GE104

MODULE 2

Mathematics as a
Language
Module 2
Mathematics as a Language

2.01 Language of Variable

2.02 Language of Sets
2.03 Language of Relations and Functions
2.04 Language of Logic
Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.02 Language of Sets

 Set – Well-defined collection of objects or things 2. Set Builder Notation

considered together and generally having something
in common.  {w ϵ D| w is a food}
– (set of all elements w such that w is a food)
 Elements(ϵ) – Distinct objects of a given set.
 {x ϵ E| x is a natural number}
x ϵ S = x is an element of set S  {y ϵ F| y is a multiples of 5}
1. Description or Rule Method – described in words or  {z ϵ G| 3 < z < 8 }
stating the rule.
 D is the set of Food 3. Set Roster Method – Elements are being described
 E is the set of natural numbers are listed down, separated from each other by commas
and enclosed within a pair of braces.
 F is the set of all numbers that are multiples 5  D = {Spaghetti, Hamburger, French Fries, Ice Cream}
 G is the set of all numbers between 3 and 8  E = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, …}
 F = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, …}
 G= {4, 5, 6, 7}
Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.02 Language of Sets
Set Relationships

 Equal Sets – are sets which have exactly the same

elements. They are also called Identical sets.
 Ex. X={r , e, a , d} , Y={d , e, a , r}, Z = {d , a, r , e}
 Equivalent Sets – sets are said to be equivalent if
they have the same number of elements.
 Ex. E = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, F = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
 Empty Set or Null Set – is a set without element.
 Finite Set – if it is possible to write down a  Ex. { } or Ø
complete list of all elements.
 Ex. S = { 1, 2, 3, … , 1657}
 Infinite Set – is a set of infinite number of
elements.
 Ex. T = { 1, 2, 3, …}
 Joint Sets – are sets that have common elements.
 Ex. C = { 1 , 3, 6, 7} D = { 2, 3, 4, 6 }
 Disjoint Sets – are sets that have no common
 Ex. F = { 1 , 3, 5, 7} G = { 0, 2, 4, 6 }
elements.
 Universal Set–set containing the elements of all
sets being considered in a certain discussion.
 Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.02 Language of Sets

 Subset ( ⊆ ) 1.) C ⊆ D = ?
–If, and only if every element of set A is also an element 2.) D ⊆ C = ?
of set B. written A ⊆ B.
3.) G ⊆ D = ?
4.) D ⊆ E = ?
5.) F ⊆ E = ?
 Proper Subset ( ⊂ )
6.) G ⊂ D = ?
–If, and only if every element of set A is also an element
of set B but there are at least one element of set B that 7.) C ⊂ D = ?
is not in set A. 8.) F ⊂ E = ?
9.) C ⊂ G = ?
10.) G ⊂ C = ?
 Ex. 11.) C ⊆ G = ?
C = { 3, 4 , 5 } , D = { 1 , 2, 3 ,4 , 5, 6 } , E = { 2 , 4, 6, 8 }, 12.) G ⊆ C = ?
F = { 2 , 4, 8 } , G = { 3 , 4, 5 }
 Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.02 Language of Sets

 Subset ( ⊆ ) 1.) C ⊆ D = True

–If, and only if every element of set A is also an element 2.) D ⊆ C = False
of set B. written A ⊆ B.
3.) G ⊆ D = True
4.) D ⊆ E = False
5.) F ⊆ E = True
 Proper Subset ( ⊂ )
6.) G ⊂ D = True
–If, and only if every element of set A is also an element
of set B but there are at least one element of set B that 7.) C ⊂ D = True
is not in set A. 8.) F ⊂ E = True
9.) C ⊂ G = False
10.) G ⊂ C = False
 Ex. 11.) C ⊆ G = True
C = { 3, 4 , 5 } , D = { 1 , 2, 3 ,4 , 5, 6 } , E = { 2 , 4, 6, 8 }, 12.) G ⊆ C = True
F = { 2 , 4, 8 } , G = { 3 , 4, 5 }
Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.02 Language of Sets

 Distinction between ⊆ and ϵ

True or False
Which of the following are true statements?
1.) 2 ϵ { 1, 2, 3}
2.) {2} ϵ { 1, 2, 3}
3.) 2 ⊆ { 1, 2, 3}
4.) {2} ⊆ { 1, 2, 3}
5.) {2} ⊆ { {1}, {2}}
6.) {2} ϵ { {1}, {2}}
Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.02 Language of Sets

 Distinction between ⊆ and ϵ

True or False
Which of the following are true statements?
1.) 2 ϵ { 1, 2, 3} = True
2.) {2} ϵ { 1, 2, 3} = False
3.) 2 ⊆ { 1, 2, 3} = False
4.) {2} ⊆ { 1, 2, 3} = True
5.) {2} ⊆ { {1}, {2}} = False
6.) {2} ϵ { {1}, {2}} = True
Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.02 Language of Sets
Operation of Sets

 Union of Sets ( ⋃ ) – The union of sets A and B is Example:

the set of all elements, which belong to either Set A
A={1 ,2 ,3, 4, 5} B={1 , 3, 5, 7, 9} C={6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10}
or Set B or both.
1.) A ⋃ B =
{ x ϵ (A⋃B) | x ϵ A or x ϵ B or x ϵ A and B }
2.) B ⋃ C =
3.) A ⋃ B ⋃ C =
Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.02 Language of Sets
Operation of Sets

 Union of Sets ( ⋃ ) – The union of sets A and B is Example:

the set of all elements, which belong to either Set A
A={1 ,2 ,3, 4, 5} B={1 , 3, 5, 7, 9} C={6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10}
or Set B or both.
1.) A ⋃ B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9}
{ x ϵ (A⋃B) | x ϵ A or x ϵ B or x ϵ A and B }
2.) B ⋃ C =
3.) A ⋃ B ⋃ C =
Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.02 Language of Sets
Operation of Sets

 Union of Sets ( ⋃ ) – The union of sets A and B is Example:

the set of all elements, which belong to either Set A
A={1 ,2 ,3, 4, 5} B={1 , 3, 5, 7, 9} C={6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10}
or Set B or both.
1.) A ⋃ B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9}
{ x ϵ (A⋃B) | x ϵ A or x ϵ B or x ϵ A and B }
2.) B ⋃ C = {1 , 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10}
3.) A ⋃ B ⋃ C =
Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.02 Language of Sets
Operation of Sets

 Union of Sets ( ⋃ ) – The union of sets A and B is Example:

the set of all elements, which belong to either Set A
A={1 ,2 ,3, 4, 5} B={1 , 3, 5, 7, 9} C={6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10}
or Set B or both.
1.) A ⋃ B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9}
{ x ϵ (A⋃B) | x ϵ A or x ϵ B or x ϵ A and B }
2.) B ⋃ C = {1 , 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10}
3.) A ⋃ B ⋃ C = {1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10}
Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.02 Language of Sets
Operation of Sets

 Intersection of sets ( ⋂ ) – The Intersection of Example:

Sets A and B is the set of all elements that belong
A={1 ,2 ,3, 4, 5} B={1 , 3, 5, 7, 9} C={6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10}
to both A and B.
1.) A ⋂ B =
{ x ϵ (A⋂B) | x ϵ A and B }
2.) B ⋂ C =
3.) A ⋂ B ⋂ C =
Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.02 Language of Sets
Operation of Sets

 Intersection of sets ( ⋂ ) – The Intersection of Example:

Sets A and B is the set of all elements that belong
A={1 ,2 ,3, 4, 5} B={1 , 3, 5, 7, 9} C={6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10}
to both A and B.
1.) A ⋂ B = {1 ,3, 5}
{ x ϵ (A⋂B) | x ϵ A and B }
2.) B ⋂ C =
3.) A ⋂ B ⋂ C =
Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.02 Language of Sets
Operation of Sets

 Intersection of sets ( ⋂ ) – The Intersection of Example:

Sets A and B is the set of all elements that belong
A={1 ,2 ,3, 4, 5} B={1 , 3, 5, 7, 9} C={6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10}
to both A and B.
1.) A ⋂ B = {1 ,3, 5}
{ x ϵ (A⋂B) | x ϵ A and B }
2.) B ⋂ C = {7, 9}
3.) A ⋂ B ⋂ C =
Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.02 Language of Sets
Operation of Sets

 Intersection of sets ( ⋂ ) – The Intersection of Example:

Sets A and B is the set of all elements that belong
A={1 ,2 ,3, 4, 5} B={1 , 3, 5, 7, 9} C={6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10}
to both A and B.
1.) A ⋂ B = {1 ,3, 5}
{ x ϵ (A⋂B) | x ϵ A and B }
2.) B ⋂ C = {7, 9}
3.) A ⋂ B ⋂ C = { }
Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.02 Language of Sets
Operation of Sets

 Complement of Set ( ‘ ) – The complement of set Example:

A in a given universal set U is the set of all the Let U ={1 ,2 ,…, 12} A={1 , 3, 5, 7, 9} B={6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10}
elements that are in U but not in set A.
1.) A’ =
Universal Set–set containing the elements of all sets
being considered in a certain discussion. 2.) B’=

{ x ϵ A’ | x ∈ U and x ∉ A}
Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.02 Language of Sets
Operation of Sets

 Complement of Set ( ‘ ) – The complement of set Example:

A in a given universal set U is the set of all the Let U ={1 ,2 ,…, 12} A={1 , 3, 5, 7, 9} B={6 ,7
elements that are in U but not in set A. ,8 ,9 ,10}
Universal Set–set containing the elements of all sets
being considered in a certain discussion.
1.) A’ = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12}
{ x ϵ A’ | x ∈ U and x ∉ A}
2.) B’=
Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.02 Language of Sets
Operation of Sets

 Complement of Set ( ‘ ) – The complement of set Example:

A in a given universal set U is the set of all the Let U ={1 ,2 ,…, 12} A={1 , 3, 5, 7, 9} B={6 ,7
elements that are in U but not in set A. ,8 ,9 ,10}
Universal Set–set containing the elements of all sets
being considered in a certain discussion.
1.) A’ = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12}
{ x ϵ A’ | x ∈ U and x ∉ A}
2.) B’= {1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,11 ,12}
Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.02 Language of Sets
Operation of Sets

 Complement of Set ( ‘ ) – The complement of set Example:

A in a given universal set U is the set of all the Let U ={1 ,2 ,…, 12}
elements that are in U but not in set A.
A={1 , 3, 5, 7, 9} B={6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10}
Universal Set–set containing the elements of all sets
being considered in a certain discussion.
{ x ϵ A’ | x ∈ U and x ∉ A} 1.) A’ = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12}
2.) B’= {1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,11 ,12}
Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.02 Language of Sets
Operation of Sets

 Combination of set operations 2.) (A ⋂ B’) ⋃ C

Let U ={1 ,2 ,…, 8}
A={1 , 3, 4, 6, 7} B={4 , 5, 6 ,7 ,8} C={2 , 4, 6 ,8}

1.) (A ⋃ B) ⋂ C’
3.) A’ ⋂ ( B ⋃ C)
Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.02 Language of Sets
Operation of Sets

 Combination of set operations 2.) (A ⋂ B’) ⋃ C

Let U ={1 ,2 ,…, 8}
A={1 , 3, 4, 6, 7} B={4 , 5, 6 ,7 ,8} C={2 , 4, 6 ,8}

1.) (A ⋃ B) ⋂ C’
= {1,3,4,5,6,7,8} ⋂ C’ 3.) A’ ⋂ ( B ⋃ C)
= {1,3,4,5,6,7,8} ⋂ {1,3,5,7}
= {1,3,5,7}
Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.02 Language of Sets
Operation of Sets

 Combination of set operations 2.) (A ⋂ B’) ⋃ C

Let U ={1 ,2 ,…, 8} = (A ⋂ {1,2,3} ) ⋃ C
A={1 , 3, 4, 6, 7} B={4 , 5, 6 ,7 ,8} C={2 , 4, 6 ,8} = {1,3} ⋃ C
= { 1,2,3,4,6,8}
1.) (A ⋃ B) ⋂ C’
= {1,3,4,5,6,7,8} ⋂ C’ 3.) A’ ⋂ ( B ⋃ C)
= {1,3,4,5,6,7,8} ⋂ {1,3,5,7}
= {1,3,5,7}
Mathematics as a Language
Module 2.02 Language of Sets
Operation of Sets

 Combination of set operations 2.) (A ⋂ B’) ⋃ C

Let U ={1 ,2 ,…, 8} = (A ⋂ {1,2,3} ) ⋃ C
A={1 , 3, 4, 6, 7} B={4 , 5, 6 ,7 ,8} C={2 , 4, 6 ,8} = {1,3} ⋃ C
= { 1,2,3,4,6,8}
1.) (A ⋃ B) ⋂ C’
= {1,3,4,5,6,7,8} ⋂ C’ 3.) A’ ⋂ ( B ⋃ C)
= {1,3,4,5,6,7,8} ⋂ {1,3,5,7} = {2,5,8} ⋂ ( B ⋃ C)
= {1,3,5,7} = {2,5,8} ⋂ {2,4,5,6,7,8}
= {2,5,8}
END SLIDE