 x 6 x 7) x (5 x 2) = 8 x 7 x 6 x 5 ……… (2)
comparing (1) & (2), we get n = 8
2. Find the number of 5 letters words that can be formed using the letters of the word
RHYME if each letter can be used any number of times.
Sol: The given word RHYME has 5 letters. The number of 5 letter words that can
be formed using the letters of the word RHYME when repetition is allowed = n r
= 55 = 3125.
3. Find the number of injections of a set A with 5 elements to a set B with 7 elements.
Sol: The number of injections from a set containing 75 elements in to a set B with 7
elements.
n
p m = 7 p 5 = 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 = 2520
4. If n p 7 = 42. n p 5 then find n.
Sol: Given that n p 7 = 42. n p 5
(n - 5) (n - 6) = 42 (n - 5) (n - 6) = 7 x 6 n - 5 = 7 n = 7 + 5 = 12
5. In a class there are 30 students. On the New Year day, everystudent posts a
greeting card to all his / her classmates. Find the total number of greeting cards
posted by them.
Total number of students = 30
Number of greeting cards posted between any 2 student
[say A to B & B to A] = 2
Total number of greeting cards posted by 30 students
n
p2 = 30 p 2 = 30 x 29 = 870
6. If : 56 p (r+6) : 54p (r+3) = 30800:1, find r.
(54 − (r + 3))! 30800
56
p (r+6) 30800 (56)!
Sol. = . =
54
p (r+3) 1 (56 − (r + 6)! (54)! 1
(56)! (51− r)! 30800 (56)(55)(54)! (51− r) (50 − r)!
. = . = 30800
(50 − r)! (54)! 1 (50 − r)! 54!
30800 308x10x10 77x4x10x10
56 x 55 x (51− r) = 30800 51− r = = = = 10
56x55 56x55x11 7x8x5x11
51 – r = 10 r = 51 – 10 = 41
63
7. Find the number of 4 letter words that can be formed using the word PISTON in
which at least one letter is repeated.
Sol. The given word PISTON has 6 letters. The number of 4 letters words that can
be formed using these 6 letters.
i) When repetition is allowed is = nr = 64
ii) When repetition is not allowed = n p 4 = 6 p 4
So, the number of 4 letters words with one letter repeated = 64 - 6 p 4
= 1296 – 360 = 936
8. If c r = 495 find r.
12
12 x 11 x 9 x 5 x 2
Sol. Given 12 c r = 495 = 5 x 99 = 11 x 9 x 5 =
12 x 2
= 12 x 11 x 10 x 9 = 12 c 4 (or) 12c 8 nc r = ncn−r
1x 2 x 3 x 4
r = 4(or) 8
9. Find the number of permutations that can be made by using all the letters of the
word INDEPENDENCE.
Sol. The given word INDEPENDENCE contains 12 letters.
4 E’s, 3 N’s, 2 D’s
n! 12!
the required number of arrangements = =
p!q!r! 4!3! 2!
10. Find the number of different chains that can be prepared using 7 different coloured
beads.
1
Sol. The number of chains that can be formed using n beads is (n −1)!
2
Hence; the number of chains with 7 different coloured beads is
1 1 1
= (7 −1)! = 6!= (720) = 360
2 2 2
Very Short Answers (2 Marks)
LEVEL - II
1. Find the number of 4-digited numbers that can be formed using the digits 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6 when repetition is allowed.
Sol. The number of 4-digited number that can be formed using the 6 digits 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6 when repletion is allowed nr = 64 = 1296.
2. If (n +1) p 5 : np 6 = 2 : 7 then find n.
Sol. Given (n +1)
p 5 : np 6 = 2 : 7 2 n p 6 = 7(n+1)p 5
2n(n-1) (n-2) (n-3) (n-4) (n-5) = 7(n+1) n(n-1) (n-2) (n-3)
2(n-4) (n-5) = 7(n+1) 2(n2-9n+20)=7n+7 2n2-18n+40=7n+77
64
2n2 – 25n + 33 = 0 2n2 – 22n – 3n + 33 = 0 2n(n-11)- 3(n-11)=0
(n-11) (2n-3) = 0 n=11 (n cannot be a fraction)
3. Find the number of 4-digited numbers that can be formed using the digits 1, 2, 4,
5, 7, 8 when repetition is allowed.
Sol. The number of 4-digit numbers that can be formed using the 6-digits
1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8 when repetition is allowed is nr = 64 = 1296.
4. There are 4 copies alike each of 3 different books. Find the number of ways of
arranging these 12 books in a shelf in a single row.
Sol. The total number of books = 3 x 4 = 12.
Among 12 books: 4 books are alike of one kind, 4 books are alike of second kind
and 4 books are alike of third kind.
n!
the required number of ways = = 12!
p! q! r! 4! 4! 4!
5. Find the number of ways of arranging 4 boys and 3 girls around a circle so that all
the girls sit together.
Sol. Treat all the 3 girls as one unit. Then we have 4 boys and 1 unit of girls.
These 5 can be arranged around a circle in (5-1)! = 4! Ways.
Now, the 3 girls can be arranged among themselves in 3! Ways
the required number of arrangements = 4! X 3! = 24 x 6 = 144.
6. If 15 c = 15 c then find r.
2r −1 2r +4
Sol. c 2r −1 = 15 c 2r +4 then find r. nc r = ncs r + s = n (or)r = s
15
4r + 3 = 15 4r = 12 r = 3
7. If n pr = 5040, n cr = 210 then find n and r
n
pr
Sol. We know that n
= r!
cr
n
pr 5040
= = 24 = 4 x 3 x 2 x 4 x 1 = 4! = r!
n
cr 210
r=4
Now n p 4 = 5040 = x 10 x 504 = 10 x 9 x 56
= 10 x 9 x 8 x 7 = 10 p 4 [n=0]
n = 10, r = 4
8. Find the number of ways of selecting 7 numbers from a contingent of 10 soldiers.
Sol. The number of ways of selecting 7 numbers out 10 soldiers
10!
10
c7 = = 120
3! 7!
65
9. Find the number of 5 letter words that can be formed using the letters of word
MIXTURE which begin with a vowel when repetitions are allowed.
Sol: We have to fill up 5 blanks using the letter of word MIXTURE having 7 letters
among them 3 are vowels. Fill the first place with one of the vowels [I (or) U(or)
E] in 3 ways.
x
Each of the remaining 4 places can be filled in 7 way. Thus the number of 5-letter
words is 3 x 7 x 7 x 7 x7 = 3 x 74
10. Find the number of ways of arranging the letters of the word
I) MATHEMATICS ii) INTERMEDIATE
Solu : I) The number of linear permutations of n things in which there are p
things of one kind , q things alike of one kind and r things alike of another
kind is
The word MATHEMATICS has 11 letters .
It has 2 M’s , 2 A’s ,2 T’s, and 1 H, 1 E , 1 I , 1 C, 1 S
Hence number of ways =
Ii) The word INTERMEDIATE has 12 letters .
It has 2 I’s , 3 E’s ,2 T’s, and 1 R, 1 N , 1 M , 1 D, 1 A
Hence number of ways =
1. Find the number of positive divisors of 1080.
Solu: 1080 = 23 x 33 x 51
Number of positive divisors of n = ap bq c r is (p+1) (q+1)(r+1)
The number of positive divisors of 1080 = (3+1)(3+1)(1+1) = 32
66
2. Find the number of diagonals of a polygon with 12 sides.
Solu : Number of diagonals of a polygon with n sides isnC2 - n
Hence number of diagonals of a polygon with 12 sides
Is 12 C 2 - 12 = 66 - 12 = 44
Short Answer Questions:
Level : 1
1. Simplify 34 C5 + 4
Solu : 34 C5 + 4
= 34C5 + 38C4 + 37C
4 + 36C4 + 35C4 + 34C4 ( re grouping terms)
= (34C5 + 34C4 )+ 35C4 + 36C4 + 37
C4 + 38C4
nC n C r = n+1 Cr+1
r+1 +
= (35C5 + 35C4 ) + 36C4 + 37
C4 + 38C4
= (36C5 + 36C4 ) + 37
C4 + 38C4
= (37C5 + 37C4 ) + 38C4
= (38C5 + 38C4 ) = 39
C5
2. Prove that =
Solu: = = =
= x
67
= x
= x
= x
= = R.H.S
3. Find the number of ways of forming a committee of 5 persons from a group of 5
Indians and 4 Russians such that there are a6least 3 Indians in the committee.
Solu : The committee can have 3 Indians, 2Russians or 4 Indians,1 Russian of all
5 Indians.
The number of ways of forming a committee with
R. No. 5 Indians 4 Russians No.of selections
4
1. 3 2 C3 x 4C2 = 10 x 6 = 60
5
2. 4 1 C4 x 4C1 = 5 x 4 = 20
3. 5 0 5C
5 x 4C0 = 1 x 1 = 1
Number of ways forming a committee of 5 members with atleast
3 Indians is 60 + 20 + 1 = 81.
4. Find the number of numbers that are greater than 4000 which can be formed using
the digits 0 , 2, 4, 6, 8 without repetition .
Solu : Given digits { 0 , 2, 4, 6, 8 }
68
The number of numbers greaterthan 4000 which can be formed using the digits
0 , 2, 4, 6, 8 is
Case : 1. 4- digit number _ _ _ _
4, 6, 8
The first place cannot be filled with 0 , 2. It must be filled with 4, 6, 8
In 3 ways.
Remaining 3 places can be filled with remaining 4 digits in 4 P3 ways.
Number of arrangements = 3 x 4P3 = 3 x 4 x 3 x 2 = 72
Case : 2. 5- digit number ___ __
2, 4, 6, 8
The first place cannot be filled with 0 . It must be filled with 2, 4, 6, 8
In 4 ways.
Remaining 4 places can be filled with remaining 4 digits in 4 P4 ways.
Number of arrangements = 4 x 4P4 = 4 x 24 = 96
Total number of arrangements greater than 4000 is = 72 + 96 = 168.
5. Find the sum of all 4 digit numbers that can be formed using the digits 1, 3, 5, 7, 9.
( without repetition)
Solu : Given digits { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9} , r = 4 , n = 5.
n-1
Sum of all r digited numbers = Pr-1 ( sum of n digits) (111…r times)
n-1
Sum of all 4 digit numbers = Pr-1 ( sum of n digits) (111…r times)
5-1
= P4-1 ( 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9) (1111)
= 4 P 3 ( 25 ) (1111) = 24 x 25 x 1111
= 6,66,600
69
6. Out of 7 gents and 5 ladies how many 6 member committees can be formed , such
that there will be atleast 3 ladies in the committee.
Solu : Given there are 7 gents and 5 ladies.
A committee is formed with6 members with atleast 3 ladies in a committee
The number of ways of forming a committee with
S.No. 7 Gents 5 Ladies No.of selections
7
1. 3 3 C3 x 5C3 = 35 x10 = 350
7
2 2 4 C2 x 5C4 = 21 x 5 = 105
7
3 1 5 C 1 x 5C5 = 7 x 1 = 7
Total number of ways forming a committee is 350 + 105 + 7 = 462
7. If the letters of the word EAMCET are permuted in all possible ways and if the
words thus formed are arranged in the dictionary order, find the rank of the word
EAMCET.
Sol. The dictionary order of the letters of the word EAMCET is as follows: A, C, E, E, M, T
5!
The number of words that begins with A = 60
2!
5!
The number of words that begins with C = 60
2!
The number of words that begins with EAC _________ 3! = 6
The number of words that begins with EAE _________ 3! = 6
The number of words that begins with EAMCET = 0!= 1
Hence the rank of the word EAMCET = 60 + 60 + 6 + 6 + = 133
8. Prove that for 3 < r < n;(n-3)cr. + 3(n-3)cr-1 + 3 (n-3)cr-2 + (n-3)cr-3 = ncr
Sol. We know that ncr+ ncr-1 = (n+1)cr
LHS = (n-3)cr + 3.(n-3)cr-1 + 3 (n-3)cr-2 + (n-3)cr-3 [on rewriting terms]
= (n−3)
cr +(n−3) c r −1 + 2 (n−3)
c r −1 +(n−3) c r −2 + (n−3)
c r −2 +(n−3) c r −3
= (n-3+1)cr .+2. (n-3+1)c
r-1 + (n-3+1)cr-2
70
= (n-2)cr. + 2.(n-2)c r-1 + (n-2)c r-2
= (n−2) c r +(n−2) cr−1 + (n−2)
c r−1 +(n−2) cr−2
= (n-2+1)cr+ (n-2+1)cr-1 = (n-1)cr + (n-1)cr-1
=(n-1+1)cr = ncr = R.H.S
9. If the letters of the word “MASTER” are permuted in all possible ways and the
words thus formed are arranged in the dictionary order, then find the rank of
the word “MASTER”
Sol. The dictionary order of the letters of the word “MASTER” are
A, E, M, R, S, T
The number of words that begins with A ______________ 5! = 120
The number of words that begins with E_______________ 5! = 120
The number of words that begin with MAE _ _ _ = 3! = 6
The number of words that begin with MAR _ _ _ = 3! = 6
The number of words that begin with MASE _ _ = 2! = 4
The number of words that begin with MASR _ _ = 2! = 4
The number of words that begin with MASTER =1
Rank of the word MASTER is 2(5!) + 2(3!) + 2( 2!) + 1
= 2(120) + 2 (6) +2(2) +1 = 257
10. If the letters of the word “PRISON” are permuted in all possible ways and the
words thus formed are arranged is the dictionary order, then find the rank word
“PRISON”
Sol. The dictionary order of the letters of the word PRISON
I, N, O, P, R, S
The number of words that begin with I ______________ 5! = 120
The number of words that begin with N ______________5! = 120
The number of words that begin with O ______________5! = 120
71
The number of words that begin with P I____________ 4! = 24
The number of words that begin with P N ____________ 4! = 24
The number of words that begin with P O ____________ 4! = 24
The number of words that begin with PRIN ______ 2! = 2
The number of words that begin with PRIO ______ 2! = 2
The number of words that begin with PRISN ______ 1! = 2
The number of words that begin with PRISON _____ 0! = 1
This is required word
Rank of the word PRISON=3(120) + 3(24) + 2(2) + 1 + 1
= 360 + 72 + 4 + 1 + 1 = 438
11. Find the number of 4 letter words that can be formed using the letters of the word
MIRACLE. How many of them (i) begin with a vowel (ii) begins and end with
vowels (iii) end with a constant.
Sol. The total number of letters in the word MIRACLE is “7” hence the number of 4
letters words 7 p 4 = 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 = 840. In the word MIRACLE the no. of vowels is 3[I,
A, E] and the no. of constants is 4(M, R, C, L)
I) 4 letter words beginning with a vowel:
Number of ways of filling first place with a vowel.
= p1 = 3
3
Number of ways filling the remaining 3 places with the remaining 6 letters [4
consonants + 2 vowels] is 6 p 3 = 120 from the counting principle, the number of
4 letter words that begin with a vowel is 3 x 120 = 360.
i) Words beginning and ending with a vowel:
The number of ways of filling first and last place with 3 vowels is 3 p2 =6, number
of ways filling the remaining 2 places with remaining 5 letters is 5 p 2 = 20.
ii) Words ending with a consonant:
The number of ways of filling last place with one of the 4 consonants is 4 p 1= 4
Number of ways of filling remaining 3 places the remaining 6 letters
6
p 3 = 6 x 5 x 4 = 120. Thus, the number of 4 letter words that end with a
consonant is 4 x 120 = 480.
72
SHORT ANSWERS
Level-II
1) Find the number of ways arranging the 8 men and 4 women around a circular
table. In how many of them (i) all the women come together (ii) no two women
come together.
Sol. Total number of persons = 12, (8 men + 4 women)
The number of circular permutations = (n-1)! = (12-1)! = (11)!
I) treat the 4 women as single unit, then we have 1 unit of women
and 8 men = 9 units.These 9 units can be arranged around a
circle table in (9-1)!=8! the women among themselves can be
arranged in 4! Ways. Hence the required number of arrangements is
8! x 4!.
Ii)First we fix the positions of 8 men
They can be arranged around circular table in (8-1)!=7!
Now the 4 women can be arranged in the remaining 8 gaps in 8 p 4 ways
Hence the total number of circular arrangements = 7! x 8 p 4
2. Find the number of ways in which 4 letters can be put in 4 addressed envelopes
so that no letter goes into the envelope meant for it.
Sol. Formula: number of derangements of n distinct things
1 1 1 1 1
= n! − + − ........ + (−1)n
2i 3! 4! 5! n!
Required number of derangement
12 − 4 +1
= 4!
1
= 24 − + = 24
1 1 1 1 1
− +
=9
2i 3! 4! 2 6 24 24
3. Find the number of 5 letter words that can be formed using the letters of
the word EXPLAIN, that begin and end with a vowel when repetitions are
allowed.
Sol. The word EXPLAIN has 7 letters, and these are 5 vowels [A, I, E]. since
repetition is allowed, he first and last place can be filled by 3 vowels in 32 ways.
73
Since, repetition is allowed, each of the remaining 3 places can be filled in 73 ways.
Thus the required number of words = 32 x 73=9x343 = 3087.
4. Find the number of 5-digit numbers can be formed using the digits 0, 1, 1, 2, 3.
5!
Sol. The number of all possible 5-digited numbers taken from 0, 1, 1, 2, 3 = = 60
2!
But these 60 numbers include the numbers which begin with 0, which are not
actually 5 digit numbers. The number of numbers begin with zero taken from 1, 2,
4!
2, 3 = = 12.
2!
The required number of numbers = 60 – 12 = 48.
5. Find the number of ways of selecting 11 number cricket team from 7
batsmen, 6 bowlers and 2 wicket keepers so that the contains 2 wicket
keepers and at least 4 bowlers.
Solu : Can be selected in the following compositions.
Keepers (2) Bowlers (6) Batsmen (7) No. of selections
2 4 5
2
c x 6c x 7c = 1 x 15 x 21 = 315
2 4 5
2 5 4
2
c x 6c x 7c = 1 x 6 x 35 = 210
2 5 4
2 6 3
2
c x 6c x 7c = 1 x 1 x 35 = 35
2 6 3
The total number of selections= 315 + 210 + 35 = 560.
6. 9 different letters of an alphabet are given. Find the number of 4 letter words that
can be formed using these 9 letters which have (i) no letter is repeated (ii) at least one
letter is repeated.
Sol. (i) The number of 4 letters words that can be formed using the 9 different
letters in which no letter is repeated npr = 9p4 = 9 x 8 x 7 x 6 = 3024
(ii) The number of 4 letters words that can be formed using the 9 different
letters in which at least one letter is repeated
74
= n r - npr = 94 - 9p4 = 6561 – 3024 = 3537.
7 . Find the number of all 4 letter words that can be formed using the letters of the
word EQUATION. How many of these words begin with E? How many end with
N? How many begin with E and end with A?
Sol. (i) the given word EQUATION contains 8 letters. So, that number of 4 letter
word formed from it = 8p4= 8 x 7 x 6 x 5 = 1680
(ii) 4 letter words beginning with E :
Fill the first place with E.
Then the remaining 3 places can be filled with the remaining 7 letters in
7
p3 = 7 x 6 x 5 = 210 ways
(iii) 4 letter words ending with N:
Fill the last place with N. Then the remaining 3 places can be filled with the
remaining 7 letters in 7p3 = 7 x 6 x 5 = 210 ways
iv)4 Letter words beginning with E and ending with A.
Fill the first place with E and Last place with A.
E A
Then the remaining 2 places can be filled with remaining 6 letters in
= 6 x 5 = 30 ways.
8. A candidate is required to answer 6 out 10 questions, which are divided into two
groups A and B each containing 5 questions. He is not permitted to attempt more than
4 questions from either group. Find the number of different ways in which the
candidate can choose six questions.
Sol. The number of ways of answering the questions is possible in the following
composition.
Group A(5) Group B(5) No. of selections
5
4 2 c 4 x 5c 2 = 5 x 10 = 50
5
3 3 c 3 x 5c 3 = 10 x 10 = 100
75
5
2 4 c 2 x 5c 4= 10 x 5 = 50
The required number of ways= 50 + 100 + 50= 200
9. Find the numbers can be formed using all 4-letter words that can be formed using the
letters of the word RAMANA.
Sol. The given word RAMANA has 6 letters with 3A’s are alike and rest are different.
Now we have to form 4 letter words using these 6 letters.
Here 3 cases are:
Case(i) : All different letters R, A, M, N
The number of 4 letter words formed from R, A, M, N = 4! = 24
Case (ii) : Two like letter A, A and two different from R, M, N.
The two different letters can be choose from R, M, N in 3 c2 = 3 ways.
4!
Number of 4 letter words like AARM= 3 x = 3 x 12 = 36
2!
Case (iii): Three like letters A, A, A and one from R, M, N
One letter can be chooses from 3 different letters in 3 c1 = 3 ways
4!
Number of 4 letter like A, A, A, R= 3 x = 3 x 4 = 12
2!
The required number of 4 letter words = 24 + 36 + 12 = 72
6!
Note: The required number of 6 letter words from RAMANA =
3!
10. Find the number of zeros in 100!
Sol. 100! = 2α 3β 5γ 7δ …… here
100 100 100 100
α= + + + + .......
2 22 23 24
= 50 + 25 + 12 + 6 + 3 + 1
= 97
76
100 100
= + = 20 + 4 + 24
2 22
Thus 2 occurs 97 times and 5 occurs 24 times in 100!
To get a 10 we require a 2 and a 5.
Out of ninety seven 2’s we take twenty four 2’s to join with
twenty four 5’s
Hence, the number of zeros in 100!= number of 10’s in 100!= 24
Now, the number of zeros in 100! is 24 [since 10 = 2 x 5]
77
CHAPTER-6
BINOMIAL THEOREM
Weightage: (2 + 7 + 7)
Key Concepts:
Binomial theorem for integral index:
(x+y) =nC0 xn +nC1 xn-1y+nC2 xn-2y2 +.......+nC r xn-2y2 +......+nC n yn ,n N
n
The general form of the binomial expansion is
Tr+1 =nC r xn-r yr
Standard Binomial expansion
(1+x)
n
=1+nx+nC 2 x2 +.....+nC r xr + ... +xn =
C 0 +C1x+C 2x2 +....+C rxr +.....+C nxn
In the expansion of (1+x)
n
i) the coefficient of xr is n C r = the coefficient of (r+1) term
th
ii) the coefficient of rth term is n C r-1
Middle term(s):
i) If n is even then the middle term in the expansion of (1+x) is T n+1
n
ii) If n is odd then the two middle term are Tn+1 , Tn+3
2 2
In (1+x)n the coefficient of the middle term is the largest Binomial coefficient
( n+1)(n+2)
Number of terms in the Trinomial expansion of (x+y+z)n =
2
Very Short Answer Questions (2Marks)
8
-2 3
x - 2
3
1) Find the 3rd term from the end in the expansion of
x
8 8
-2 3 3 −2
3rd term from the end in x - 2 is equal to the 3rd term in
3
Sol: − x 2 +x
3
x
78
2
T =T =8C - 3 8-2 x -23 =8C 2 32 6 1
2
2 2 x 2 Tr+1 = ncr . xn-r. yr
x
3 2+1
x3
= 8×7 ×36× 112 × 14
2 x
x3
1
= 28×36× 40
x3
2) Find the 5th term in the expansion of (3x-4y)7.
General term of (x+y) is Tr+1 =nCr xn-r yr
n
Sol:
T 5 =T4+1 =7C 4 (3x) (-4y) =(35) (27) x3 (256) y4
7-4 4
=241920x3y4
3x
10
3) Find the middle term (S) in the expansion of -2y
7
Sol: Given binomial exponent n=10 is even
T10
Middle term is +1=T =T
5+1 6
2
(-2y) 5
10-5
T =T =10C 3x
7
6 5+1 5
5 5
3 6
= - 10C5 .x5.25.y5=-10C5 .x5.y5
7 7
Find the number of terms in expansion of (2x+3y+z)
7
4)
(n+1)(n+2)
Number of terms in the trinomial expansion of x+y+z =
n
Sol:
2
Number of terms in the expansion of (2x+3y+z) =
7 (7+1)(7+2) = 8×9 =36
2 2
5) If A and B are the coefficients of xn in the expansion of (1+x)2n and (1+x)2n+1
A
respectively, then find the value of .
B
Sol: Coefficient of xn in the expansion of (1+x)2n is A=2nC n
Coefficient of xn in the expansion of (1+x)2n-1 is B=2n-1 C n
79
A 2n
( 2n )!
n!(n-1)! (2n)(2n-1)! n!(n-1)! 2n
Cn
= = × = × = =2
B (2n-1) C n (n!)(n!) (2n-1)! (n!) n (n-1)! (2n-1)! n
6) If 22 C r is the largest binomial coefficient in the expansion of (1+x)22, Find the
value of 13 C r
Sol: Given binomial exponent n=22 is even
22
Largest binomial coefficient is n C n = C 22 = 22C11
2 2
13×12
Now, 22 C =22C r=11 13 C =13C C = =78
r 11 r 11 2
2×1
x 3 10
7) Find the term independent of x in the expansion of + 2
3 2x
General term of x + 2 is T =10C x 3
10 10-r r
Sol:
2 r+1 r
2x2
3 2x 3
1 10 1
10-r r r 10-r r
10 1 2 3 x 10-r 2 3 .x 10-r
2
C 2
= c .x-2r
r
3 2 x2
r
3 2
10-r
1 2 3
r
10-r − 2r
10
Cr .x 2 ...............(1)
3 2
To get the term independent of x, we put
10-r 10-r
-2r=0 =2r 10-r=4r 5r=10 r=2
2 2
10-r
From (1) the term independent of x is 10 C 1 3 10×9 1 3 2 5
2 1
2
= =
3 2 2×1 3 22 4
2
3
8) Find the set E of x for which the binomial expansion 3-4x4 is valid
4x 3 3 43
Sol: G.E. = 3-4x =3 1-
4 4
3
4x
This is valid when <1
3
3 -3 3
|x|< x ,
4 4 4
80
-3 3
E= ,
4 4
Long Answer Questions (7 Marks)
1) If the coefficient of 4 consecutive terms in the expansion of (1+x)n are a1,a2,a3,a4
a1 a 2a2
respectively, then show that + 3 =
a1 +a2 a3 +a4 a2 +a3
Sol: Let the coefficients of 4 consecutive terms of (1+x)n be a1 =nC r , a 2 =nC r+1 ,
a 3 = n C r+2 , a 4 = n C r+3
n n
a a C C
L.H.S. = 1
+ 3
= n r
+ n C +r+2
a +a a +a C +nC n
C
1 2 3 4 r r+1 r+2 r+3
C r+2 (n+1)
n n n n
Cr
= (n+1) + n+1
C r+3
Cr + Cr+1 = Cr+1
Cr+1
Cr =
n n n n n-1
Cr-1
Cr C r+2
= +
n+1 n+1
r+1 n r+3 n C r
r
C r+2
= r+1 + r+3 = r+1+r+3 = 2r+4 = ( ) ..... (1)
2 r+2
n+1 n+1 n+1 n+1 n+1
R.H.S. = 2a2 = 2 ( C r+1 ) = 2 ( C r+1 ) = 2 ( n C r+1 )
n n
(n+1)
n+1 n C )
n n
( r+1
a2 +a3 Cr+1 + C r+2 C r+2
r+2
= 2 = ( ) ............ (2)
2 r+2
n+1 n+1
r+2
From (1) and (2) L.H.S. = R.H.S.
3
If Cr denotes n C then prove that C +C . x +C . x +......+C . xn = (1+x) . Also
n+1
2)
(n+1) x
r 0 1 2 n
2 3 n+1
C1 C2 C 2n+1-1
deduce that C0 + + +......+ n =
2 3 n+1 n+1
Sol: Method-I :
x x2 xn n n x n x2 xn
n
Let S = C0 +C1. +C2. +.......+Cn. = C0 + C1 + C2 +.....+ Cn.
2 3 n+1 2 3 n+1
x.s= nC .x+ nC x n
2
x3 xn+1
0 1 + C2. +......+ nCn.
2 3 n+1
81
n+1 n n+1 n n+1 n n+1
(n+1) xS= . C x+ . C .x2 + . C .x3+ ..... + n
0 1 2 C n.xn+1
1 2 3 n+1
= n+1C .x+n+1C x2 +n+1C x3+......+n+1C .xn+1 n+1 nC =(n+1)C
r+1
r+1
1 2 3 n+1 r
(n+1) xS=(1+x) -1 C x+ C x +.....+ C x =(1+x) -1
n+1 n n 2 n n n
1 2 n
(1+x) -1
n+1
S=
(n+1).x
Method-II :
C C 2
Cn n n
C n
C n
C
LHS = C0 + 1
x+ 2
x +.......+ = C0 + 1 x+ 2 x 2 + .... + n x n
2 3 n+1 2 3 n+1
n n(n-1) 2 1 n
=1+ x+ x +.....+ x
(1)
2
(1.2)3 n+1
1 (n+1) nx2 (n+1) n ( n-1) 3
= (n+1) x+ + x + ..... +xn+1 (Multiplying and Dividing by
(n+1)
n
1.2 1.2.3
(n+1)x)
1
C x+ C x + C x +......+ C x
n+1
= n+1 2 n+1 3 n+1 n+1
(n+1) x 1 2 3 n+1
= C 0 + C1x+ C 2x + C 3x +......+ C n+1 x - C 0
n+1 n+1 n+1 2 n+1 3 n+1 n+1 (n+1)
(n+1) x
1+x) -1
n+1
= = RHS
(n+1) x
x x2 xn
By Putting x=1 in C0 +C1. +C2. + ..... +Cn.
2 3 n+1
(1+x)
n+1
-1
= we get
(n+1) x
1+1)
n+1
1 12 1n -1 C C C 2n+1-1
= C 0 +C1. +C2. + ..... +Cn. = C0 + 1
+ 2
+.....+ n
=
2 3 n+1 (n+1)(1) 2 3 n+1 n+1
4 4.7 4.7.10
3) Find the sum of the series 1+ + - +......
5 5.10 5.10.15
2 3
4 1 4) 7 1 4.7.10 1
S= 1- + - +......
1 5 1.2 5 1.2.3 5
82
Now comparing the above series with
P x P(p+q) x - P(p+q)(p+2q) x 3
2
-P
1- + 2! q 3! q + .... =(1+x)Q
1! q
We get p=4, p+q=7 4+q=7 q=3
x 1 q 3
= x= =
Also, we have
q 5 5 5
4
-p
q
3 -43 8 -43 5 34 53 5 = 3 6254 = 3 625
3 4
3
= 625
=S=(1+x) = 1+ = 5 = = 4 = 4 24
16
5 8
83 (23 )3 (23 )3
4) Find the sum of the infinite series 7 1+ 1 + 1.3 . 1 + 1.3.5 . 1 +.....
5
2 4
10 1.2 10 1.2.3 106
1 1.3 1 1.3.5 10
Sol: Let S=1+ + . + . + .......=
2
10 1.2 104 1.2.3 106
2 3
1 1.3 1 1.3.5 1
1
=1+ + + +......
1! 100 2! 100 3! 100
p x p(p+q) x
2
-p
Comparing the above series with 1+ + 2! q + .... =(1-x ) q
1! q
We get p=1,p+q=3 1+q=3 q=2
x 1 q 2 1
Also = x= = =
q 100 100 100 50
S=(1-x ) = 1-
1 -12 49 -12 50 21
-P
= = = 50 5 2
Q =
50 50 49 49 7
7
7 5 2
the given series is (S) = =
5 5 7
1 1.3 1.3.5 2
5) If x= + + +...... , then find 3x +6x
5 5.10 5.10.15
1 1.3 1.3.5
Sol: x= + + + .....
5 5.10 5.10.15
Adding 1 on both sides, we have
1 1.3 1.3.5
1+x=1+ + + +........
5 5.10 5.10.15
2 3
1 1 1.3 1 1.3.5 1
=1+ + + + .....
1! 5 2! 5
3! 5
83
p y p(p+q) y
2
-p
Comparing the above series with 1+ + 2! q + .... =(1-y) q
1! q
We get p = 1, p + q = 3 q = 2 and y = 1 y= q = 2
q 5 5 5
2 2 5
-1 21
=1+x=(1-y ) Q = 1- = = 5
-P
5 3
3
5 5
=(1+x) = 1+2x+x2 = 3+6x+3x2 =5 3x2 +6x=2
2
3 3
1 1.3 1.3.5
6) Find the sum of the infinite series 1+ + + +........
3 3.6 3.6.9
1 1.3 1.3.5
Sol: Let S=1+ + + +......... upto
3 3.6 3.6.9
2 3
1 1 1.3 1 1.3.5 1
=1+ + + +......
1! 3 2! 3
3! 3
Now comparing the above series with
p x p (p+q) x + p (p+q)(p+2q) x 3
2
=1+ + 2! q 3! q +.......
1! p
-p
=(1-x ) q
We get p=1,p+q=3 1+q=3 q=2
x 1 q 2
= x= =
Also, we have
q 3 3 3
2 = 1 = 3
-1 -1 1
-p 2 2 21
= S=(1-x) q = 1- =32 = 3
3 3 1
7) Prove that C .C +C .C +C .C +....C .C =2nC for 0 r n . Hence deduce that
0 r 1 r+1 2 r+2 n-r n (n+r)
i) C2 +C2 +C2 +.....+C2 =2nC ii) C C +C C +C C +.....+C .C =2nC
0 1 2 n n 0 1 1 2 2 3 n-1 n-r n+r
Sol: Method-I:
We know that (1+x) =C0 +C1 .x+C2.x2 +.....+C n.xn................(1)
n
in (1), we get 1+ 1 = C + 1 + 2 +......+ n ...................... (2)
1 n C C C
on replacing x by
0
x x x x2 xn
on multiplying (2) and (1)
84
n
1 C1 C2 Cn-r C
1+ .(1+x) = C0 + + +.....+
n
+ ...... + n
x x x2 xn-r xn
C0 +C1 x+.......+C1 xr +Cr+1xr+1+C r+2 xr+2 +.....+C nx n ............... (3)
The coefficient of xr in RHS of (3) = C0Cr +C1Cr+1 +C2Cr+2 +.....+Cn-rCn...........(4)
1
n
n (1+x)n (1+x)2n
LHS of (3) is 1+ (1+x) = n (1+x)n =
x x xn
(1+x)
2n
r
coefficient of x in n
= the coefficient of xn+r in (1+x)2n =2nC...........
n+r (5)
x
Hence, from (4) and (5), we get C0C r +C 1C r+1 +C 2C r+2 +....+C n-rC n =2nC n+r
i) on substituting r=0, we get C20 +C21 +C22+ ...... +C2n =2nC n
ii) on substituting r = 1, we get C0C1 +C1C 2 +C 2C 3+......+C n-1.C n=2nC n+1
Method-II :
We have (1+x) =C0 +C1 x+C2 x2 +......+Cr xr +C r+1xr+1+C r+2 xr+2 +.....+Cn xn ................(1)
n
(x+1) =C0 xn +C1xn-1+C 2xn-2 +.....+Cn-r xn-r +......+C n....... (2)
n
Multiplying (2) and (1), we get
(C xn +C xn-1+C xn-2 +.....+C
0 1 2 n-r
xn-r +C
n
)( C
0
+C x+C x2 +....+C xr +C xr+1+C
1 2 r r+1 r+2
xr+2 +....+C xn
n
)
= (x+1) (1+x) =(1+x)
n n 2n
comparing the coefficient of xn+r both sides, we get
C 0C r +C1C r+1 +C 2C r+2 +......+C n-r C n =2nC n+r
8) If 36,84,126, are three successive binomial coefficients in the expansion of (1+x)n,
then find n.
Sol: Let the 3 successive coefficients of (1+x)n be taken as
n
Cr-1 =36.....(1); nC r =84......(2); nC r+1 =126 ...... (3)
n
(2) Cr 84 n-r+1 1
Now, = =
n
(1) C r-1 36 r 3
3n-3r+3=7r 3n-10r=-3 ......... (4)
n
(3) C 126 n-r 3
n
r+1
= =
(2) Cr 84 r+1 2
85
2n-2r=3r+3 2n-5r=3........ (5)
Solving (4) and (5) we get n
2 (5) 4n-10r=6 ....(6)
Now (6) – (4) n=9
11
If the coefficient of x10 in the expansion of ax 2 - is equal to the coefficient of
1
9)
bx
x-10 in the expansion of ax- 1 2 . Find the relation between a and b where a
11
bx
and b are real numbers
In ax 2 - 1 , the general term
11
Sol:
bx
1 r
T =11C ax2 ) a11-r
11-r
11
= C .x22-3r ............... (1)
r+1 r bx r
b r
Put 22-3r=10 3r=12 r=4
From (1), the coefficient of x10 is
11 a11-4 11 a7
C4 - C4 (2)
b4 b4 .........
11
1
In ax- 2 the general term is
bx
1 r a11-r
T =11C (ax) = ( -1)
11-r r 11
- C x11-3r ................ (3)
bx2
r+1 r r r
b
Put 11-3r=-10 3r=21 r=7
From (3), the coefficient of x-10 is (-1) 7 11C 7 a a4
11-7
7 =-11C 7. 7 ................ (4)
b b
Given that the two coefficient are equal
a7 a4
11 -11
From(2), (4), we have C4 = C7
b4 b7
7 4
a a
11
11
b
4 =-
b7
( C4 = C7
1
a3=- a3b3=-1 ab=-1
b3
86
10) If the coefficient of x9,x10,x11 in the expansion of (1+x)n are in A.P. then prove that
n2-41n+398=0
Sol: The coefficient of x9,x10,x11 in (1+x)n are
n
C9 , nC10 , nC11
Given that n C9 ,nC 10 ,nC 11 are in A.P.
2.nC10 = nC9 + nC11 2= C9 + C11
n n
n
C10 n C10
10 n-10 n
C r+1 = n-r
n
2=
C
+ n & n
n-9 11 C r+1 n-r C r r+1
10 (11) +(n-10) (n-9)
2=
(n-9) (11)
2 (n-9) (11) =110+ n2 -19n+90( )
22n-198=n2 -19n+200
n2 -41n+398=0
11) If the coefficient of rth, (r+1)th, (r+2)th terms in the expansion of (1+x)n are in A.P.
then show that n 2 - (4r+1)n+4r2-2=0
The coefficient of rth, (r+1)th, (r+2)th terms in (1+x) are n C r-1,nC r,nC r+1
n
Sol:
Given that n Cr-1 ,nC r ,nC r+1 are in A.P.
n
Cr-1 n C r+1
2.nC r =nC r-1+nC r+1 2= n + n
Cr Cr
r n-r n
C n-r+1 n
C n-r
2= n-r+1 + r+1 n
C
r
= r and n r+1
C = r+1
r-1 r
r (r+1) +(n-r) (n-r+1)
2=
(n-r+1) (r+1)
2(n-r+1)(r+1)=r (r+1)+(n-r)(n-r+1)
2nr+2n-2r2 -2r+2r+2=r2 +r+n2 -nr+n-nr+r2 -r
n2 -4nr-n+4r2 -2=0
n2-n(4r+1)+4r2-2=0
87
1.3 1.3.5 1.3.5.7
12) If x= + + + ........ then prove that 9x2+24x=11
3.6 3.6.9 3.6.9.12
1.3 1.3.5 1.3.5.7
Sol: Given that x= + + +.........
3.6 3.6.9 3.6.9.12
2 3 4
1.3 1 1.3.5 1 1.3.5.7 1
= + + +..........
2! 3 3! 3
4! 3
1
Adding 1+ on both sides, we have
3
2 3
1 1 1 1.3 1 1.3.5 1
1+ +x= 1+ + + +.....
3 1! 3 2! 3
3! 3
Comparing the above series with
p y p(p+q)
2
y -p
1+ + 2! q + ...... =1-y q
1! p
we get, p=1,p+q=3 1+q=3 q=2
y
1 q 2
= y= =
Also
p 3 3 3
2 = 1
-1
2 -1
2 1
-p
1+ +x=(1-y) = 1-
1 q 3 =(3) = 3
2
3 3
4
+x= 4 3 3-4 3 3-4
x= 3- = =
=
3 3 3 3
3x=3 3-4 3x+4=3
(3x+4) = 3 3 ( ) 9x +24x+16=27
2 2
2
9x2 +24x=11
Very Short Answer Questions (2 Marks)
Find the middle term(s) in the expansion of (4x2 +5x3 )
17
1)
Sol: Given binomial exponent n=17 is odd
2 middle terms are T17+1 = T18 =T and next term T10 in (4x2+5x3)17 we have
9
2 2
T9 =T8+1 =17C8 (4x2 ) (5x ) = C8 49 (x2 ) 58 (x3 ) =17C 8.49.58.X42
17-8 3 8 17 9 8
also T10 =T9+1 = 17C9 (4x2 ) (5x ) = C9 48 (x2 ) .59.(x3 ) =17C 948.59x43
17-9 3 9 17 8 9
88
4
10
2) Find the coefficient of x in 3x- -6
x
r
10-r -y
10
General form of 3x- x
4 is
Sol: Tr+1 =10C r (3x) x
= ( -1)
r 10
C1 310-r 4rx10-2r .............. (1)
To get the coefficient of x-6 put 10-2r=-6 2r=10 r=8
From (1), the coefficient of x-6 is (-1)
8 10
C 8310-8 48 =10C 832 48
If the coefficients of (2r+4) . (r-2) terms in the expansion of (1+x)18 are equal.
th th
3)
Find r.
Sol: We know coefficient of rth term in (1+x)n is nCr-1
Given that in (1+x)18, the coefficient of (2r+4)th term = coefficient of (r-2)th term
18 C 2r+3 =18 C r-3
2r+3=r-3 or (2r+3)+(r-3)=18
n
Cr =nCs r=s (or) r+s=n
r=-6 But r cannot be negative (or) 3r=18 r=6
11
3b
4) Find the middle term (S) in 4a+
2
Sol: The binomial exponent n=11 is odd
The 2 middle terms are T11+1 = T12 =T and the next form T7 in
6
2 2
5
63
5
4a+ 3b
11
T =T =11
C (4a)
b
=11
C 46 3 6 5
. a b =77 28 36 a6b5
a 6 5+1 5
2 5
25
6
53 36
T =T =11C (4a) b =11C5 45 a5b6 =77 25 37 a5b6
7 6+1 6
2 26
25
3
5) Fin the term independent of x in 3 +5 x
x
25
3
Sol: General term of 3 +5 x is
x
r
T =25C 3 5
25-r −25+r r
3 + 2
=25C 325-r 5r x
r 3
x
r+1 r
To get the term independent of x, we put
89
-25+r r 25-r r
+ =0 = 50-2r=3r 5r=50 r=10
3 2 3 2
From (1), the term independent of x is 25.
C10325-10 510 =25C 10315 510
-3
5x
6) Write the general term in 1-
3
= ( ) ..... (
Sol: General term of (1-x ) is T
-n
n n+1 n+r-1) r Hence n = 3, 5x
r+1
x x=
r! 3
(3)(3+1)(3+2) .... (3+r-1) 5x (3)(4)(5) ..... (r+2) 5x
r r
Tr+1 = 3 = 3
r! r!
-3
7) Find the general (r+1)th term in the expansion of (4+5x) 2
-3 5 -32
r -3 5 -32 1
Sol: G.E. = (4+5x) 2 = 41+ x = ( 2 ) 1+
2
x =
4 4 8
5x -32 3 5x
= 1+ Here n= 2 ,x= 4
4
General term of (1+x) is T = ( -1)r n (n+1)(n+r-1) xr
-n
r+1
r!
3 3 3 3
+1 +2 ...... +r-1 r
1 2 2 2 2 5x
Tr+1 = 8
r! 4
1 ( 3 )( 5 )( 7 ) .... (2 ) 5x
r+1 r
Tr+1=
8 2r (r!) 4
Long Answer Questions (7 Marks)
1) If the 2nd , 3rd and 4th terms in the expansion of (a+x)n are respectively 24,720 and
1080. Then find the value of a, x and n
Sol: The second term of (a+x)n is Tr =Tr+1 =nC1an-1x-1=240.....(1)
The third term of (a+x)n is T3=T 2+1 =nC 2 an-2x2 =720. ..... (2)
The fourth term of (a+x)n is T4=T 3+1 =nC 3 an-3x3=1080 ....... (3)
90
(2) n
C2an-2x2 720 n C -1
n n-1 x
C ( ) ( x ) =3 2
=
(1) n
C an-1x
240 r a
=3
1 1 a
nC n-r
(n-1)(x)=6a .......(4) nC = r+1
r r+1
(3) n C3an-3x3 1080 9 3 n C -1 n-2 x 3
= = 3 (a ) ( x ) =
3
= =
(2) n n-2 2
c2 a x 720 6 2 n
Cr 2 3 a 2
2(n-2)(x)=9a ....... (5)
(5) 2 (n-2) ( x ) 9a 3
= = 4 (n-2) =3(n-1) 4n-8=3n-3 n=5
(4) (n-1) ( x) 6a 2
3a ..........
Now (4) (5-1) x=6a 4x=6a 2x=3a x= (6)
2
Also (1) nC an-11 =240 na x=240
1 n-1
3a (24) (10) (2)
5a5-1 =(24)(10) a4a= =32 a5=32=25 a=2
2 (5) (3)
3a 3 ( r )
From (1) x= = =3 a=2,x=3,n=5
2 2
2) Prove that (i) C + 3C +32.C +……..+3nC =4n ii)
C1
+2.
C2
+3.
C3
+ ... +n.
Cn n(n+1)
0 1 2 n =
C0 C1 C2 Cn-1 2
(i) we have (1+x) =C0 +C1 x+C2 x2 +.....+C nxn
n
Sol:
Put x=3, we get C0+C1.3+C2.32+……+Cn.3n=(1+3)n=4n
C C C C n
C nC nC nC
(ii) C1 +2. C2 +3. C3 +......+n. C n = n C1 +2. n Cr +3. n C 3 +....+n. n C n
0 1 2 n-1 0 1 2 n-1
= n +2. (
n-1) (n-2) + .... +n (1)
+3.
1 2 3 n
= n+(n-1)+(n-2)+ .... +3+2+1
(n)(n+1)
=1+2+3+..... +(n-1) +n=
2
2 1 2.5 1 2.5.8 1
2 3
3) Find the sum of infinite series 1+ . + . + +......
3 2 3.6 2 3.6.9 2
2 3
2 1 2.5 1 2.5.8 1
Sol: Let S=1+ . + + +.....
3 2 3.6 2 3.6.9 2
91
2 3
2 1 2.5 1 2.5.8 1
=1+ . + + +......
1 6 1.2 6 1.2.3 6
Comparing the above series with
p x p(p+q) x + p(p+q)( p+2q) x 3
2
1+ + 2! q 3! q +.........
1! q
=(1-x)
-p/q
we get p=2, p+q=5 2+q=5 q=3 also we have
x 1 q 3 1
= x= = =
q 6 6 6 2
-2 -2 2
S=(1-x) q = 1- 1 3 = 1 3 = 2 3 =23
−p 2
2 2 1
1 1
= 22 3 =43 = 3 4
3 3.5 3.5.7
4) Find the sum of the infinite series + + +.........
4 4.8 4.8.12
2 3
3 3.5 3.5.7 3 1 3.5 1 3.5.7 1
Sol: Let S= + + +.......= . + + +.........
4 4.8 4.8.12 1 4 1.2 4 1.2.3 4
2
3 1 3.5 1
1+S=1+ . + +..........
1 4 1.2 4
p x p (p+q) x -p
comparing the above series with 1+ + +............ =(1-x ) q
1! q 2! q
x 1
we get p=3, p+q=5 3+q=5 q=2 Also =
q 4
q 2 1
x= ==
4 4 2
1 -32 1 -3r
3
1+S= 1-x -pq = 1-
( ) =2 = r
2 2
1 1
= ( 2 3 )2 =82 = 8=2
Hence S=2 2-1
3.5
5) Find the sum of the infinite series + 3.5.7 + 3.5.7.9 +.........
5.10 5.10.15 5.10.15.20
92
2
Sol: Let 3.5 3.5.7 3.5.7.9 3 1 3.5 1
S= + + +.......... =1+ + +.....
5.10 5.10.15 5.10.15.20 1 5 1.2 5
1
Adding 1+3. on both sides, we have
5
2
1 3 1 3.5 1
1+3. +5=1+ . +
5 + .........
1 5 1.2 5
p (p+q) x
2
p x -p
comparing the above series with 1+ + 1.2 q +.......= ( )q
1-x
1 q
x 1 q 2
=
we get p=3 p+q=5 3+q=5 q=2 Also x= =
q 5 5 5
2 r 3 5 r3
-3 -3
r
-P
1+ 3 +5=(1-x)Q = 1- = 5 = 3
5 5
8 5 5 5 5 8
= 5 5 +5= 5= =-
3 3 5 3 3 3 3 5
4 4.6 4.6.8
6) If t= + + +............. then prove that 9t = 16
5 5.10 5.10.15
4 4.6
Sol: Given that t= + + 4.6.8 +...........
5 5.10 5.10.15
Adding 1 on both sides, we have
2 3
4 1 4.6 1 4.6.8 1
1+t=1+ + + +..........
1! 5 2! 5 3! 5
p (p+q) x
2
p x -p
Comparing the above series with + ............ =(1-x) q
1+ + 2! q
1! q
x 1 q 2
=
We get p=4, p+q=6 4+q=6 q=2 Also x= =
q 5 5 5
-p 2 2-4 3 -2
1+t=(1-x) q = 1- = 5 2 25
5 5 = 3 = 9
25
1+t= 9 (1+t) =25 9+9t=25 9t=16
9
5.7.9
7) If x= 5 + 5.7 + +. ...... , then find the value of x2 +4x
2 3
2!3 3!3 4!.3
Sol: Given that x= 5 + 5.7 + 5.7.9 + .......... = 3.5 + 3.5.7 + 3.5.7.9
2 3 2 3 4
2!3 3!.3 4!3 2!3 3!.3 4!3
93
2 3 4
3.5 1 3.5.7 1 3.5.7.9 1
+ + +...........
2! 3 3! 3
4! 3
Adding 1+ on both sides, we have
3 1
1 3
2 3 4
3 1 3.5 1 3.5.7 1 3.5.7.9 1
3 1
Now, 1+ +x=1+ + 2! 3 3! 3 +
+ +......
1 3 1 3 4! 3
p y p (p+q) y
2
-p
Comparing the above series with 1+ + 2! q + ...... =(1-y) q
1! q
y 1 q 2
We get p=3,p+q=5 3+q=5 q=2 Also = y = =
q 3 3 3
3 1 -p
2 -32 -1 -32
1+ +x=(1-y) q = =(3)2 =(3 3)2 =
3 1
= 1-
1 3 3 3
(2+x) =27
2
1+1+x= 2+x=
x2 +4x+4=27 x2 +4x-23
If R, n are positive integers n is odd 0<F<1 and if (5 5+11) =R+F , then prove that
n
8)
(i) R is an even integers and (ii) (R+F), F=4n.
Given that (5 5+11) =R+F; Let G=(5 5-11) 0<G<1
n n
Sol:
Now (R+F)-G=(5 5+11) - (5 5-11)
n n
= n C (5 5) +nC (5 5) (11)+nC (5 5) (11) +......+nC (11)
n n-1 n-1 2 n
0 1 r
n
( ) ( ) ( )
- n C0 5 5 - C1 5 5 (11)+ C 2 5 5 (11) + ..... + C n (-11)
3
n 2n-1 n-2
n n n
( ) ( )
= 2 n C 5 5 (11)+nC 5 5 (11) +..... = 2(an integer) = An Even integer
n-1 n-1 2
1 3
R+F-G is an Even integer F-G is an integer since R is an integer
But 0<F<1 and -1<-G<0 1<F-G<1 F-G=0 F=G R is an Even integer
(ii) (R+F) F= ( R+F ) G= (5 5+11) (5 5-11) = (5 5+11)(5 5-11) - (125-121) =4n
n n n
n
94
CHAPTER: 7
PARTIAL FRACTIONS
Weightage: (4 M)
KEY CONCEPTS
➢ Type-1: It’s in the form f (x) where g(x) contains non-repeated linear factors in the
g (x)
form ax + b.
A
Here, for every factor (ax + b) there exists one partial fraction of the
ax+b
Ex : 2x+3
=
A
+
B
(x+2)(2x+1) x+2 2x+1
f (x)
➢ Type-2 : It’s in the form where g(x) contains repeated and non-repeated
g ( x)
linear factors in the form (ax + b)n .
Here, for every repeated factor (ax + b)n, n > 1N , there exists n partial fractions of
the form
A1 A2 An
+ 2 + ....... +
ax+b (ax+b) (ax+b)
n
2
Ex: x +13x+15 2 = A + B + C
2
(2x+3)(x+3) 2x+3 x+3 (x+3)
f (x)
➢ Type-3 : It’s in the form , where g(x) contains a repeated irreducible factor of
g (x)
the form (ax2 +bx+c)
2
Here, for every factor (ax2 +bx+c) there exists partial fractions of the form
2
Ax+B Cx+D
+
ax +bx+c (ax2 +bx+c)2
2
95
x2 +1 Ax+B Cx+D
Ex: 2 =
+
(x2 +x+1) x2 +x+1
(x2 +x+1)
2
f (x)
➢ Type-4 : Its an improper rational function of the form where g(x) contains
g ( x)
linear factors or repeated linear factors
Here, first express the improper rational function
f (x)
as ( ) =q ( x ) + ( ) and resolve ( ) into its partial fractions accordingly
f x r x r x
g ( x) g(x) g(x) g (x)
x3 3x-2 A B
Ex: - (x-1) + = ( x-1) + +
(x-1) (x+2)
2
x +x-2 x-1 x+2
f (x)
➢ Type-5 : It’s in the form where g(x) single repeated linear factor in the form
g ( x)
(ax + b)n
Here take g(x) = y and find x in terms of y
f (x)
Then change into a rational function of y and simplify accordingly
g ( x)
(y+2)
2
x2 -2x+6 -2(y+2)+6
Ex: = where y = x - 2
( x-2 )
3
y3
f (x)
➢ Type 6 : It’s in the form , where g(x) contains a non repeated irreducible
g (x)
factor of the form ax2+bx+c
Here, for every factor (ax2+bx+c), there exists one partial fraction of the form
Ax+B
ax2 +bx+c
x2 -3 A Bx+C
Ex: = +
(x+2)(x2 +1) x+2 x2 +1
LEVEL-I (4 Marks)
1
1) Resolve into partial fractions
x (x+a)
3
Sol: Let 1
=
A
+
B
+
C
+
D
x3 (x+a) x x2 x3 x+a
96
Ax2 (x+a)+Bx (x+a)+C(x+a)+Dx3
=
x3(x+a)
= Ax2 (x+a)+Bx(x+a)+C(x+a)+Dx3=1 ............ (1)
Putting x = -a in (1) we get A(0)+B(0)+C(0)+D(-a)3=1
-1
= D(-a)3 = 1 D=
a3
Putting x = -0 in (1) we get A.0 (a) + B.0(a) +C(a)+D(0)=1
1
C(a) = 1 C =
a
Equating the coefficient of x3, we get
1
A+D=0 A=-D A=
a3
Equating the coefficient of x2, we get
a(A)+B=0 B=-a(A)=-a
1 -1
B=
a3 a2
1 A B C D
3
= + 2- 3+
x (x+a) x x x x+a
1 1 1 1
3
- 2 2 + 3- 3
ax ax ax a (x+a)
2x+3
2) Resolve into partial fractions
(x-1)
3
2x+3 2(y+1)+3 2y+5
Sol: x-1=y then x=y+1 = =
(x-1)
3 3
y y3
2 5 2 5
+ 3 = +
( x − 1) ( x − 1)
2 2 3
y y
2x+3 2 5
= +
(x-1) (x-1)2 (x-1)
3 3
3x-1
3) Resolve into partial fractions
(1-x+x2 )(x+2)
3x-1 A Bx+C A(1-x+x2 )+(Bx+C)(x+2)
Sol: Let = + =
(1-x+x2 )(x+2) x+2 1-x+x2 (x+2)(1-x+x2 )
A(1-x+x2)+(Bx+C)(x+2)=3x-1 ............. (1)
97
Putting x=-2 in (1) we get A(1+2+4)=-7
7A=-7 A=-1
Equating the coefficients of x2 in (1) we get A+B=0
Equating the constant terms in (1), we get A+2C=-1
B=-A
2C=-1-A=-1+1=0 C=0
3x-1 A Bx+C -1 x
= + = +
(1-x+x2 )(x+2) x+2 1-x+x2 x+2 1-x+x2
2x2 +2x+1
4) Resolve into partial fractions
x3+x2
Sol: The denominator x3+x2=x2(x+1)
2x2 +2x+1 2x2 +2x+1 A B C Ax (x+1) +B(x+1) +Cx2
G.E. = =
x2 (x+1)
= +
x2
+ =
x3+x2 x x+1 x2 (x+1)
Ax(x+1)+B(x+1)+Cx2=2x2+2x+1 ............ (1)
Putting x=0 in(1) we get A(0)+B(1)+C(0)=1 B=1
Putting x=-1 in (1) we get A(0)+B(0)+C(-1)2
= 2(-1)2+2(-1)+1 C(1)=1 C=1
Equating the coefficients of x2, we get 2=A+C A=2-C
=2-1=1
2x2 +2x+1 A B C 1 1 1
x3+x2 = + 2 + = + 2+
x x x+1 x x x+1
x2 -3
5) Resolve into partial fractions
(x+2)(x2 +1)
x2 -3 A Bx+C A ( x 2 +1)+(Bx+C)(x+2)
Sol: Let = + =
(x+2)(x2 +1) x+2 x2 +1 (x+2)(x2 +1)
A(x2+1)+(Bx+C)(x+2)=x2-3 ............(1)
Putting x=-2 in (1) we get A(4+1)+(Bx+C)(0)=4-3
1
= 5A=1 A=
5
−8
Putting x=0 in (1), we get A+2C=-3 C=
5
98
Comparing the coefficients of x2, we get A+B=1
1 4
B=1-A=1 − =
5 5
x2 -3 = 1 + 4x-8
( x+2 ) (x 2 +1) 5(x+2) 5 ( x 2 +1)
x2-x+1
6) Resolve into partial fractions
(x+1)(x-1)
2
Sol: Let x 2-x+1 = A + B + C 2
2
(x+1)(x-1) x+1 x-1 (x-1)
A(x-1) +B(x+1) (x-1) +C(x+1)
2
x2 -x+1
=
(x+1) (x-1) 2 (x+1) (x-1)
2
A(x-1)2+B(x+1)(x-1)+C(x+1)=x2-x+1…..(1)
Putting x=1 in (1) we get A(1-1)2+B(2)(0)+C(1+1)=1
1
2C=1 C=
2
Putting x=-1 is (1), we get A(-1-1)2+B(-1+1)(-1-1)+C(-1+1)=3
3
4A=3 A=
4
2 3 1
Equating the coefficients of x , we get A+B=1 B=1-A=1- =
4 4
x2-x+1 = A + B + C 2= 3 + 1 + 1
2 2
(x+1)(x-1) x+1 x-1 (x-1) 4 ( ) ( ) 2 (x-1)
x+1 4 x-1
2x2 +3x+4
7) Resolve into partial fractions
(x-1)(x2 +2)
= A(x +2)+(Bx+C )(x-1)
2 2
Sol: Let 2x +3x+4 = A + Bx+C
2 2
(x-1)(x 2 +2) x-1 x +2 (x-1)(x +2)
A(x2+2)+(Bx+C)(x-1)=2x2+3x+4……(1)
Putting x=1 in (1) we get A(12+2)+(Bx+C)(0)=2(1)2+3(1)+4
3A=9 A=3
Putting x=0 in(1), we get A(0+2)+(0+C)(0-1)=4 2A-C=4
C=2A-4=2(3)-4=2
99
Comparing the coefficients of x2 in(1), we get A+B=2 0
3+B=2 B=-1
2x2 +3x+4 3 (-1) x+2 + 3 2-x
= + + 2
(x-1 ) (x 2
+2) x-1 2
x +2 x-1 x +2
x4
8) Resolve into partial fractions
(x-1) (x-2) )(
x2-3x+2 x4 x2+3x+7
x4 - 3x3 + 2x2
2 4 2
Sol: (x-1(x-2)=x -3x+2. Now on dividing x by x -3x+2, we have (-) (+) (-)
x4
3x3 - 2x2
3x3 - 9x2 + 6x
(x-1) (x-2) (-) (+) (-)
15x-14 7x2-6x
= (x2+3x+7)+
(x-1)(x-2) 7x2 – 21 x + 14
(-) (+) (-)
A ( x-2) +B(x-1)
A
15x-14 = + B
=
(x-1) (x-2) (x-1) (x-2) (x-1) (x-2) 15 x -14
A(x-2)+B(x-1)=15x-14……(1)
Putting x=1 in (1), we get A(1-2)+B(0)=15(1)-14=1 A=-1
Putting x=2 in (1), we get A(0)+B(2-1)=15(2)-14=16 B=16
x4 1 16
=x 2 +3x+7- +
(x-1) (x-2) x-1 x-2
3x-18
9) Resolve into partial fractions
x3 (x+3)
A B C D
Sol: Let 3x-18 = + + + 3x+8
x (x+3) x x x x+3
3 2 3
x3 (x+3)
Ax2 (x+3) +Bx (x+3) +C(x+3) +Dx3
=
x3 (x+3)
Ax2 (x+3)+Bx(x+3)+C(x+3)+Dx3=3x-18...... (1)
Putting x=-3 in (1), we get A(0)+B(0)+C(0)+D(-3)2
= 3(-3)2-18 -270=-27 D=1
Putting x=0 in (1) we get A(0)+B(0)+C(0+3)+D(0)=3(0)-18
10
3C=-18 C=-6
Equating the coefficients of x3 in(1), we get
A+D=0 A=-D -1 A=-1
Equating the coefficients of x2 in (1), we get
3A+B=0 B=-3A=-3(-1)=3 B=3
3x-18 A B C D
= + + +
x3 (x+3) x x2 x3 x+3
= -1 + 32 - 63 + 1
x x x x+3
x3
10) Resolve into partial fractions
(x-1) (x+2)
Sol: Here, then degree of numerator of 3 degree of denominator 2.
So, it is an improper function x2+x-2) x (x-1
3
x3+x2-2x
2
Also (x-1)(x+2)=x +x-2 (-) (-) (+)
x3 3x-2
= ( x-1) + -x2+2x
(x-1) (x+2) 2
x +x-2 -x2-x+2
(+) (+) (-)
3x-2 3x-2
=
x +x-2 (x-1)(x+2)
2 3x-2
A B A ( x+2 ) +B(x-1)
= + =
x-1 x+2 (x-1)(x+2)
A(x+2)+B(x-1)=3x-2……(1)
1
Putting x=1 in (1), we get A(3)+B(0)=3-2 3A=1 A=
3
Putting x=-2 in (1), we get A(0)+B(-3)=3(-2)(-2)
8
-3B=-8 B=
3
3x-2 A B 1 8
= + = +
x2 +x-2 x-1 x+2 3(x-1) 3(x+1)
1 8
x3 =x-1+ +
(x-1) (x+2) 3(x-1) 3(x+1)
LEVEL-II (4 Marks)
10
x2 +1
1) Resolve into partial fractions
(x2 +x+1)
2
x2 +1 Ax+B Cx+D (Ax+B) (x2 +x+1)+Cx+D
Sol: Let = + =
(x2 +x+1) x2 +x+1 (x2 +x+1) (x2 +x+1)
2 2 2
(Ax+B)(x2+x+1)+(Cx+D)=(x2+1) .............. (1)
Equating the coefficients of x3 in (1), we get A = 0
Equating the coefficients of x2 in (1), we get A+B=1
0+B=1B=1
Equating the coefficients of x in (1), we get
A+B+C=0 0+1+C=0 C=-1
Equating the constants in (1), we get
B+D=1 1 + D = 1
D=1-1
x2 +1 Ax+B Cx+D 1 x
= + -
2 =
(x2 +x+1) x2 +x+1 (x2 +x+1) x2 +x+1
(x2 +x+1)
2
2
1
2) Resolve into partial fractions
( x − 1) ( x − 2)
2
Sol: Let 1
=
A
+
B
+
C
1
(x-1) (x-2)
2
(x-1) (x-1) (x-2) (x-1) (x-2)
2 2
A ( x-1) (x-2) +B(x-2) +C(x-1)
2
=
(x-1) (x-2)
2
A(x-1)(x-2)+B(x-2)+C(x-1)2=1…..(1)
Putting x=1 in (1), we get A(0)+B(1-2)+C(0)=1 -B=1 B=-1
Putting x=2 in (1), we get A(0)+B(0)+C(2-1)2=1 C=1
Equating the coefficients of x2 in (1), we get A+C=0
A=-C A=-1
1 A B C
= + 2 +
( x −1) ( x − 2)
2
( x −1) ( x −1) ( x − 2)
10
−1 1 1
= − +
( x −1) ( x −1)2 x−2
3x
3) Find the coefficient of x4 in the power series expansion of
( x − 2 )( x +1)
Sol: Resolving the given fraction into partial fraction
3x 2 1
= +
( x − 2 )( x +1) x − 2 x +1
2 1
= + 1 =
2
x +
x − 2 x + 1 −2 1 − 1+ x
2
−1 −1 x x 2 x 3 x 4
x
= − 1 − + (1 + x) = − 1 + + + ..... + 1 − x + x2 − x3 + x4 +......
+ +
2 2 2 2 2
−1 1
coefficients of x4 = +1 = 1− =
15
4
2 16 16
x2 + 5x + 7
4) Resolve into partial fractions
( x − 3)
3
Sol: Put x-3=y then x=y+3
(y+3) +5(y+3) +7
2
x2 +5x+7
=
(x-3)
3
y3
y2 +6y+9+5y+15+7 y2 +11y+31
= =
y3 y3
= 1 + 112 + 313 = 1 + 11 2 + 31 3
y y y x-3 (x-3) (x-3)
3x+7
5) Resolve 2
into partial fractions
x -3x+2
Sol: The denominator x2-3x+2=x2-2x-x+2=x(x-2)-(x-2)=(x-1)(x-2)
G.E. = 3x + 7 3x + 7 A B A( x − 2) + B ( x − 1)
= = + =
x − 3x + 2
2
( x − 1) ( x − 2) ( x − 1) ( x − 2) ( x − 1) ( x − 2)
A(x-2)+B(x-1)=3x+7…….(1)
Putting x=1 in (1) we get A(1-2)+B(1-1)
=3(1)+7 -A=10 A=-10
Putting x=2 in (1), we get A(x-2)+B(2-1)=3(2)+7 B=13
10
3x + 7 A B −10 13
= + = +
x2 − 3x + 2 ( x −1) ( x − 2) x −1 x − 2
1
6) Resolve into partial fractions
( x − 1) ( x − 2)
2
Sol: Let 1
=
A
+
B
+
C
( x −1) ( x − 2) ( x −1) ( x −1) ( x − 2)
2 2
1
( x −1) ( x − 2)
2
A( x − 1) − ( x − 2) + B ( x − 2) + C ( x − 1)
2
=
( x − 1) ( x − 2)
2
A(x-1)(x-2)+B(x-2)+C(x-1)2=1 ........... (1)
Putting x=1 in (1), we get A(0)+B(1-2)+C(0)=1 -B=1 B=-1
Putting x=2 in (1), we get A(0)+B(0)+C(2-1)2=1 C=1
Equating the coefficients of x2 in (1), we get
A+C=0 A=-C A=-1
1 A B C
= + 2 +
(x-1) (x-2)
2
(x-1) (x-1) (x-2)
= -1 - 1
+
1
(x-1) (x-1) 2
x-2
7) Resolve x3
into partial fractions
(x-a ) (x-b) (x-c)
x3 A B C
Sol: Let =1+ + + Here deg(Nr)=deg(Dr)
(x-a ) (x-b )( x-c) x-a x-b x-c
= ( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x-a x-b x-c +A x-b x-c +B x-a x-c +C x-a x-b
(x-a ) (x-b) (x-c)
(x-a)(x-b)(x-c)+A(x-b)(x-c)+B(x-a)(x-c)+C(x-a)(x-b) = x3 …….(1)
Putting x=a in (1) we get 0+A(a-b)(a-c)+0+0 =a3
a3
A=
(a-b) (a-c)
b3 c3
Similarly by putting x=b and x=c we get B= ,C=
(b-a)(b-c) (c-a) (c-b)
10
x3 a3 b3 c3
=1+ + +
(x-a ) (x-b) (x-6) (a-b) (a-c) (x-a) (b-c )( b-a )( x-b) (c-a ) (c-b) (x-c)
8) Resolve x3
into partial fractions
(2x-1) (x+2)(x-3)
x3 1 A B C
Sol: Let = + + +
(2x-1) (x+2) (x-3) 2 2x-1 x+2 x-3
= ( )( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
2x-1 x+2 x-3 +A 2 x+2 x-3 +B 2 2x-1 x-3 +C 2 2x-1 x+2
2 (2x-1)(x+2) (x-3)
(2x-1)(x+2)(x-3)+2A(x+2)(x-3)+2B(2x-1)(x-3)+2C(2x-1)(x+2)=2x3 …….(1)
in (1) we get 0+2A - +B(0) +C(0)
1 5 5
Putting x=
2 2 2
= 2 1 -25A = 1 A= -1
8 2 4 50
Putting x=-2 in (1), we get 0+A(0)+2B(-5)(-5)+C(0)
-8
=2(-8) 50B = -16 B=
25
Putting x=3 in (1), we get 0+A(0)+B(0)+2C 5(5) = 2(27)
27
= 25C=27 C=
25
x3 =1+ A + B + C =1
(2x-1) (x+2) (x-3) 2 (2x-1) (x+2) (x-3) 2
1 8 27
- +
56(2x-1) 25(x+2) 25(x-3)
x3
9. Resolve into partial fractions
(2x-1)(x-1)
2
x3 1 A B C
Sol: Let = + + +
(2x-1)(x-1) x (2x-1) x-13 (x-1)
2 2
(2x-1) (x-1) +A(2) (x-1) +B(2) (2x-1) (x-1) +C(2) (2x+1)
2 2
x3
=
2 (2x-1) (x-1)
2
(2x-1) (x-1)2
1
Putting x= x (1), we get
2
10
1 1
2 = 2A
8 4
1
A=
2
2A+2B-2C=1 2B=1+2C-2A 2B=1+2-1 2B=2 B=1
x3 1 A B C 1 1 1 1
= + + + = + + +
(2x-1)(x-1) 2 2x-1 x-1 (x-1) 2 2 2 (2x-1) (x-1) (x-1)
2 2
x+3
10) Resolve into partial fractions
(1-x)
2
(1+x2 )
A
Sol: Let x+3 = + B
+
Cx+D
(1-x) (1+x2 ) (1-x) (1-x) (1+x2 )
2 2
A(1-x)(1+x2 )+B(1+x2 )+(Cx+D)(1-x) 2
=
(1-x) (1+x2 )
2
( ) (
A(1-x) 1+x2 +B 1+x2 +(cx+D)(1-x) =x+3 ) 2
( ) ( )
A(1-x) 1+x2 +B 1+x2 +(cx+D) x2 -2x+1 =x+3 ....... (1) ( )
Putting x=1 in (1) we get A(0)+B(1+1)+(Cx+D)(0)
=1+3 2B=4 B=2………(2)
Comparing the coefficients of x3 in (1), we get –A+C=0 A=C………(3)
Comparing the constant terms in (1), we get A+B+D=3
A+0=3-B=3-2=1 A+D=1........ (4)
Comparing the coefficients of x2 is (1) we get A+B-2C+D=0
3
2C=(A+D)+B=1+2=3 C=
2
3 3 -1
From (3), A=C= ; from (4) D=1-A=1- =
2 2 2
x+3
=
A
+
B
+
Cx+D
=
3
+
2
+
(3x-1)
(1-x)2 (1+x2 ) (1-x) (1-x)2 (1+x2 ) 2 (1-x) (1-x)2 2 (1+x2 )
10
Chapter-8
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
Weightage: (2 + 7)
Very short answer questions (2 M)
Level-1
Find the mean deviation about mean of the following discrete data
3, 6, 10, 4, 9, 10
Sol: Let x be the mean of given data
sum of observations
x=
number ofobservation
3 + 6 +10 + 4 + 9 +10 42
x= = =7
6 6
Now calculation of mean duration from mean
xi 3 6 10 4 9 10
xi − x 4 1 3 3 2 3
Total x − x = 4 + 7 + 3 + 3 + 2 + 3 = 16
i
x −x i 16 8
mean deviation from mean = i−1
= = = 2.67
n 6 3
2. Find the mean deviation about median for the following data 13, 17, 16, 11,
13, 10, 16, 11, 18, 12, 17
Sol: Arranging data in ascending order 10, 11, 11, 12, 13, 13, 16, 16, 17, 17, 18
Here number of observations n = 11 (odd)
n +1 11+1
(i.e.,) Median = = =6 Ungrouped data:
2 2
n +1
Median = if n is odd
Median (b) = 6 observation is 13
th
2
10
Calculation of mean deviation about median
xi 10 11 12 13 13 16 16 17 17 18
|xi- 3 22 1 0 0 3 3 4 4 5
x i −b =27
b|
Mean deviation about median
n
x −b i
27 2.45
i=1
n
= 11
=
3. Find the variance and standard deviation of following data 5, 12, 8, 18, 6, 8, 2, 10
5 +12 + 3 +18 + 6 + 8 + 2 +10 64
Sol. The mean of given data is x= = =8
8 8
xi 5 12 3 18 6 8 2 10
xi − x -3 4 -5 10 -2 0 -6 2
(x − x)
2
9 16 25 100 4 0 36 4
i
(x − x)
i=1
i
2
= 194
Variance
194
σ2 = = 24.25
8
Standard deviation ( σ ) = 24.25 = 4.92 (approx)
4. Find the mean deviation from mean of the following discrete data
6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 4, 12, 16.
6 + 7 +10 +12 +13 + 4 +12 +16
Sol. The mean of given data is x= = 10
8
The absolute value of deviations xi − x = 4, 3, 0, 2, 3, 6, 2, 6
n
3.25
x −x i 4+3+ 0+ 2 +3+ 6+ 2 + 6 26
Mean deviation from mean =
i=1
= =
n 8 8
10
Level-II
5. The coefficient of variation of two distribution are 60 and 70 and their
standard deviations are 21 and 16 respectively. Find their arithmetic means.
Solu: Given coefficient of variation of 1st distribution = 60
Coefficient of variation of 2nd distribution = 70
And standard deviations σ1 = 21, σ2 = 16
σ → arithmetic mean
x 100 x
Co-efficient of variation =
x
21
For 1st distribution 60 = x 100 x1 = 21 x 100
x1 60
=35
16
For 2nd distribution 70 = = 100 x = 16 x 100
2
x2 70
160
x2 = = 22.85
6. Find the mean deviation about mean for the following data
Xi 2 5 7 8 10 35
fi 6 8 10 6 8 2
Sol. Calculation of mean deviation about mean.
xi fi fixi xi − x = xi − 8 fi xi − x
2 6 12 6 36
5 8 40 3 24
7 10 70 1 10
8 6 48 0 0
10 8 80 2 16
35 2 70 27 54
N= fi = 40 fxi i = 320
10
fx i i
320
Mean x= x= =8
fi 40
1 n
Mean deviation about mean = fi xi − x
N i=1
140
= = 7.3.5
40
7. Find the variance of the data 6, 7,10, 12, 13, 4, 8, 12
6 + 7 +10 +12 + 13 + 4 + 8 +12 72
Soln: Mean x = 8 = 8 =9
Xi 6 7 10 12 13 4 8 12
xi − x -3 -2 1 3 4 -5 -1 3
(x − x) (x − x)2 = 74
2
i
9 4 1 9 16 25 1 9 i
variance = (x − x)2
=
i
74
= 9.25
8 8
8. The variance of 20 observations is 5. If each is multiplied by 2, find the
variance of resulting observations.
Solu: We know that each observation in data is multiplied by k then variance of
resulting data = k2 times original variance.
variance of new observations = 22.5 = 20
Long Answer Questions: (7 M)
Level – I
1. Find the mean deviation from mean of following data, using stem deviation
method.
Marks: 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
No. of
students: 6 5 8 15 7 6 3
Solu: We shall construct the following table.
11
No. of yi xi -A xi − x
Class Midpoint h
students fi yi fi xi = x
interval (xi) xi − 35 xi − 33.4
(fi) yi =
10
6-10 6 6 -3 -18 28.4 170.4
10-20 15 5 -2 -10 18.4 92
20-30 25 8 -1 -8 8.4 67.2
30-40 35 15 0 0 1.6 24.0
40-50 45 7 1 7 11.6 81.2
50-60 55 6 2 12 21.6 129.6
60-70 65 3 3 9 31.6 94.8
=-8
N=50 659.2
fy
i i = −8
Here width of class interval is 10 and assumed mean A = 35
Here N = 50
Mean f i yi
x = A+ h
N
8
x = 35 + − x 10 = 33.4
50
Mean deviation from mean =
1
= (659.2) = 13.18 ( approx)
50
3. Calculate the variance and standard deviation of following continuous
frequency distribution.
Class
30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
Interval
Frequency 3 7 12 15 8 3 2
11
Sub: Constructing the table with given data.
Class Frequency Midpt xi-65
yi= yi2 fiyi fiyi2
Interval (fi) (xi) 10
30-40 3 35 -3 9 -9 27
40-50 7 45 -2 4 -14 28
50-60 12 55 -1 1 12 12
60-70 15 65 0 0 0 0
70-80 8 75 1 1 8 8
80-90 3 85 2 4 12 12
90-100 2 95 3 9 18 18
N = 50 fiyi = −15 fiyi2 = 105
Here width of class interval (h) = 10, assumed mean A = 65
(−15)
Mean = fiyi = 65+ x 10 = 62 (1M)
x =A + x h 50
N
h2
x = 2 N fi yi2 − ( fi y i)
2
2
Variance
N
100
2 = 50(105) - (-15)
2
x
2500
5250 - 225 = 201
1
=
25
14.18
St andard deviation approx = x = 201 =
3. Calculate the variance and standard deviation for the discrete frequency
distribution.
xi 4 8 11 17 20 24 32
Fi 3 5 9 5 4 3 1
Sol: Construction of table
xi fi fixi
(x - x )
i 2 (
fi xi - x )
2
x i- x
4 3 12 -10 100 300
11
8 5 40 -6 36 180
11 9 99 -3 9 81
17 5 85 3 9 45
20 4 80 6 36 144
24 3 72 10 100 300
32 1 32 18 324 324
f x f ( x − x)
2
i i i i
N = 30
=420 =1374
f ( x − x)
7 7
Here N = 30, fi xi = 420
2
i i = 1374
i=1 i=1
x=
fx i i
=
420
= 14
N 30
2 = fi(x − x)2 = (1374) =
1 1
Variance 45.8
i
N 30
Standard deviation T= 45.8 = 6.77
4. Find the mean deviation about mean for the following continuous distribution.
Height
95-105 105-115 115-125 125-135 135-145 145-155
(in cm)
No. of
boys 9 13 26 30 12 10
Solution: Construction of table
No. of Midpoint
Height Fixi |xi- x | fi|xi- x |
boys fi Xi
95-105 9 100 900 25.3 227.7
105-115 13 110 1430 15.3 198.9
115-125 26 120 3120 5.3 137.8
125-135 30 130 3900 4.7 141.0
135-145 12 140 1680 14.7 176.4
145-155 10 150 1500 24.7 247.0
N = fi = 100 f x = 12530
i i f i xi − x = (1128.8)
11
x=
fx
i i
=
12530
= 125.3
125.3
N 100
Mean deviation from mean = 1
f i
x −x
i
N
1
= (1128.8) = 11.29 (approx)
100
Level-2
5. The complete table gives the daily wages of workers in a faculty compute
the standard deviation and coefficient of variation of wages of workers.
Wage
125-175 175-225 225-275 275-325 325-375 375-425
(Rs)
No. of
2 22 19 14 3 4
wages
Wages (Rs) 425-475 475-525 525-575
No. of
6 1 1
workers
Solution:
Class Frequency yi= xi -A yi2 f y2
Midpt xi fiyi i i
interval fi h
125-175 150 2 -3 -6 9 18
175-225 200 22 -2 -44 4 88
225-275 250 19 -1 -19 1 19
275-325 300 14 0 0 0 0
325-375 350 3 1 3 1 3
375-425 400 4 2 8 4 16
425-475 450 6 3 18 9 54
475-525 500 1 4 4 16 16
525-575 550 1 5 5 25 25
N=7 fy i i = −31 f y2 = 239
i i
Here width of class interval (h) = 50, assumed mean A = 300
x = A + i
f y Xh
N
11
−31
= 300 +
1550
Mean 50 = 300 - =
72 72 278.47
Variance
239
𝜎x = 2500 - = 88.52
σx
Coefficient of variation = x 100 = 88.52 x 100
x 278.47
= 31.79
6. The mean of 5 observations is 4.4 their variance is 8.24. If three of the
observations are 1, 2 and 6. Find the other two observations.
Solu. Let the other two observations be x and y. Then the series is 1, 2, 6, x, y.
9+ x+ y
x2 =
5
But mean x = 4.4 given
9+ x+ y
= 4.4 x + y = 13 ⎯⎯⎯→ (1)
5
Variance σ2 = 8.24
x2 − ( x )
1 2
= 8.24
i
n
1+ 4 + 36 + x2 + y2
- (4.4)2 = 8.24
5
x2 + y2 = 5(8.24) + 5(19.36) – 41
x2 + y2 = 97 ⎯⎯⎯→ (2)
(2) (x + y)2 – 2xy = 97
(13)2 – 2xy = 97 2xy = 72
xy = 36
Then x + y = 13, xy = 36
(x-y)2 = (x+y)2 – 4xy = 169 – 144 = 25
x – y = 5 solving x + y = 13 and x – y = 5 We get X = 9, y = 4
11
Chapter-9
PROBABILITY
Weightage: (4 + 4 + 7)
Short Answer Type Questions(4 Marks) :
LEVEL-1:
1) A speaks truth in 75% of cases and B in 80% cases. What is the probability that
their statements about incident do not match.
Sol: Let E1 and E2 be the events that A and B speak truth respectively
P ( E ) =
75
=
3
( )=1- 3 = 1
P E
1 1
100 4 4 4
80 4 4 1
P( E2 ) = = P E 2 =1- = ( ) (1M)
100 5 5 5
The probability that their statements about an incident do not match=
( ) (
P E1 E2 +P E1 E2 )
= P ( E 1 ) .P ( E 2 ) +p ( E 1 ) .P (E 2 ) ( E1,E2 are independent events) (1M)
3 1 1 4
= . + . =7 (2M)
4 5 4 5 20
2) A,B,C are three horses in a race. The probability of A to win the race is twice that
of B and probability of B is twice that of C. What are the probabilities of A, B and
C to win the race.
Sol: Let A, B, C be three horses representing as events A, B, C respectively
Given P(A) = 2P(B) → (1) (1M)
P(B) = 2P(C) → (2)
Let P(C) = x
P(B) = 2x and P(A) = 2(2P(C))
= 4P(C) (1M)
= 4x
11
We know P(A) + P(B) + P(C) = 1
1
4x+2x+x=1 7x=1 or x=
7
2 4
(i. e. , P(B)=2x= P(A)=4x= (1M)
7 7 7
3) A and B are events with P(A)=0.5, P(B)=0.4 and P ( A B)=0.3 . Find the probability
that (i) A does not occur (ii) neither A nor B occurs
(i) We know that AC denotes the event : A does not occur and (A B) denotes the
C
Sol:
event : neither A nor B occurs. (1M)
Then P ( A C )=1-P(A)=1-0.5 = 0.5 (1M)
(ii) By addition theorem P ( A B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A B)
= 0.5+0.4-0.3
=0.6 (1M)
P ( A B) =1-P ( A B)
C
= 1-0.6
= 0.4 (1M)
4) A problem
1 in1calculus is given to two students A and B whose chances of solving
it are
and . Find the probability of the problem being solved if both of them
3 4
try independently.
Sol: Let E1, E2 be events of A and B to solve a problem in calculus independently.
1 2
P(E1 )= ,P(E1 )=
3 3
1
P(E2 ) = ,P E 2 =
( )
3
(1M)
4 4
The probability of problem being solved
= 1-probability that the problem will not be solved
= 1-P(E1 E2 ) (1M)
=1-P ( E 1 ) .P ( E 2 )
11
2 3
= 1- . = (2M)
3 4
5) Find the probability of drawing on Ace or a spade from a well shuffled pack of 52
playing cards.
Sol: The number of ways of selecting a card from a pack of 52 cards is 52 C 1=52 (1M)
Let A, B be events of drawing an ace and spade respectively
4
P(A)= ( 4 aces in a pack)
52
13
P(B)= ( 13 spades in a pack)
52
1
P ( A B) = ( only one ace in 13 spade cards) (1M)
52
Probability of drawing an ace or spade is P ( A B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A B)
P ( A B) = 4 + 13 - (2M)
52 52
2
6) The probability for a contractor to get a road contract is and to get a building
5 34
contract is
. The probability to get atleast one contract is . Find the probability
9 5
that he gets both the contracts.
Sol: Let A be event of getting road contract B be event of getting building contract.
2 5
Given P(A)= ,P(B)= (1M)
3 9
4
P(atleast one) = P ( A B) = (1M)
5
P ( A B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A B)
4 = 2 + 5 -P ( A B)
5 3 9
11 4 19
P ( A B) = - = (2M)
9 5 45
11
Level:2
Let A and B be independent events with P(A)=0.2, P(B)=0.5. Find (i) P (ii)
A
7)
B
B (iii) P ( A B) (iv) P ( A B)
P
A
Sol: (i) Given A and B are independent events P ( A B)=P(A)P(B)
P ( A B)
(i) P =
A
P(B)
A P ( A ) .P ( B ) (1M)
P = = P ( A ) = 0.2
B P( B)
B P ( A B)
(ii) P =
A P(A)
B P(A).P (B)
P = =P ( B ) = 0.5 (1M)
A P(A)
(iii) P ( A B)=P(A).P(B)
=(0.2)(0.5)
= 0 .1 (1M)
(iv) P ( A B)=P(A)+P(B)-P ( A B)
= 0.2+0.5-0.1 = 0.6
(1M)
11
8) The probability that Australia wins a match against India in a cricket game is
1
given to be . If India and Australia play 3 matches what is the probability that
3
(i) Australia will lose all three matches
(ii) Australia will win atleast one match
Sol: Let A be an event that Australia wins a match against India in a cricket game
1 2
P ( A ) = P A =
3
( )
3
(1M)
(i) Probability that Australia will loose all three matches = P ( A ) .P ( A ) .P ( A )
2 2 2
= . . = 8 (1M)
3 3 3 27
(ii) Probability that Australia will win atleast one match = 1-probability of loosing all
matches
8 19
= 1- = (1M)
27 27
9) A bag contains 12 two rupee coins, 7 one rupee coins, 4 half a rupee coins. If
three coins are selected at random then find the probability that
(i) Sum of three coins is maximum (ii) Sum of three coins is minimum
(iii) each coin is of different value
Sol: The sample space of the experiment getting 3 coins from 23 coins n(S)=23C 3
(1M)
(i) Even A: getting sum maximum
Select 3 coins from 12 (2Rs coins) in 12 C 3 ways
n(A)=12C 3
12
C3
= 23
(1M)
C3
(ii) Event B : getting sum minimum
12
1
Select 3 coins from 4( Rs coins) in 4 C 3 ways
2
n(B)=4C 3
4
C3
= 23
(1M)
C3
(iii) Event C: each one is of different values
Select 1 coin from 12 (2 Rs coins) in 12 C 1 ways
Select 1 coin from 7 (1 Rs coins) in 7 C 1 ways
1
Select 1 coin from 4 ( Rs coins) in 4 C1 ways
2
n(C)=12C 1.7C 1.4C1
12
C .7C .4C
P C = 1
12
1 1 (1M)
C3
10) The probability of three events A,B,C are such that P(A)=0.3, P(B)=0.4, P(C)=0.8,
P(A B) =0.08, P(A C) =0.28, P ( A BC ) =0.09 and P ( A BC ) 0.75 . Show
that P ( BC ) lies in interval [0.23, 0.48]
Sol: Given P(A)=0.3, P(B)=0.4, P(C)=0.8
P ( A B)=0.08, P(AC)=0.28, P ( A BC)=0.09
P ( A BC ) 0.75
0 P(A) 1
Clearly 0.75 P ( A BC ) 1
P ( A BC)=P(A)+P(B)+P(C)-P(A B)-P(BC)-P(A C)+P(A BC)
0.75 0.3+0.4+0.8-0.08-P ( BC ) -0.28+0.09 1
0.75 1.23-P(B C) 1
12
0.75-1.23 -P(BC) 1-1.23 0.48 P(B C) 0.23
0.23 P(B C) 0.48
P(BC)[0.23, 0.48]
11) Bag B1 contains 4 white and 2 black balls. Bag B2 contains 3 white and 4 black
balls. A bag is drawn at random and a ball is chosen at random. What is the
probability that the ball drawn is white
1
Sol: Let E1, E2 be events of choosing bags B1 and B2 resp. Then P( E 1 ) =P(E2 ) =
2
W 4 2 W 3 (1M)
P = = P =
E
1 6 3 E2 7
W=(W E1) ( W E2 ) and ( W E1) ( W E2 )= (1M)
P ( W ) =P ( W E 1 ) +P ( WE 2 )
W
P ( E ).P +P ( E W [by multiplication theorem]
E 2 ).P
E
1
1 2
1 2 1 3 1
= . + . = + (2M)
2 3 2 7 3
Long Answer Questions (7 Marks)
Level:1
1) If A,B,C are three independent events of an experiment such that
( 1
4
) ( 1
) (
P A BC CC = ,P A C B CC = ,P A C BC CC =
8
1
4
) , then find P(A), P(B) and
P(C).
Given P ( A BC CC ) = → (1)
1
Sol:
4
( 1
P A C B CC = →
8
) (2)
12
(
P A C BC CC = ) 1
4
→ (3)
If A,B,C are independent events then (P BC)=P(A).P(B).P(C) (1M)
(2) P ( A C ) .P ( B ) .P ( C C
) 81 1
= = =
(3) P ( A C ).P(BC ).P(CC ) 1 2
4
P(B)
= 2P(B) =P(BC )
1
P (BC ) 2
2P(B)=1-P(B)
3P(B)=1
1
P ( B ) = (2M)
1
(1) P ( A ) .P ( B C ) .P ( C C
)
= = 4 =1
(2) P ( A C ) .P ( B C ) .P ( C C ) 1
4
P(A)
=1 P(A) =P(AC )
P(A C
)
P(A)=1-P(A)
2P(A)=1
(2M)
From (3) ( ) ( ) ( )
P A C .P B C .P C C =
1
4
1 1
1- 1- .P C C =
2 3
( )
1
4
1 2
( )
1
P CC = P CC =
3
( )
2 3 4 4
P(C) =1-P CC ( )
12
3
=1-
4
1
P(C) = (2M)
2) State and prove addition theorem on probability
Sol: Statement: Let A, B be any two events of a random experiment and P is a
probability functions
then P ( A B)=P(A)+P(B)-P ( A B)
Prof: Let A and B are any two events of random experiment and P is a probability
function
Case(i) : Suppose A B= then P ( A B)=P()=0
Now P ( A B)=P(A)+P(B)
P ( A B)=P(A)+P(B)-0
P ( A B)=P(A)+P(B)-P ( A B) (1M)
Case(ii): Suppose A B= then A B=A (B-A) and A B=A (B-A) and
A ( B-A)=
Now P ( A B)=P[A(B-A)]
= P(A)+P(B-A) (1M)
( A (B-A) = )
= P(A) +P B- (A B) ( B-A=B- (A B)) (1M)
= P(A)+P(B)-P(A B)
( E2then P ( E 2 -E1 ) =P ( E 2 ) -P ( E 1 ))
From Case (i) and Case (ii)
12
(2M)
3) A,B,C are 3 newspapers from a city 20% of the population read A, 16% read B,
14% read C, 8% read both A and B, 5% read both A and C, 4% read both B and C
and 2% read all three. Find the percentage of population who read atleast one
newspaper.
Sol: Let A,B,C are events of reading 3 newspaper A,B,C respectively
20 16 14
P(A) = P(B) = P(C) =
100 100 100
8 5 4
P ( A B) = , P ( A C) = , P(B C)= (2M)
100 100 100
2
P ( A B C) =
100
P ( A BC)=P(A)+P(B)+P(C)-P ( A B)-P ( BC ) -P ( A C ) +P ( A BC) (1M)
= 20 + 16 + 14 - 8 - 5 - 4 + 2 (4M)
100 100 100 100 100 100 100
= 52 - 17 = 35
100 100 100
Percentage of population that read atleast one newspaper is 35%
4) State and prove Baye’s theorem
Sol: Statement : Let E1, E2,……En be n mutually exclusive and exhaustive events of a
random experiment with P ( E i ) 0 where i = 1,2,……n then for any event A of
random experiment with P(A) 0
A
P ( Ek ) .P
E E k for k=1,2, .... n
P k = n (2M)
A A
P Ei .P E
i=1 i
Proof:Let S be sample space of random experiment. Let E1, E2,………….En be n
mutually exclusive and exhaustive events of a random experiment with P(Ei) 0
12
Ei E j = for i j [ events are mutually exclusive]
(1M)
n
Also S= Ei ( events are exhaustive events)
i=1
Let A be any event of the experiment, then A=AS
A=A A ( B C) = ( A B) (A C)
E )
i=1
Now P ( A ) =P (A E )
n
P ( A ) = P ( A Ei ) (A Ei ) (A Ej)= for i j
i=1
n
A
P ( A ) = P ( E i ).P → (1) (by multiplication theorem)
E
i=1 i
(2M)
Now for any event E , P Ek = P ( E k A) (by conditional prob)
k
A P( A)
P(E
E k ) .P EA
P Ak = k ( from (1)) (2M)
n
A
P ( Ei ) .P
i=1 Ei
5) Three boxes B1,B2.B3 contain balls with different colours as shown below
Box White Black Red
B1 2 1 2
B2 3 2 4
B3 4 3 2
A die is thrown B1 is chosen if either 1 or 2 turns up B2 is chosen if 3 or 4 turns up,
B3 is chosen if 5 or 6 turns up. Having chosen a box in this way, a ball is chosen at
random from this box. If the ball drawn is found to be red, find the probability
that it is from box B2.
12
Sol: Let A1,A2,A3 be events of selecting boxes B1,B2,B3 resp.
Since B1 is chosen either 1 or 2 turns up on die
P(A1 ) = 2 = 1
6 3
Since B2 is chosen either 3 or 4 turns up on die
P(A2 ) = 2 = 1
6 3
Since B3 is either 5 or 6 turns up
(1M)
P ( A 3 ) = 2 = 1
6 3
Let R be event of drawing Red ball from box B2
(1M)
R 2 R 4 R 2
P
= , P = , P =
A1 5 A 2 9 A 3 9
P(A R
A 2 ) .P
Prob.of Red ball from box B2 P 2 = A2
R R
R P ( A ) .P +P(A ) .P +P ( A R
A A 3 ) .P
1 2
A
1 2 3
(1M)
1 4 1 4
. .
= 1 2 13 94 1 2 = 1 2 3 49 2 (4M)
. + . + . + +
3 5 3 9 3 9 3 5 9 9
A 94 20
P 2 = 48 = = 5
R 48
12
45
6) Three boxes numbered I, II, III contain the balls as follows
Box White Black Red
I 1 2 3
12
II 2 1 1
III 4 5 3
One box is randomly selected and a ball is drawn from it. If the ball is red then find
the probability that is is from box II
Sol: Let B1,B2,B3 be events of selecting boxes I,II,III respectively
P ( B1) = , P ( B 2 ) = , P ( B 3 ) = (1M)
1 1 1
3 3 3
Let R be event of drawing red ball from box
R 3 1 R 1 R 3 1 (1M)
P = = , P = , P = =
B
1 6 2 B2 4 B3 12 4
The probability that red ball from box II is
P(B
B 2 ).P BR
P R2 = R R
2
R (1M)
P ( B ) .P +P ( B ) P +P ( B ) .P
1 B 2 B 3 B
1 2 3
1 1 1
.
3 4 = 12 (1M)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
. + . + . + +
3 2 3 4 3 4 6 12 12
1
1
= 12
4
=
4
12
Level:2
7) Define conditional probability. State and prove multiplication theorem on
probability
Sol: Conditional Probability : Let A and B be two events of sample space with P(A) 0
then the probability of B after event A has occurred is called conditional
probability of B given A denoted by P
B
A
(2M)
12
B P ( A B)
P = ,P ( A ) 0
A P(A)
Multiplication theorem on Probability
Statement: Let A and B be two events of random experiment with P(A)>0 and
P(B)>0 then
B A
P ( A B) =P ( A ) .P =P ( B ) .P (2M)
A B
Proof: Let A and B be two events of random experiment with P(A)>0 and P(b)>0
From definition of contain probability
B P ( A B) B
P = P ( A B) =P ( A ) .P → (1) (1M)
A P(A) A
A P ( A B) A
Also P = P ( A B) =P ( B ) .P → (2)
B
B P( B)
(1M)
From (1) and (2)
B A
P ( A B) =P ( A ) .P =P ( B ) .P
A B
(1M)
1 2 3
8) In a shooting test the probability of A,B,C hitting the targets are , and
2 3 4
respectively. If all of them fire at same target. Find the probability that (i) only
one of them hits the target (ii) atleast one of them hits the target.
Sol: Let A,B,C be events if hitting targets with A,B,C persons respectively.
P(A) = 1 , P(B) = 2 , P(C) = 3
2 3 4 P(A)
( ) 1 1
( )
P A = ,P B = ,P C =
2 3
1
4
( ) (1M)
Clearly A,B,C are independent events
12
(i) Probability of only one of them hits target
= P ( A B C ) +P ( A B C ) +P ( A BC )
= P ( A ).P ( B).P ( C) +P ( A) .P( B) .P ( C) +P ( A ).P( B) .P( C)
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3
= . . + . . + . .
2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4
1 2
= + + 3 = 6 = 1 (3M)
24 24 24 24 4
(ii) Probability of atleast one of them hits the target
= 1-probability of none of them hits the target
= 1-P ( A B C)
=1-P ( A) .P ( B) .P( C) 1 1 1
= 1- . . = 1-
1
=
23
2 3 4 24 24
(3M)
9) Two persons A and B are rolling a die on the condition that the person who gets
3 first will win the game. If A starts the game, then find probabilities of A and B
respectively to win the game.
Sol: Let P be probability of success and Q be probability of facture when rolling a die,
getting 3 and not getting 3 respectively.
1 5
P= Q=1-P= (1M)
6 6
A B
P QP
QQP QQQP
P(A to win game) = P+QQP+QQQQP+…..
(1M)
13
P(A to win game) = P+Q2P+Q4P+…….
13
=P[1+Q2+Q4……… ] (3M)
a
S =
= P 1 2 1-r
1-Q GP
1
= 6 2= 6
5 11
1-
6
(1M)
P(B to win game) = 1-P(A to win game)
6
= 1-
11
5
= 11 (1M)
10) Three urns have the following composition of balls
Urn-I : 1 White 2 Black
Urn-II : 2 White 1 Black
Urn-III: 2 White 2 Black
One of the urn is selected at random and a ball is drawn. It turns out to be white.
Find the probability that it came from urn III
Sol: Let A1,A2,A3 be events of selecting urns I,II,III
1 1 1
P(A ) = P(A )= P(A )= (1M)
1 2 3
3 3 3
Let W be event of drawing white ball from an urn
W 1 W 2 W 2 (1M)
P A = 3 P A = 3 P A = 4
1 2 3
Probability of white ball from urn III is
13
P(A
A 3 ) P AW
P 3 = W W3 (1M))
W P ( A ) .P +P( A ) P +P ( A W
A A 3 ) P
1 2
A
1 2 3
1 2 1
.
= 3 4 = 6 = 1/3
1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
. + . + . + +
3 3 3 3 3 4 9 9 12
13
Chapter-10
RANDOM VARIABLES AND PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
Weightage (2 + 7)
Very Short Answer Type Questions(2 Marks) :
1) If the mean and variance of a binomial variable X are 2.4 and 1.44 respectively, find
P(1<X 4)
Sol: Mean=2.4 np=2.4 → (1)
Variance=1.44 npq=1.44 → (2) Mean=np
(2) Variance=npq
q =0.6
(1)
p = 1 − q = 0.4 (1M)
From (1) n(0.4)=2.4 n=6
P(X=r)= n c prqn-r
P(1<X 4)=P(X=2)+P(X=3)+P(X=4)
(1M)
2) The probability that a person chosen at random is left handed (in handwriting) is 0.1.
What is the probability that in a group of 10 people, there is one who is left handed
1
Sol: Here n=10, p= =0.1 q=1-p=0.9 (1M)
10
To find P(x=1)
P(x=1)=10c1p1q9 (Here k = 1)
=10(0.1) (0.9)9=(0.9)9 (1M)
Sol: Given mean = np = 4 ⎯⎯→ (1)
3) The mean and variance of a binomial distribution are 4 and 3 respectively. Find
P ( x 1)
Variance =npq=3 ⎯⎯→ (2) Mean = np
Variance = npq
13
(2) q= 3 p=1-q
(1) 4
(1M)
3 1
=1- =
4 4
1
From (1) n =4 n=16
4
P(x 1) =1-P(x=0)
=1 −16 C 1 0 3 16 3
16
. = 1 −
4 4 4
0
4) A Poisson variable satisfies P(x=1)=P(x=2), find P(x=5)
e-λ .λk
Sol: Given P(x=1)=P(x=2) =
k
e-λ .λ1 e-λ .λ2
=
1 2
λ
1= λ=2 (1M)
2
e-2.(2)
5
e-λ .λ5
P (x=5) = = (1M)
5 5
Level-2
5) On an average rain falls on 12 days in every 30 days. Find the probability that, rain
will fall on just 3 days of a given week.
12 2
Sol: Given p= =
30 5
2 3
q=1- = Here n=7, r=3 (1M)
5 5
( )
Probability for rainfall on just 3 days is P(X=3)
P (x=3)=nc3.p3qn-3
3 4
7 2 3
= c3
5 5
35×23×34
= (1M)
57
6) For a binomial distribution with mean 6 and variance 2, find the first two terms of
the distribution
Sol: Given np=6 → (1) Mean = np
npq=2 → (2) variance = npq
(2) 1 2
q= p=
(1) 3 3
2
From (1) n =6 n=9 p(X=x)=nc xpxqn-x (1M)
3
13
0 9
From two terms are P (X=0) = c 0 = 9
9 2 1 1
3 3 3
1 8
P (X=1) =9c 1 2 1 = 9 9 2
3 3 3
2
= 7 (1M)
3
7) It is given that 10% of electric bulbs manufactured by a company are defective. In a
sample of 20 bulbs find the probability that more than 2 are defective
1
Sol: p=probability of defective bulb=
10
9
q= , n=20
10
Probability that more than 2 are defective (1M)
20
P (X>2) = P( X=k )
k =3
k 20-k
c k 1 10
9
20 n 20 20
c k pkqn-k =
=
k =3
k =3
10
20 20-k
k (1M)
k =3 1020
x
2
8) Find constant C given F(x) = C. ,x=1,2,3,............. is p.d.f of a discrete random
3
variable x.
x
( ) c. =1
2
Sol: F x = 1 ...................
x=1 x=1 3
2 a
c + 2 + 2 + ..... =1
2 3
(1M) s =
1-r
3 3 3
2 2
2 1
c 32 =1 c 13 =1 Here a= , r=
1- 3 3
3 3
1
c= (1M)
Long answer questions (7 Marks)
Level-1 :
1) The range of a random variable X is {0,1,2} given that P(X=0)=3c3, P(X=1)=4c-10c2,
P(X=2)=5c-1, find (i) value of c (ii) P(X<1), P (1<X 2) and P (0<X 3)
Sol: We know that sum of probabilities=1
P(X=0)+P(X=1)+P(X=2)=1 (1M)
3c3+4c-10c2+5c-1=1
3c3-10c2+9c-2=0 By trial and error c=1
13
By synthetic division
1 3 -10 9 -2
0 3 -7 -2
3 -7 2 0
solving 3c2-7c+2=0 (1M)
3c(c-2)-1(c-2)=0
(3c-1)(c-2)=0
1
C=2, c=
3
c=1,2 are not possible ( P(X=0)>1)
1
c= (1M)
3 3
3 1 1
(II) P(X>1)=P(X=0)=3c =3 = (1M)
3 9
5 2
P(1<X 2) = P(X=2)=5c-1= -1 = (1M)
3 3
P(0<X 3) = P(X=1)+P(X=2)
=4c-10c2+5c-1
=9c-10c2-1
= 9 -10 -1
1 1
3 9
10
= 3- -1 (2M)
9
=8
9
2) A random variable X has the following probability distribution
X=x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P(X=x) 0 k 2k 2k 3k k2 2k2 7k2+k
Find (i) k value (ii) mean of x and (iii) P(0<X<5)
Sol: We know that sum of probabilities =1
7
P ( x=x i )=1
i=0
(1M)
0+k+2k+2k+3k+k2+2k2+7k2+k=1
10k2+9k-1=0
10k2+10k-k-1=0
10k(k+1)-(k+1)=0
(10k-1)(k+1)=0
(1M)
13
7
ii) Mean μ = x p ( x=x )
i=0
i i
( ) ( ) (
μ=0 (0) +1(k) +2 (2k) +3(2k) +4 (3k) +5 k2 +6 2k2 +7 7k2 +k )
66k2+30k
1 1 366
=66 +30 = =3.66 (3M)
100 10 100
iii) P(0<X<5)=P(X=1)+P(X=2)+P(X=3)+P(X=4)
=k+2k+2k+3k
=8k
= 8 =4 (2M)
10 5
3) A random variable X has the following probability distributions. Find k, mean and
variance of X.
X=xi -2 -1 0 1 2 3
p(X=xi) 0.1 k 0.2 2k 0.3 k
Sol: We know sum of probabilities = 1
3
p ( X=x i ) =1
i=−2
(1M)
0.1+k+0.2+2k+0.3+k=1
4k+0.6=1
4k=0.4
K=0.1 (1M)
Mean μ= x i p ( x=x i )
= -2(0.1)-1(k)+0(0.2)+1(2k)+2(0.3)+3(k)
= -0.2-k+2k+0.6+3k
= 4(0.1)+0.4
=0.8 (2M)
3
Variance
2
i i
2
i=−2
= 4 (0.1) +1(k) +0 (0.2) +1(2k) +4 (0.3) +9 ( k ) - (0.8)
2
= 0.4+k+2k+1.2k+9k-0.64
= 1.6+12(0.1)-0.64
= 1.6+1.2-0.64 (3M)
2 = 2.16
4) A random variable X has the following probability distribution
X=xi 1 2 3 4 5
P(X=xi) k 2k 3k 4k 5k
13
Find (i) k (ii) mean (iii) variance of x
Sol: sum of probability=1
K+2k+3k+4k+5k=1
15k=1
1
k= (2M)
15
5
Mean μ = x i p ( X=x i )
i=1
= 1(k)+2(2k)+3(3k)+4(4k)+5(5k)
= 55k
= 55 =
1 11
(2M)
15 3
(III) variance
121
= 1 ( k ) +4 (2k) +9 (3k) +16 (4k) +25(5k)-
9
121
= 225k-
9
= 15
135-121
= = (3M)
(k+1)c ,k=0,1,2,.....
4) If X is a random variable with probability distribution p(X=k)=
2k
find c
(k+1)c ,k=0,1,2,......
Sol: Given p(X=k)=
2k
p(X=k) =1
k =0
(k+1)c = 1
(1M)
2k
k =0
c 2.c 3c
+ + + ..... =1
20 21 22
c 1+2 +3 + ... =1 (2M)
1 1
2
2 2
1
-2
-2 2
c1- =1
(1-x) =1+2x+3x + ....
2
-2
c =1
1
2
1
22.c=1= c= (4M)
4
13
Level-2
6) Two dice are rolled. Find the probability distribution of sum of numbers on them.
Find mean of random variable.
Sol: When two dice are rolled the sample space s consists of 6×6=36 sample points
S=(1,1) (1,2).....(1,6) (2,1) ... (2,6) ... (6,6)
n(S)=36 (1M)
Let X denote sum of numbers on two dice
range of X={2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12}
X=xi 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1
P(X=xi)
36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36
(2M)
12
Mean of X=μ = x i p ( X=x i )
i=2
1 2 4 3
=2 +3 +4 3 +5 4 +6 5 +7 6 +8 5 +9 +10 +11 2 +12 1
36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36
= 252 =7
36
7) One in 9 ships is likely to be wrecked when they are set on sail, when 6 ships are on
sail. Find the probability of (i) atleast one will arrive safely (ii) exactly three will
arrive safely
Sol: Let p, q be probabilities that ship arrive safely and likely to be wrecked respectively
8 1
p= q= n=6 (2M)
9 9
(i) Probability that atleast one ship will arrive safely
= 1-(prob. that no ship will arrive safely)
= 1-P(x=0)
= 1 −6 c 0 .p0.q6 p(x-r ) = n c r prqn-r
0 6
=1- 8 . 1
9 9
1
=1- (3M)
(ii) Probability that exactly
3 3
3 ships will arrive safely
8 1
P(x=3) = c 3
6
9 9
83
= 20. 6 (2M)
9
13
5
8) If the difference between mean and variance of a binomial variate is then find
9
the probability for the event of 2 successes when the experiment is conducted 5
times
Sol: In binomial variate
5 Mean = np
Given np-npq = and n=5
Variance=npq (2M)
9
5
np(1-q) = ( 1-q=p)
9
5 1 1
np2 = p2 = p=
9 9 3
2
q= (2M)
3
Probability of two successes is P(X=2)
=nc 2 p2qn-2
2 3
1 2
=5c2
3 3
=1 (3M)
9) In an experiment of tossing a coin n times, if variable x denotes number of heads
and p(x=4),p(x=5) and p(x=6) are in A.P. Find n
1 1 a,b,c are in A.P. 2b=a+c
Sol: Given p= ,q=
2 2
Also p(x=4),q(x=5),p(x=6) are in A.P.
2p(x=5)=p(x=4)+p(x=6)
5
2, c
n 1 . 1 n-5 =nc 1 4 1 n-4 +nc 1 6 1 n-6 n r n-r
5 4 6 r
2 2 2 2 2 2
n 1 n 1 n 1
2 c5 n = c4. n + c6 n (2M) n
c
2 2 2 n-r+1
r
n
c 4 n c6 (2M)
n
c r-1 = r
2= n + n
c5 c5
2= 5 + n-5
n-4 6
30+(n-4) (n-5)
2=
6 (n-4)
12n-48=30+n2 -9n+20
n2 -21n+98=0
(n-7)(n-14)=0
n=14 n=7 or (3M)
10) A cubical die is thrown. Find mean and variance of X, giving the number on the
face that shows up 14
Sol: Let S be sample space and x the random variable P(X) is given by table
X=xi 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
P(X=xi) (2M)
6 6 6 6 6 6
6
mean of X = = xi p ( x = xi )
i=1
= 1 1 +2 1 +3 1 +4 1 +5 1 +6 1
6 6
6
6
6
6
21 7
= = (2M)
6 2
6
variance of x = 2 = x i2 p(x=xi) − 2
i=1
91 49
= - = 35 (3M)
6 4 12
14
Model Paper-I
Mathematics - IIA
Time: 3 Hours] [Max. Marks: 75
Note: The question paper consists of three sections A, B & C.
Section-A
(10x2=20)
I. Very short answer question
Answer ALL questions. Each question carries two marks.
1) Find the multiplicative inverse of 7 + 24i
π
2) If Arg Z1 and ArgZ1 are π and respectively then find (ArgZ1 + ArgZ2)
3
3) If I, W, W2 are cube roots of unity then find the value of (I-w+w2)5 + (I +w + w2)5
4) Find the maximum or minimum of the expression 12x – x2 – 32.
5) Find the equation whose roots are reciprocals of the roots of
x4 – 3x3 + 7x2 + 5x – 2 = 0
6) If 3 P3 = 1320, find n.
7) Find the number of ways of arranging the letters of the word TRAINGLE so that relative
positions of vowels and consonants are not disturbed.
8) Find the set of values of x of which (7+3x)-5 is valid.
9) Find the mean deviation about median for the following data, 13, 17, 16, 11, 13, 10, 16,
11, 18, 12, 17.
10) A Poisson variable satisfies P(X=1) = P(X=2). Find the P(X=5).
Section – B
(5x4=20)
II. Short answer type questions:
i) Answer any Five questions.
ii) Each question carries Four marks.
1
11) If x + iy = then show that 4x2 – 1= 0.
1+ Cosθ + iSin θ
x 1
12) If x is real then prove that lies between - and 1.
x2 − 5x + 9 11
13) Find the sum of all 4 digit numbers that can be formed using digits 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 without
reputation.
14) Find the number of ways of forming a committee of 5 members out of 6 Indians and 5
Americans so that Indians will be in majority in committee. 14
x3
15) Resolve into partial fractions.
(x − a) (x − b) (x − c)
16) A, B, C are three horses in a race the probability of A to win the race is twice that of B
and probability of B is twice that of C. What is probability of A, B and c to win the race.
17) A speaks truth is 75% of cases and B in 80% cases. What is the probability that their
statements about an incident do not match.
Section – C
(5x7=35)
III. Long Answer Questions:
i) Answer any Five questions:
ii) Each question carries Seven marks.
18) If Cos + Cosβ + Cosγ = 0 = Sin + Sinβ + Sinγ . Then prove that
3
Cos2 + Cos2β + Cos2γ = = Sin2 + Sin2β + Sin2γ
2
19) Solve 4x3 − 24x2 + 23x +18 = 0 given the roots of this equation are in A.P.
20) If 2nd, 3rd and 4th terms in the expansion of (a + x)n are respectively 240, 720, 1080, find a, x, n.
1
21) If x = + 1.3 + 1.3.5 + ...... then find the value of 3x2 + 6x
5 5.10 5.10.15
22) Find the mean deviation from mean of the following data, using step deviation method.
Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
No. of
6 5 8 15 7 6 3
students
23) State and prove addition theorem on probability.
24) A random variable X has the following probability distribution.
X=x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P(X-x) 0 K 2k 2k 3k K2 2k2 7k2+k
Find (i) value of K, (ii) mean of x and (iii) P(0 < x < 5)
***
14
Model Paper-2
Mathematics - IIA
Time: 3 Hours] [Max. Marks: 75
Note: The question paper consists of three sections A, B & C.
Section-A
(10x2=20)
III. Very short answer question
Answer ALL questions. Each question carries two marks.
25) Find the square root of 7 + 24i
π
26) If amplitude of (z-1) is then find locus of z.
2
1
27) If x = Cis θ find the value of x +
6
x6
28) For what values of x the equation x2 + (m + 3)x + (m + 6) = 0
29) If -1, 2, α are roots 2x3 + x2 − 7x − 6 = 0 then find α
30) If n C 5 = nC 6 then find value of 13 C n
31) Find the number of ways of arranging 7 persons around a circle.
32) Find the number of terms in the expansion of (2x + 3y + z)7
33) Find the mean deviation from mean of the following discrete data 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 4, 12,
16
34) The mean and variance of a binomial distribution are 6 and 2. Find the first two terms of
the distribution.
Section – B
(5x4=20)
IV. Short answer type questions:
iii) Answer any Five questions.
iv) Each question carries Four marks.
35) Determine the locus of Z, Z 2i such that Re ZZ −− 2i
4
=0
x− p
36) If the expression takes all real values for x then find the bounds for P.
x − 3x + 2
2
37) If the letters of the word EAMCET are permuted in all possible ways and if the words
thus formed are arranged in dictionary order, find the rank of word EAMCET.
38) Find the number of ways of arranging 6 boys and 6 girls in a row. In how many of these
arrangements
14
i) all girls are together
ii) boys and girls come alternately
2x2 + 3x + 4
39) Resolve into partial fractions.
(x −1) (x 2 + 2)
40) Let A and B be two independent events with P(A) = 0.2 P(B) = 0.5.
Find (a) P(A/B) (b) P(B/A) c) P(A B) d) P(A B)
41) Find the probability of drawing an arc of a space from a well shuffled pack of 52 playing
cards,
Section – C
(5x7=35)
III. Long Answer Questions:
iii) Answer any Five questions:
iv) Each question carries Seven marks.
n
42) If n is an integer then show that (1+ i)2n + (1− i)2n = 2n+1 Cos
2
43) Solve 6x4 − 35x3 + 62x2 − 35x + 6 = 0
1
11
44) If the coefficient of x in
10 expansion of ax 2
+ is equal to coefficient of x−10 is
bx
11
1
expansion of ax − 2 find the relation between a and b, then a, b are real numbers.
bx
3 3.5 3..7
45) Find the sum of infinite series + + +...............
4 4.8 4.8.12
46) Calculate the variance and standard deviation for the given discrete frequency
distribution.
xi 4 8 11 17 20 24 32
fi 3 5 9 5 4 3 1
47) State and prove Baye’s theorem.
48) The range of a random variable x is {0, 1, 2} given that P(x=0) = 3c3, P(x=1)=4c-10c2,
P(x=2)=5c-1
i) Find value of c ii) P(x < 1), P(1 < x 2) and P(0 < x 3).
***
14
TSWREIS, Hyderabad
Model Paper
Mathematics – IIA
Sr. MPC
Time: 3 Hours] [Max. Marks: 75
Note: The question paper consists of three sections A, B & C.
Section-A
(10x2=20)
V. Solve the TEN (10) problems:
49) Find the complex conjugate of (3+4i) (2-3i)
z1
50) If z1 = -1, z2 = I then find Avg
2
z
51) Find the value of (1+ i )16
1 1
52) If α, β are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0. Then find the value of +
α2 β2
53) If the product of 4x3 + 16x2 – 9x – a = 0, is 9 then find a
54) Find the number of ways of arranges the letter of the word INDEPENDENCE.
55) n p r = 42 x n p 5 find n
56) Find the number of terms in the expansion of (2x+3y+z)7.
57) Find the variance and standard deviation the following data 5, 12, 3, 18, 6, 8, 2, 10.
58) The probability that the person chosen at random is left handed is 0.1 what is the
probability that in a group of 10 people. There in one who is left handed.
Section – B
(5x4=20)
VI. Solve 5 questions:
3 1
59) Show that the pts in the argand plane represented by the complex number -2+7i, - + i ,
2 2
7
4-3i, (1+i) are vertices of a Rhombus.
2
x 1
60) If x is real, prove that lines between - ,1
x2 − 5x + 9 11
61) If the letters of the word PRISON are permuted in all possible ways and the words thus
formed are arranged in dictionary order, find the rank of the word PRISON.
14
62) Find the number of ways of selection a cricket team of 11 players from 7 batsman and 6
bowlers such of 11 players from 7 batsman and 6 bowlers such that there be at least 5
bowlers in the team.
x3
63) Resolve
(2x −1)(x −1)
64) State and prove the multiplication theorem of probability.
65) A & B are events with P(A) = 0.5, P(B) = 0.4 and P(P B) = 0.3. Find the probability
that i) A does not occur ii) neither A nor B occurs.
Section – C
(5x7=35)
III. Solve 5 questions:
π T
1+ sin + i cos
18) Show that one value of 8 8 is – 1
π π
1+ sin − i cos
8 8
19) Find the equation whose revts translation the roots of x5+4x3-x2+16=0 by -3.
20) If the constant of 4 consecution theorem in the proven of (1+x)n are a1 a2 a3 a4 respectively
a1 a 2a2
then show that + a +3a = +
a1 + a2 3 4
a2 + a3
21) If x = 1.3 + 1.3.5 + 1.3.5.7 + ................. then prove that 9x2 + 24x=11.
3.6 3.6.9 3.6.9.12
22) Find the mean deviation about the mean for the following continuous distribution
Height 95-105 105-115 115-125 125-135 135-145 145-155
No. of
9 13 26 30 12 10
boys
23) State and prove Baye’s theorem.
24) Random variable x has the following probability distribution.
x=xi 1 2 3 4 5
P=(x=xi) K 2K 3K 4K 5K
Find i) K ii) mean and iii) variance of x.
***
14
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