L E S S O N 1

AN INTRODUCTION
TO STATISTICS AND
DATA GATHERING
 OBJECTIVE
The learners investigate different data
collection and sampling techniques.
 STATISTICS
Statistics is a branch of
mathematics that deals with
collecting, organizing,
presenting, analyzing, and
interpreting data for us to have
useful information.
 VARIABLE AND DATA
A variable is a characteristic or
attribute that can have different
values.
The values that a variable can
assume are called data.
EXAMPLES
1. Variable: Height
Data: 150 cm, 5 ft 7 in, 180 cm, . . .
2. Variable: Weight
Data: 45 kg, 120 lbs, 80 kg, . . .
3. Variable: Distance
Data: 3 km, 5 miles, 10 meters, . . .
4. Variable: Time
Data: 2 hours, 15 minutes, 3 days, . . .
5. Variable: Speed
Data: 60 km/h, 30 mph, 100 m/s, . . .
Types of Statistics
1. Descriptive Statistics
2. Inferential Statistics
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Descriptive statistics involves the
collection, organization,
summarization, and presentation of
data.
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
EXAMPLES
1. The average life expectancy in the
Philippines increased from 69.2 years in 2010
to 71.4 years in 2020. (Source:
www.worldbank.org)
2. In 2023, the Philippines' inflation rate
peaked at 8.7%, the highest in 14 years. (Source:
www.bsp.gov.ph)
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
EXAMPLES
3. The most popular social media platform in
the Philippines in 2022 was Facebook, with
96.2% of internet users active on the platform.
(Source: www.statista.com)
4. In 2021, 27.1% of Filipino households were
reported to have internet access at home.
(Source: www.psa.gov.ph)
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
EXAMPLES
5. The top three exported products from the
Philippines in 2022 were electronic products,
coconut oil, and gold. (Source: www.dti.gov.ph)
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
Inferential statistics involves the
generalization from samples to
population, estimation and hypothesis
testing, determination of the
relationship of two or more variables,
and creation of predictions.
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
EXAMPLES
1. By 2050, around 68% of the global
population will live in urban areas. (Source:
United Nations)
2. Experts predict that renewable energy
sources will account for more than 50% of
global electricity by 2040. (Source:
International Energy Agency)
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
EXAMPLES
3. Studies suggest that regular meditation
may reduce anxiety levels by 60% in people
with chronic stress. (Source: Journal of
Psychology & Health)
4. Economists forecast that Southeast Asia’s
GDP will grow by an average of 5% annually
over the next decade. (Source: Asian
Development Bank)
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
EXAMPLES
5. Researchers estimate that global sea levels
could rise by up to 1.1 meters by 2100 if carbon
emissions continue at current rates. (Source:
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)
EXERCISES
Classify each of the following as descriptive or
inferential statistics:
1. By 2040, at least 3.5 billion people will run
short of water.
2. According to a survey in 2021, around 34%
of Filipinos in the informal services and formal
services lost their jobs due to COVID-19.
EXERCISES
3. The National Budget for Education in the
Philippines in 2022 is P 629.8 billion.
4. Allergy therapy makes bees go away.
5. When you drink too much water, you may
experience water poisoning, intoxication, or
disruption of brain function.
6. Experts say that the price of onions per kilo
may soon hit bottom.
EXERCISES
7. The unemployment rate in the country in
November 2022 was posted at 4.2%, from 4.5%
in October 2022 and 6.5% in November 2021.
8. The weight of a person is correlated to his or
her height.
9. According to a study, you can predict
someone’s income through his or her
educational background.
EXERCISES
10. Inflation for the bottom 30% income
households at the national level further
increased to 7.9% in December 2022.
Types of Data
1. Qualitative Variables
2. Quantitative Variables
QUALITATIVE VARIABLES
Qualitative variables are variables
that can be identified as categories,
characteristics, or attributes.
QUALITATIVE VARIABLES
EXAMPLES
1. Favorite subject (e.g., Math, Science, English)
2. Type of weather (e.g., sunny, rainy, cloudy)
3. Sports played (e.g., basketball, volleyball,
soccer)
4. School uniform color (e.g., blue, white, green)
5. Mode of transportation to school (e.g., bus,
bicycle, walking)
QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
Quantitative variables are numerical
in nature and can be ordered or
ranked.
QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
EXAMPLES
1. Number of books read (e.g., 3 books, 5 books, 8
books)
2. Age of students (e.g., 12 years old, 13 years old)
3. Height of classmates (e.g., 150 cm, 160 cm, 145
cm)
4. Number of siblings (e.g., 1 sibling, 2 siblings, 3
siblings)
5. Score in a quiz (e.g., 85, 90, 95)
EXERCISES:
Identify whether each given variable is
qualitative or quantitative.
1. Gender
2. Civil status
3. Test scores
4. Weight
EXERCISES:
Identify whether each given variable is
qualitative or quantitative.
11. Educational attainment
12. Movies on a TV channel
13. Age
14. Cities in Metro Manila
15. Number of COVID-19 positive cases
EXERCISES:
16. Temperature
17. Primary colors
18. Number of rebounds in a basketball
game
19. Names of students in a class
20. Grades in mathematics
CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
COLLECTED
1. Primary Data
2. Secondary Data
PRIMARY DATA
Primary data are acquired as firsthand
information. This means that the
person who needs the data is the one
who will get it from the subjects.
PRIMARY DATA
EXAMPLES
1. Temperatures recorded by a student in a science
experiment.
2. Survey responses collected from classmates about
their favorite subjects.
3. Daily rainfall measurements taken by a researcher.
4. Observation notes taken during a class field trip.
5. Test scores recorded by a teacher after grading
exams.
SECONDARY DATA
Secondary data are collected by
someone else and are usually
available to the public through various
media such as newspapers and
journals.
SECONDARY DATA
EXAMPLES
1. Population statistics retrieved from a government
website.
2. Historical weather data from a climate report.
3. Economic data summarized in a newspaper article.
4. A chart showing global literacy rates from a
research journal.
5. A report on sports performance from a sports
magazine.
EXERCISES
Tell whether the each of the following set of data is
primary or secondary:
1. Numerical data from a newspaper
2. Interview taken from construction workers
3. Respondents’ answers to a survey questionnaire
4. Salaries of public school teachers taken from a
website
5. Scores of students in tests recorded by the teacher
6. A biography of José Rizal taken from a book
EXERCISES
Tell whether the each of the following set of data is
primary or secondary:
7. Weights of students taken by their P.E. teacher
8. Masses of different elements from the periodic table
9. Temperatures of students entering an establishment
10. Number of covid cases taken from a news report
on TV
 POPULATION
A population consists of all
subjects, human, or otherwise, that
you want to draw conclusions
about. A numerical descriptive
measure about the population is
called a parameter.
POPULATION
EXAMPLES
1. All students in a school.
2. Every household in a neighborhood.
3. All employees in a company.
4. Every plant in a garden.
5. All the cars in a parking lot.
 SAMPLE
A sample is a subset of the
population. Hence, it is a subgroup
selected from the population.
Moreover, a sample is used to infer
something about the population. A
numerical descriptive measure
about sample is called a statistic.
SAMPLE
EXAMPLES
1. 50 students chosen from a school for a survey.
2. 10 households selected from a neighborhood.
3. 100 employees randomly chosen from a
company.
4. 20 plants picked from a garden for observation.
5. 30 cars selected from a parking lot for
inspection.
EXERCISES
Write P if the given set of data represents a
population, and S if it represents a sample.
1. All residents of a town
2. 153 male and female employees in a company
3. All kids who buy toys
4. All voters
5. A selection of 9 000 persons who bought a music
album
EXERCISES
Write P if the given set of data represents a
population, and S if it represents a sample.
6. A selection of people from each city in Metro
Manila
7. All people who ate in a restaurant
8. 50 randomly selected girls in a school
9. Every person in the Philippines
10. 250 boys who participated in a marathon
 Data can be gathered
through the following:
1. Interview
2. Survey and questionnaire
3. Census
4. Observation
5. Experimentation
6. Documents
7. Simulation
 INTERVIEW
It is a face-to-face interaction
between the one asking a series of
questions (interviewer) and the one
answering the questions
(interviewee) to get information.
INTERVIEW
EXAMPLES
1. A journalist asks an athlete about their training
routine.
2. A doctor asks a patient about their symptoms
during a consultation.
3. A researcher conducts a face-to-face discussion
with farmers about their farming practices.
SURVEY AND QUESTIONNAIRE
In this method, a written copy of
the questions will be given to the
respondents for them to answer.
SURVEY AND QUESTIONNAIRE
EXAMPLES
1. Students fill out a form about their career
aspirations.
2. Employees complete a satisfaction survey about
their workplace environment.
3. Residents answer a written survey about
community services.
 CENSUS
This is a type of data collection
wherein the data will be gathered
from all the members of the
population.
CENSUS
EXAMPLES
1. The government gathers information from all
households about population size and income.
2. A school collects data from all students
regarding their health records.
3. A city-wide survey gathers data from every
business for economic profiling.
 OBSERVATION
In this method, the researcher uses
his or her senses to obtain sensible
data about the subject.
OBSERVATION
EXAMPLES
1. A teacher observes students’ behavior during
group activities.
2. A scientist watches how plants grow under
different light conditions.
3. A researcher observes traffic patterns at a busy
intersection.
 EXPERIMENTATION
It is a study between independent
and dependent variables. An
independent variable is the variable
that is being controlled by the
experimenter. On the other hand, a
dependent variable resulted from
manipulating the controlled
variable.
EXPERIMENTATION
EXAMPLES
1. A scientist tests how different fertilizers affect
plant growth.
2. A researcher studies how sleep duration affects
student performance.
3. A chemist experiments with different
temperatures to observe a reaction.
 DOCUMENTS
These are available data that are
archived (accumulation of historical
materials in any means).
DOCUMENTS
EXAMPLES
1. A student uses archived newspapers to study
historical events.
2. A lawyer reviews case files for legal research.
3. A researcher analyzes old census records for
demographic studies.
 SIMULATION
This is done when a model
(mathematical or scientific) is used
to reenact the conditions of a
situation or process.
SIMULATION
EXAMPLES
1. Engineers simulate traffic flow to design better
roads.
2. Meteorologists use computer models to predict
weather patterns.
3. Pilots practice flying using a flight simulator.
EXERCISES
Determine which method of gathering data is best
for each of the following situations:
1. A researcher wishes to know the music
preference of grade 7 students.
2. Mr. Agato wants to know the number of sleeping
hours of his co-teachers.
3. A farmer wants to know the effect of a kind of
fertilizer to his or her plants.
4. A teacher wishes to know the color preference of
his or her students.
EXERCISES
5. Tony wants to know the principal’s view
regarding the new teaching strategy that he wants
to implement in his class.
6. A student wants to know the history of Indian
mathematics through a book.
7. A scientist wants to know the effects on an
earthquake using a simulation room.
8. The Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) gathers
data to know the death rate due to COVID-19 in
2022.
EXERCISES
9. The researcher wishes to know the effects of a
drug using an experimental group and a control
group.
10. The researcher gathers the basketball players’
stats using the internet.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
In doing research, identifying
how to get your samples is very
important because getting the
population is not always possible.
So, we need to know the
different sampling techniques.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
1. Random Sampling
2. Systematic Sampling
3. Stratified Sampling
4. Cluster Sampling
 RANDOM SAMPLING
This is a sampling technique
wherein for a sample size of n, all
possible samples of this size must
have an equal chance of being
selected from the population.
RANDOM SAMPLING
EXAMPLES
1. Thirty students are randomly selected by
drawing lots to participate in a quiz competition.
2. Five houses in a village are chosen using a
lottery method for a survey on water supply.
3. Ten names are drawn randomly from a hat to
participate in a school talent show.
 SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
Systematic sampling is done by
numbering each element in the
population and selecting every kth
member of the population. This is
done after selecting the first
member of the sample randomly.
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
EXAMPLES
1. Every 10th passenger boarding a bus is
surveyed about their travel experience.
2. A researcher selects every 4th book on a library
shelf for a study.
3. Every 6th customer in a grocery store is asked to
complete a feedback form.
 STRATIFIED SAMPLING
This is done after dividing the
population into several groups
called strata. Strata is formed based
on the similar characteristics of
each member of the strata. Then
select random samples from each
stratum.
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
EXAMPLES
1. Students are divided into grade levels, and five
students are randomly selected from each grade to
participate in a survey.
2. Employees are grouped by department, and random
samples are taken from each department to evaluate
job satisfaction.
3. Residents are divided by neighborhood, and a few
people are randomly chosen from each neighborhood
for a community feedback session.
 CLUSTER SAMPLING
Cluster sampling is done when a
sample is obtained through a
preexisting group called cluster.
Each member of a cluster is used as
a part of the sample.
CLUSTER SAMPLING
EXAMPLES
1. All students from three randomly selected
classrooms are surveyed about their study
habits.
2. Two out of five randomly selected
neighborhoods are surveyed about public
transportation.
3. All employees from two randomly chosen
branches of a company are interviewed about
their working conditions.
EXERCISES
Identify the sampling technique that was used in each
of the following scenarios:
1. Every 11th hotdog manufactured is checked to
determine its quality.
2. Loki wants to know his classmates’ opinions
regarding the new schedule. Hence, he places his
classmates’ names in a container and randomly picks
10 names.
EXERCISES
3. Assign each member of Math Club a number and
then use a random number generator to select
members to be part of a committee.
4. A restaurant surveys every 25th guest regarding his
or her dining experience.
5. A teacher groups all the students in a school
according to their age. He then randomly selects 10
students from each age group.
6. . Mr. Dela Cruz groups his students into five. He then
selects all students from groups 1 and 5 for his study.
EXERCISES
7. In a building, all employees from two floors are
interviewed to determine if they believe that they have
fewer tasks to do now than in previous years.
8. Every 11th customer entering a shopping mall is
asked to select his or her favorite store.
EXERCISES
9. Mail carriers of a large city are divided into four
groups according to gender (male or female) and
according to whether they walk or ride on their routes.
Then 10 are selected from each group and interviewed
to determine if they have been bitten by a dog in the
last year.
10. Samples are selected using random numbers
THANK YOU!
MRS. MA. KRISTINE D. LINATOC
Junior High School Teacher

MATHEMATICS 7 – THIRD QUARTER

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