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D ATA A N A LY S I S F R O M S C R AT C H W I T H P Y T H O N
Step By Step Guide

Peters Morgan
 How to contact us
If you find any damage, editing issues or any other issues in this book contain
please immediately notify our customer service by email at:
[email protected]

Our goal is to provide high-quality books for your technical learning in

computer science subjects.
Thank you so much for buying this book.
 Preface
“Humanity is on the verge of digital slavery at the hands of AI and biometric technologies. One way to
prevent that is to develop inbuilt modules of deep feelings of love and compassion in the learning
algorithms.”
― Amit Ray, Compassionate Artificial Superintelligence AI 5.0 - AI with Blockchain, BMI, Drone, IOT,
and Biometric Technologies
If you are looking for a complete guide to the Python language and its library
that will help you to become an effective data analyst, this book is for you.
This book contains the Python programming you need for Data Analysis.
Why the AI Sciences Books are different?
The AI Sciences Books explore every aspect of Artificial Intelligence and Data
Science using computer Science programming language such as Python and R.
Our books may be the best one for beginners; it's a step-by-step guide for any
person who wants to start learning Artificial Intelligence and Data Science from
scratch. It will help you in preparing a solid foundation and learn any other high-
level courses will be easy to you.
Step By Step Guide and Visual Illustrations and Examples

The Book give complete instructions for manipulating, processing, cleaning,

modeling and crunching datasets in Python. This is a hands-on guide with
practical case studies of data analysis problems effectively. You will learn
pandas, NumPy, IPython, and Jupiter in the Process.
Who Should Read This?

This book is a practical introduction to data science tools in Python. It is ideal

for analyst’s beginners to Python and for Python programmers new to data
science and computer science. Instead of tough math formulas, this book
contains several graphs and images.
© Copyright 2016 by AI Sciences LLC
All rights reserved.
First Printing, 2016
Edited by Davies Company
Ebook Converted and Cover by Pixels Studio Publised by AI Sciences LLC

ISBN-13: 978-1721942817
ISBN-10: 1721942815

The contents of this book may not be reproduced, duplicated or transmitted without the direct written
permission of the author.

Under no circumstances will any legal responsibility or blame be held against the publisher for any
reparation, damages, or monetary loss due to the information herein, either directly or indirectly.
Legal Notice:

You cannot amend, distribute, sell, use, quote or paraphrase any part or the content within this book without
the consent of the author.

Disclaimer Notice:
Please note the information contained within this document is for educational and entertainment purposes
only. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. Readers acknowledge that the author is not
engaging in the rendering of legal, financial, medical or professional advice. Please consult a licensed
professional before attempting any techniques outlined in this book.

By reading this document, the reader agrees that under no circumstances is the author responsible for any
losses, direct or indirect, which are incurred as a result of the use of information contained within this
document, including, but not limited to, errors, omissions, or inaccuracies.

From AI Sciences Publisher

 To my wife Melania
and my children Tanner and Daniel
without whom this book would have
been completed.
 Author Biography
Peters Morgan is a long-time user and developer of the Python. He is one of the
core developers of some data science libraries in Python. Currently, Peter works
as Machine Learning Scientist at Google.
 Table of Contents
Preface
Why the AI Sciences Books are different?
Step By Step Guide and Visual Illustrations and Examples
Who Should Read This?

From AI Sciences Publisher

Author Biography
Table of Contents
Introduction
2. Why Choose Python for Data Science & Machine Learning
Python vs R
Widespread Use of Python in Data Analysis
Clarity
3. Prerequisites & Reminders
Python & Programming Knowledge
Installation & Setup
Is Mathematical Expertise Necessary?
4. Python Quick Review
Tips for Faster Learning
5. Overview & Objectives
Data Analysis vs Data Science vs Machine Learning
Possibilities
Limitations of Data Analysis & Machine Learning
Accuracy & Performance
6. A Quick Example
Iris Dataset
Potential & Implications
7. Getting & Processing Data
CSV Files
Feature Selection
Online Data Sources
Internal Data Source
8. Data Visualization
Goal of Visualization
Importing & Using Matplotlib
9. Supervised & Unsupervised Learning
What is Supervised Learning?
What is Unsupervised Learning?
How to Approach a Problem
10. Regression
Simple Linear Regression
Multiple Linear Regression
Decision Tree
Random Forest
11. Classification
Logistic Regression
K-Nearest Neighbors
Decision Tree Classification
Random Forest Classification
12. Clustering
Goals & Uses of Clustering
K-Means Clustering
Anomaly Detection
13. Association Rule Learning
Explanation
Apriori
14. Reinforcement Learning
What is Reinforcement Learning?
Comparison with Supervised & Unsupervised Learning
Applying Reinforcement Learning
15. Artificial Neural Networks
An Idea of How the Brain Works
Potential & Constraints
Here’s an Example
16. Natural Language Processing
Analyzing Words & Sentiments
Using NLTK
Thank you !
Sources & References
Software, libraries, & programming language
Datasets
Online books, tutorials, & other references

Thank you !
Introduction
Why read on? First, you’ll learn how to use Python in data analysis (which is a
bit cooler and a bit more advanced than using Microsoft Excel). Second, you’ll
also learn how to gain the mindset of a real data analyst (computational
thinking).
More importantly, you’ll learn how Python and machine learning applies to real
world problems (business, science, market research, technology, manufacturing,
retail, financial). We’ll provide several examples on how modern methods of
data analysis fit in with approaching and solving modern problems.
This is important because the massive influx of data provides us with more
opportunities to gain insights and make an impact in almost any field. This
recent phenomenon also provides new challenges that require new technologies
and approaches. In addition, this also requires new skills and mindsets to
successfully navigate through the challenges and successfully tap the fullest
potential of the opportunities being presented to us.
For now, forget about getting the “sexiest job of the 21st century” (data scientist,
machine learning engineer, etc.). Forget about the fears about artificial
intelligence eradicating jobs and the entire human race. This is all about learning
(in the truest sense of the word) and solving real world problems.
We are here to create solutions and take advantage of new technologies to make
better decisions and hopefully make our lives easier. And this starts at building a
strong foundation so we can better face the challenges and master advanced
concepts.
2. Why Choose Python for Data Science & Machine Learning
Python is said to be a simple, clear and intuitive programming language. That’s
why many engineers and scientists choose Python for many scientific and
numeric applications. Perhaps they prefer getting into the core task quickly (e.g.
finding out the effect or correlation of a variable with an output) instead of
spending hundreds of hours learning the nuances of a “complex” programming
language.
This allows scientists, engineers, researchers and analysts to get into the project
more quickly, thereby gaining valuable insights in the least amount of time and
resources. It doesn’t mean though that Python is perfect and the ideal
programming language on where to do data analysis and machine learning.
Other languages such as R may have advantages and features Python has not.
But still, Python is a good starting point and you may get a better understanding
of data analysis if you use it for your study and future projects.
Python vs R
You might have already encountered this in Stack Overflow, Reddit, Quora, and
other forums and websites. You might have also searched for other programming
languages because after all, learning Python or R (or any other programming
language) requires several weeks and months. It’s a huge time investment and
you don’t want to make a mistake.
To get this out of the way, just start with Python because the general skills and
concepts are easily transferable to other languages. Well, in some cases you
might have to adopt an entirely new way of thinking. But in general, knowing
how to use Python in data analysis will bring you a long way towards solving
many interesting problems.
Many say that R is specifically designed for statisticians (especially when it
comes to easy and strong data visualization capabilities). It’s also relatively easy
to learn especially if you’ll be using it mainly for data analysis. On the other
hand, Python is somewhat flexible because it goes beyond data analysis. Many
data scientists and machine learning practitioners may have chosen Python
because the code they wrote can be integrated into a live and dynamic web
application.
Although it’s all debatable, Python is still a popular choice especially among
beginners or anyone who wants to get their feet wet fast with data analysis and
machine learning. It’s relatively easy to learn and you can dive into full time
programming later on if you decide this suits you more.
Widespread Use of Python in Data Analysis
There are now many packages and tools that make the use of Python in data
analysis and machine learning much easier. TensorFlow (from Google), Theano,
scikit-learn, numpy, and pandas are just some of the things that make data
science faster and easier.
Also, university graduates can quickly get into data science because many
universities now teach introductory computer science using Python as the main
programming language. The shift from computer programming and software
development can occur quickly because many people already have the right
foundations to start learning and applying programming to real world data
challenges.
Another reason for Python’s widespread use is there are countless resources that
will tell you how to do almost anything. If you have any question, it’s very likely
that someone else has already asked that and another that solved it for you
(Google and Stack Overflow are your friends). This makes Python even more
popular because of the availability of resources online.
Clarity
Due to the ease of learning and using Python (partly due to the clarity of its
syntax), professionals are able to focus on the more important aspects of their
projects and problems. For example, they could just use numpy, scikit-learn, and
TensorFlow to quickly gain insights instead of building everything from scratch.
This provides another level of clarity because professionals can focus more on
the nature of the problem and its implications. They could also come up with
more efficient ways of dealing with the problem instead of getting buried with
the ton of info a certain programming language presents.
The focus should always be on the problem and the opportunities it might
introduce. It only takes one breakthrough to change our entire way of thinking
about a certain challenge and Python might be able to help accomplish that
because of its clarity and ease.
3. Prerequisites & Reminders
Python & Programming Knowledge
By now you should understand the Python syntax including things about
variables, comparison operators, Boolean operators, functions, loops, and lists.
You don’t have to be an expert but it really helps to have the essential knowledge
so the rest becomes smoother.
You don’t have to make it complicated because programming is only about
telling the computer what needs to be done. The computer should then be able to
understand and successfully execute your instructions. You might just need to
write few lines of code (or modify existing ones a bit) to suit your application.
Also, many of the things that you’ll do in Python for data analysis are already
routine or pre-built for you. In many cases you might just have to copy and
execute the code (with a few modifications). But don’t get lazy because
understanding Python and programming is still essential. This way, you can spot
and troubleshoot problems in case an error message appears. This will also give
you confidence because you know how something works.
Installation & Setup
If you want to follow along with our code and execution, you should have
Anaconda downloaded and installed in your computer. It’s free and available for
Windows, macOS, and Linux. To download and install, go to
https://www.anaconda.com/download/ and follow the succeeding instructions
from there.
The tool we’ll be mostly using is Jupyter Notebook (already comes with
Anaconda installation). It’s literally a notebook wherein you can type and
execute your code as well as add text and notes (which is why many online
instructors use it).
If you’ve successfully installed Anaconda, you should be able to launch
Anaconda Prompt and type jupyter notebook on the blinking underscore. This
will then launch Jupyter Notebook using your default browser. You can then
create a new notebook (or edit it later) and run the code for outputs and
visualizations (graphs, histograms, etc.).
These are convenient tools you can use to make studying and analyzing easier
and faster. This also makes it easier to know which went wrong and how to fix
them (there are easy to understand error messages in case you mess up).
Is Mathematical Expertise Necessary?
Data analysis often means working with numbers and extracting valuable
insights from them. But do you really have to be expert on numbers and
mathematics?
Successful data analysis using Python often requires having decent skills and
knowledge in math, programming, and the domain you’re working on. This
means you don’t have to be an expert in any of them (unless you’re planning to
present a paper at international scientific conferences).
Don’t let many “experts” fool you because many of them are fakes or just plain
inexperienced. What you need to know is what’s the next thing to do so you can
successfully finish your projects. You won’t be an expert in anything after you
read all the chapters here. But this is enough to give you a better understanding
about Python and data analysis.
Back to mathematical expertise. It’s very likely you’re already familiar with
mean, standard deviation, and other common terms in statistics. While going
deeper into data analysis you might encounter calculus and linear algebra. If you
have the time and interest to study them, you can always do anytime or later.
This may or may not give you an edge on the particular data analysis project
you’re working on.
Again, it’s about solving problems. The focus should be on how to take a
challenge and successfully overcome it. This applies to all fields especially in
business and science. Don’t let the hype or myths to distract you. Focus on the
core concepts and you’ll do fine.
4. Python Quick Review
Here’s a quick Python review you can use as reference. If you’re stuck or need
help with something, you can always use Google or Stack Overflow.
To have Python (and other data analysis tools and packages) in your computer,
download and install Anaconda.
Python Data Types are strings (“You are awesome.”), integers (-3, 0, 1), and
floats (3.0, 12.5, 7.77).
You can do mathematical operations in Python such as: 3 + 3
print(3+3) 7 -1

5*2

20 / 5

9 % 2 #modulo operation, returns the remainder of the division 2 ** 3 #exponentiation, 2 to the 3rd
power Assigning values to variables: myName = “Thor”

print(myName) #output is “Thor”

x=5

y=6

print(x + y) #result is 11

print(x*3) #result is 15

Working on strings and variables: myName = “Thor”

age = 25

hobby = “programming”

print('Hi, my name is ' + myname + ' and my age is ' + str(age) + '. Anyway, my hobby is ' + hobby +
'.') Result is Hi, my name is Thon and my age is 25. Anyway, my hobby is programming.

Comments # Everything after the hashtag in this line is a comment.

# This is to keep your sanity.

# Make it understandable to you, learners, and other programmers.

Comparison Operators >>>8 == 8

True
>>>8 > 4
True
>>>8 < 4
False
>>>8 != 4
True
>>>8 != 8
False
>>>8 >= 2
True
>>>8 <= 2
False
>>>’hello’ == ‘hello’
True
>>>’cat’ != ‘dog’
True

Boolean Operators (and, or, not) >>>8 > 3 and 8 > 4

True
>>>8 > 3 and 8 > 9
False
>>>8 > 9 and 8 > 10
False
>>>8 > 3 or 8 > 800
True
>>>’hello’ == ‘hello’ or ‘cat’ == ‘dog’
True

If, Elif, and Else Statements (for Flow Control) print(“What’s your email?”)
myEmail = input()
print(“Type in your password.”)
typedPassword = input()
if typedPassword == savedPassword:
print(“Congratulations! You’re now logged in.”)
else:
print(“Your password is incorrect. Please try again.”)

While loop inbox = 0

while inbox < 10:
print(“You have a message.”)
inbox = inbox + 1
Result is this: You have a message.
You have a message.
You have a message.
You have a message.
You have a message.
You have a message.
You have a message.
You have a message.
You have a message.
You have a message.

Loop doesn’t exit until you typed ‘Casanova’

name = ''
while name != 'Casanova':
print('Please type your name.')
name = input()
print('Congratulations!')

For loop for i in range(10):

print(i ** 2)
Here’s the output: 0
1
4
9
16
25
36
49
64
81
#Adding numbers from 0 to 100

total = 0
for num in range(101):
total = total + num
print(total)

When you run this, the sum will be 5050.

#Another example. Positive and negative reviews.

all_reviews = [5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 3, 2, 5, 3, 2, 5, 4, 3, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 5]
positive_reviews = []
for i in all_reviews:
if i > 3:
print('Pass')
positive_reviews.append(i)
else:
print('Fail')

print(positive_reviews)
print(len(positive_reviews))
ratio_positive = len(positive_reviews) / len(all_reviews)
print('Percentage of positive reviews: ')
print(ratio_positive * 100)

When you run this, you should see: Pass

Pass
Pass
Pass
Pass
Fail
Fail
Pass
Fail
Fail
Pass
Pass
Fail
Fail
Fail
Fail
Fail
Pass
Pass
[5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5]
10
Percentage of positive reviews:
52.63157894736842
Functions def hello():
print('Hello world!')
hello()
Define the function, tell what it should do, and then use or call it later.
def add_numbers(a,b):
print(a + b)

add_numbers(5,10)
add_numbers(35,55)

#Check if a number is odd or even.

def even_check(num):
if num % 2 == 0:
print('Number is even.')
else:
print('Hmm, it is odd.')

even_check(50)
even_check(51)

Lists my_list = [‘eggs’, ‘ham’, ‘bacon’] #list with strings colours = [‘red’,
‘green’, ‘blue’]
cousin_ages = [33, 35, 42] #list with integers mixed_list = [3.14, ‘circle’, ‘eggs’, 500] #list with integers
and strings #Working with lists colours = [‘red’, ‘blue’, ‘green’]

colours[0] #indexing starts at 0, so it returns first item in the list which is ‘red’

colours[1] #returns second item, which is ‘green’

#Slicing the list my_list = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

print(my_list[0:2]) #returns [0, 1]
print(my_list[1:]) #returns [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
print(my_list[3:6]) #returns [3, 4, 5]

#Length of list my_list = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]

print(len(my_list)) #returns 10

#Assigning new values to list items colours = ['red', 'green', 'blue']

colours[0] = 'yellow'
print(colours) #result should be ['yellow', 'green', 'blue']

#Concatenation and appending colours = ['red', 'green', 'blue']

colours.append('pink')
print(colours)
The result will be:
['red', 'green', 'blue', 'pink']

fave_series = ['GOT', 'TWD', 'WW']

fave_movies = ['HP', 'LOTR', 'SW']
fave_all = fave_series + fave_movies
print(fave_all)

This prints ['GOT', 'TWD', 'WW', 'HP', 'LOTR', 'SW']

Those are just the basics. You might still need to refer to this whenever you’re
doing anything related to Python. You can also refer to Python 3 Documentation
for more extensive information. It’s recommended that you bookmark that for
future reference. For quick review, you can also refer to Learn python3 in Y
Minutes.
Tips for Faster Learning
If you want to learn faster, you just have to devote more hours each day in
learning Python. Take note that programming and learning how to think like a
programmer takes time.
There are also various cheat sheets online you can always use. Even experienced
programmers don’t know everything. Also, you actually don’t have to learn
everything if you’re just starting out. You can always go deeper anytime if
something interests you or you want to stand out in job applications or startup
funding.
5. Overview & Objectives
Let’s set some expectations here so you know where you’re going. This is also to
introduce about the limitations of Python, data analysis, data science, and
machine learning (and also the key differences). Let’s start.
Data Analysis vs Data Science vs Machine Learning
Data Analysis and Data Science are almost the same because they share the
same goal, which is to derive insights from data and use it for better decision
making.
Often, data analysis is associated with using Microsoft Excel and other tools for
summarizing data and finding patterns. On the other hand, data science is often
associated with using programming to deal with massive data sets. In fact, data
science became popular as a result of the generation of gigabytes of data coming
from online sources and activities (search engines, social media).
Being a data scientist sounds way cooler than being a data analyst. Although the
job functions might be similar and overlapping, it all deals with discovering
patterns and generating insights from data. It’s also about asking intelligent
questions about the nature of the data (e.g. Are data points form organic clusters?
Is there really a connection between age and cancer?).
What about machine learning? Often, the terms data science and machine
learning are used interchangeably. That’s because the latter is about “learning
from data.” When applying machine learning algorithms, the computer detects
patterns and uses “what it learned” on new data.
For instance, we want to know if a person will pay his debts. Luckily we have a
sizable dataset about different people who either paid his debt or not. We also
have collected other data (creating customer profiles) such as age, income range,
location, and occupation. When we apply the appropriate machine learning
algorithm, the computer will learn from the data. We can then input new data
(new info from a new applicant) and what the computer learned will be applied
to that new data.
We might then create a simple program that immediately evaluates whether a
person will pay his debts or not based on his information (age, income range,
location, and occupation). This is an example of using data to predict someone’s
likely behavior.
Possibilities
Learning from data opens a lot of possibilities especially in predictions and
optimizations. This has become a reality thanks to availability of massive
datasets and superior computer processing power. We can now process data in
gigabytes within a day using computers or cloud capabilities.
Although data science and machine learning algorithms are still far from perfect,
these are already useful in many applications such as image recognition, product
recommendations, search engine rankings, and medical diagnosis. And to this
moment, scientists and engineers around the globe continue to improve the
accuracy and performance of their tools, models, and analysis.
Limitations of Data Analysis & Machine Learning
You might have read from news and online articles that machine learning and
advanced data analysis can change the fabric of society (automation, loss of jobs,
universal basic income, artificial intelligence takeover).
In fact, the society is being changed right now. Behind the scenes machine
learning and continuous data analysis are at work especially in search engines,
social media, and e-commerce. Machine learning now makes it easier and faster
to do the following:
● Are there human faces in the picture?
● Will a user click an ad? (is it personalized and appealing to him/her?)
● How to create accurate captions on YouTube videos? (recognise speech
and translate into text)
● Will an engine or component fail? (preventive maintenance in
manufacturing)
● Is a transaction fraudulent?
● Is an email spam or not?
These are made possible by availability of massive datasets and great processing
power. However, advanced data analysis using Python (and machine learning) is
not magic. It’s not the solution to all problem. That’s because the accuracy and
performance of our tools and models heavily depend on the integrity of data and
our own skill and judgment.
Yes, computers and algorithms are great at providing answers. But it’s also about
asking the right questions. Those intelligent questions will come from us
humans. It also depends on us if we’ll use the answers being provided by our
computers.
Accuracy & Performance
The most common use of data analysis is in successful predictions (forecasting)
and optimization. Will the demand for our product increase in the next five
years? What are the optimal routes for deliveries that lead to the lowest
operational costs?
That’s why an accuracy improvement of even just 1% can translate into millions
of dollars of additional revenues. For instance, big stores can stock up certain
products in advance if the results of the analysis predicts an increasing demand.
Shipping and logistics can also better plan the routes and schedules for lower
fuel usage and faster deliveries.
Aside from improving accuracy, another priority is on ensuring reliable
performance. How can our analysis perform on new data sets? Should we
consider other factors when analyzing the data and making predictions? Our
work should always produce consistently accurate results. Otherwise, it’s not
scientific at all because the results are not reproducible. We might as well shoot
in the dark instead of making ourselves exhausted in sophisticated data analysis.
Apart from successful forecasting and optimization, proper data analysis can
also help us uncover opportunities. Later we can realize that what we did is also
applicable to other projects and fields. We can also detect outliers and interesting
patterns if we dig deep enough. For example, perhaps customers congregate in
clusters that are big enough for us to explore and tap into. Maybe there are
unusually higher concentrations of customers that fall into a certain income
range or spending level.
Those are just typical examples of the applications of proper data analysis. In the
next chapter, let’s discuss one of the most used examples in illustrating the
promising potential of data analysis and machine learning. We’ll also discuss its
implications and the opportunities it presents.
6. A Quick Example
Iris Dataset
Let’s quickly see how data analysis and machine learning work in real world
data sets. The goal here is to quickly illustrate the potential of Python and
machine learning on some interesting problems.
In this particular example, the goal is to predict the species of an Iris flower
based on the length and width of its sepals and petals. First, we have to create a
model based on a dataset with the flowers’ measurements and their
corresponding species. Based on our code, our computer will “learn from the
data” and extract patterns from it. It will then apply what it learned to a new
dataset. Let’s look at the code.
#importing the necessary libraries from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn import tree
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score
import numpy as np

#loading the iris dataset

iris = load_iris()

x = iris.data #array of the data

y = iris.target #array of labels (i.e answers) of each data entry

#getting label names i.e the three flower species

y_names = iris.target_names

#taking random indices to split the dataset into train and test
test_ids = np.random.permutation(len(x))

#splitting data and labels into train and test

#keeping last 10 entries for testing, rest for training

x_train = x[test_ids[:-10]]
x_test = x[test_ids[-10:]]

y_train = y[test_ids[:-10]]
y_test = y[test_ids[-10:]]

#classifying using decision tree

clf = tree.DecisionTreeClassifier()

#training (fitting) the classifier with the training set

clf.fit(x_train, y_train)
#predictions on the test dataset
pred = clf.predict(x_test)

print(pred) #predicted labels i.e flower species

print(y_test) #actual labels
print((accuracy_score(pred, y_test)))*100 #prediction accuracy #Reference: http://docs.python-
guide.org/en/latest/scenarios/ml/

If we run the code, we’ll get something like this: [0 1 1 1 0 2 0 2 2 2]

[0 1 1 1 0 2 0 2 2 2]
100.0
The first line contains the predictions (0 is Iris setosa, 1 is Iris versicolor, 2 is Iris
virginica). The second line contains the actual flower species as indicated in the
dataset. Notice the prediction accuracy is 100%, which means we correctly
predicted each flower’s species.
These might all seem confusing at first. What you need to understand is that the
goal here is to create a model that predicts a flower’s species. To do that, we split
the data into training and test sets. We run the algorithm on the training set and
use it against the test set to know the accuracy. The result is we’re able to predict
the flower’s species on the test set based on what the computer learned from the
training set.
Potential & Implications
It’s a quick and simple example. But its potential and implications can be
enormous. With just a few modifications, you can apply the workflow to a wide
variety of tasks and problems.
For instance, we might be able to apply the same methodology on other flower
species, plants, and animals. We can also apply this in other Classification
problems (more on this later) such as determining if a cancer is benign or
malignant, if a person is a very likely customer, or if there’s a human face in the
photo.
The challenge here is to get enough quality data so our computer can properly
get “good training.” It’s a common methodology to first learn from the training
set and then apply the learning into the test set and possibly new data in the
future (this is the essence of machine learning).
It’s obvious now why many people are hyped about the true potential of data
analysis and machine learning. With enough data, we can create automated
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Index of the
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Suffrage
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Title: Index of the Project Gutenberg Works on Women's Suffrage

Editor: Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Compiler: David Widger

Editor: Susan B. Anthony

Matilda Joslyn Gage
Ida Husted Harper

Release date: June 4, 2019 [eBook #59675]

Most recently updated: February 25, 2021

Language: English

Credits: Produced by David Widger

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INDEX OF THE

PROJECT GUTENBERG WORKS ON WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE ***
 INDEX OF THE PROJECT
GUTENBERG

WORKS OF

THE HISTORY OF WOMEN'S

SUFFRAGE

Four Volumes Edited by Elizabeth Cady

Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda Joslyn
Gage Illustrated With Steel Engravings

Compiled by David Widger

 CONTENTS
Click on the ## before the titles to view a
linked
table of contents for that volume.

Click on the title itself to open the original

online file.

## WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE, Vol. 1

## WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE, Vol. 2

## WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE, Vol. 3

## WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE, Vol. 4

TABLES OF CONTENTS OF
VOLUMES
HISTORY OF WOMEN'S
SUFFRAGE
Volume One of Four Volumes
 Edited by Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda
Joslyn Gage
Illustrated With Steel Engravings

1848-1861.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I.page
PRECEDING CAUSES.
CHAPTER II.
WOMAN IN NEWSPAPERS.
CHAPTER III.
THE WORLD'S ANTI-SLAVERY CONVENTION, LONDON, JUNE 13,
1840.
Individualism rather than Authority—Personal appearance of
Abolitionists—Attempt to silence Woman—Doable battle against the
tyranny of sex and color—Bigoted Abolitionists—James G. Birney
likes freedom on a Southern plantation, but not at his own fireside
—John Bull never dreamt that Woman would answer his call—The
venerable Thomas Clarkson received by the Convention standing—
Lengthy debate on "Female" delegates—The "Females" rejected—
William Lloyd Garrison refusing to sit in the Convention50
CHAPTER IV.
NEW YORK.
 The First Woman's Rights Convention, Seneca Falls, July 19-80,
1848—Property Bights of Women secured—Judge Fine, George
Geddes, and Mr. Hadley pushing the Bill through—Danger of
meddling with well-settled conditions of domestic happiness—Mrs.
Barbara Hertell's will—Richard Hunt's tea-table—The eventful day—
James Mott President—Declaration of sentiments—Convention in
Rochester—Opposition with Bible arguments63
CHAPTER V.
MRS. COLLINS' REMINISCENCES.
The first Suffrage Society—Methodist class-leader whips his wife
—Theology enchains the soul—The status of women and slaves the
same—The first medical college opened to women—Petitions to the
Legislature laughed at, and laid on the table—Dependence
woman's best protection; her weakness her sweetest charm—Dr.
Elizabeth Blackwell's letter—Sketch of Ernestine L. Rose88
CHAPTER VI.
OHIO.
The promised land of fugitives—"Uncle Tom's Cabin"—Salem
Convention, 1850—Akron, 1851—Massilon, 1853—The address to
the women of Ohio—The Mohammedan law forbidding pigs, dogs,
women, and other impure animals to enter a Mosque—The New
York Tribune—Cleveland Convention, 1853—Hon. Joshua K.
Giddings—Letter from Horace Greeley—A glowing eulogy to Mary
Wollstonecraft—William Henry Channing's Declaration—The pulpit
and public sentiment—President Asa Mahan debates—The Rev. Dr.
Nevin pulls Mr. Garrison's nose—Antoinette L. Brown describes her
exit from the World's Temperance Convention—Cincinnati
Convention, 1855—Jane Elizabeth Jones' Report, 1861101
CHAPTER VII.
REMINISCENCES BY CLARINA I. HOWARD NICHOLS.
Vermont: Editor Windham County Democrat—Property Laws,
1847 and 1849—Address to the Legislature on school suffrage,
1852.
 Wisconsin: Woman's State Temperance Society—Lydia F. Fowler
in company—Opposition of Clergy—"Woman's Rights" wouldn't do
—Advertised "Men's Rights."
Kansas: Free State Emigration, 1854—Gov. Robinson and
Senator Pomeroy—Woman's Rights speeches on Steamboat, and at
Lawrence—Constitutional Convention, 1859—State Woman
Suffrage Association—John O. Wattles, President—Aid from the
Francis Jackson Fund—Canvassing the State—School Suffrage
gained.
Missouri: Lecturing at St. Joseph, 1858, on Col. Scott's Invitation
—Westport and the John Brown raid, 1859—St. Louis, 1854—
Frances D. Gage, Rev. Wm. G. Eliot, and Rev. Mr. Weaver171
CHAPTER VIII.
MASSACHUSETTS.
Women in the Revolution—Anti-Tea Leagues—Phillis Wheatley—
Mistress Anne Hutchinson—Heroines in the Slavery Conflict—
Women Voting under the Colonial Charter—Mary Upton Ferrin
Petitions the Legislature in 1848—Woman's Rights Convention in
1850, '51—Letter of Harriet Martineau from England—Letter of
Jeannie Deroine from a Prison Cell in Paris—Editorial from The
Christian Enquirer—The Una, edited by Paulina Wright Davis—
Constitutional Convention in 1858—Before the Legislature in 1857
—Harriot K. Hunt's Protest against Taxation—Lucy Stone's Protest
against the Marriage Laws—Boston Conventions—Theodore Parker
on Woman's Position201
CHAPTER IX.
INDIANA AND WISCONSIN.
Indiana Missionary Station—Gen. Arthur St. Clair—Indian
surprises—The terrible war-whoop—One hundred women join the
army, and are killed fighting bravely—Prairie schooners—
Manufactures in the hands of women—Admitted to the Union in
1816—Robert Dale Owen—Woman Suffrage Conventions—
Wisconsin—C. L. Sholes' report290
CHAPTER X.
 PENNSYLVANIA.
William Penn—Independence Hall—British troops—Heroism of
women—Lydia Darrah—Who designed the Flag—Anti-slavery
movements in Philadelphia—Pennsylvania Hall destroyed by a mob
—David Paul Brown—Fugitives—Millard Fillmore—John Brown—
Angelina Grimké—Abby Kelly—Mary Grew—Temperance in 1848—
Hannah Darlington and Ann Preston before the Legislature—
Medical College for Women in 1850—Westchester Woman's Rights
Convention, 1852—Philadelphia Convention, 1854—Lucretia Mott
answers Richard H. Dana—Jane Grey Swisshelm—Sarah Josepha
Hale—Anna McDowell—Rachel Foster searching the records—
Sketch of Angelina Grimké320
CHAPTER XI.
LUCRETIA MOTT.
Eulogy at the Memorial Services held at Washington by the
National Woman Suffrage Association, January 19, 1881. By
Elizabeth Cady Stanton407
CHAPTER XII.
NEW JERSEY.
Tory feeling in New Jersey—Hannah Arnett rebuked the traitor
spirit—Mrs. Dissosway rejects all proposals to disloyalty—Triumphal
arch erected by the ladies of Trenton in honor of Washington—His
letter to the ladies—The origin of Woman Suffrage in New Jersey—
A paper read by William A. Whitehead before the Historical Society
—Defects in the Constitution of New Jersey—A singular pamphlet
called "Eumenes"—Opinion of Hon. Charles James Fox—Mr.
Whitehead reviewed441
CHAPTER XIII.
MRS. STANTON'S REMINISCENCES.
Mrs. Stanton's and Miss Anthony's first meeting—An objective
view of these ladies from a friend's standpoint—A glimpse at their
private life—The pronunciamentos they issued from the fireside—
Mrs. Wright, Mrs. Seward, Mrs. Worden, Mrs. Mott, in council—How
Mrs. Worden voted—Ladies at Newport dancing with low necks and
short sleeves, and objecting to the publicity of the platform—
Senator Seward discussing Woman's Rights at a dinner-party—Mrs.
Seward declares herself a friend to the reform—A magnetic circle in
Central New York—Matilda Joslyn Gage: her early education and
ancestors—A series of Anti-Slavery Conventions from Buffalo to
Albany—Mobbed at every point—Mayor Thatcher maintains order
in the Convention at the Capital—Great excitement over a fugitive
wife from the insane asylum—The Bloomer costume—Gerrit Smith's
home456
CHAPTER XIV.
NEW YORK.
First Steps in New York—Woman's Temperance Convention,
Albany, January, 1852—New York Woman's State Temperance
Society, Rochester, April, 1852—Women before the Legislature
pleading for a Maine Law—Women rejected as Delegates to Men's
State Conventions at Albany and Syracuse, 1852; at the Brick
Church Meeting and World's Temperance Convention In New York,
1853—Horace Greeley defends the Rights of Women In The New
York Tribune—The Teachers' State Conventions—The Syracuse
National Woman's Rights Convention, 1852—Mob in the Broadway
Tabernacle Woman's Rights Convention through two days, 1853—
State Woman's Rights Convention at Rochester, December, 1853—
Albany Convention, February, 1854, and Hearing before the
Legislature demanding the Right of Suffrage—A State Committee
appointed—Susan B. Anthony General Agent—Conventions at
Saratoga Springs, 1854, '55, '59—Annual State Conventions with
Legislative Hearings and Reports of Committees, until the War—
Married Women's Property Law, 1860—Bill before the Legislature
Granting Divorce for Drunkenness—Horace Greeley and Thurlow
Weed oppose it—Ernestine L. Rose, Lucretia Mott, and Elizabeth
Cady Stanton Address the Legislature in favor of the Bill—Robert
Dale Owen defends the Measure in The New York Tribune—
National Woman's Rights Conventions in New York City, 1856, '58,
'59, '60—Status of the Woman's Rights Movement at the Opening
of the War, 1861472
CHAPTER XV.
WOMAN, CHURCH, AND STATE.
Woman under old religions—Woman took part in offices of early
Christian Church Councils—Original sin—Celibacy of the clergy—
Their degrading sensuality—Feudalism—Marriage—Debasing
externals and daring ideas—Witchcraft—Three striking points for
consideration—Burning of Witches—Witchcraft in New England—
Marriage with devils—Rights of property not recognized in woman
—Wife ownership—Women legislated for as slaves—Marriage under
the Greek Church—The Salic and Cromwellian eras—The
Reformation—Woman under monastic rules in the home—The
Mormon doctrine regarding woman; its logical result—Milton
responsible for many existing views in regard to woman—Woman's
subordination taught to-day—The See trial—Right Rev. Coxe—Rev.
Knox-Little—Pan-Presbyterians—Quakers not as liberal as they
have been considered—Restrictive action of the Methodist Church
—Offensive debate upon ordaining Miss Oliver—The Episcopal
Church and its restrictions—Sunday-school teachings—Week-day
school teachings—Sermon upon woman's subordination by the
President of a Baptist Theological Seminary—Professor Christlieb of
Germany—"Dear, will you bring me my shawl?"—Female sex looked
upon as a degradation—A sacrilegious child—Secretary Evarts, in
the Beecher-Tilton trial, upon woman's subordination—Women
degraded in science and education—Large-hearted men upon
woman's degradation—Wives still sold in the market-place as
"mares," by a halter around their necks—Degrading servile labor
performed by woman in Christian countries—A lower degradation
—"Queen's women"—"Government women"—Interpolations in the
Bible—Letter from Howard Crosby, D.D., LL.D.752

APPENDIX
 LIST OF ENGRAVINGS

Frances Wright Frontispiece

Ernestine L. Wright page 97
Frances D. Gage 129
Clarina Howard Nichols 193
Paulina Wright Davis 273
Lucretia Mott 369
Antoinette L. Brown 449
Amelia Bloomer 497
Susan B. Anthony 577
Martha C. Wright 641
Elizabeth Cady Stanton 721
Matilda Joslyn Gage 753

HISTORY OF WOMAN
SUFFRAGE
Volume Two of Four Volumes
 Edited by Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda
Joslyn Gage
Illustrated With Steel Engravings

1861-1876.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER XVI.page
WOMAN'S PATRIOTISM IN THE WAR.
The first gun on Sumter, April 12, 1861—Woman's military genius
—Anna Ella Carroll—The Sanitary Movement—Dr. Elizabeth
Blackwell—The Hospitals—Dorothea Dix—Services on the battle-
field—Clara Barton—The Freedman's Bureau—Josephine Griffing—
Ladies' National Covenant—Political campaigns—Anna Dickinson—
The Woman's Loyal National League—The Mammoth Petition—
Anniversaries—The Thirteenth Amendment1
CHAPTER XVII.
CONGRESSIONAL ACTION.
First Petitions to Congress December, 1865, against the word
"male" in the 14th Amendment—Joint resolutions before Congress
—Messrs. Jenckes, Schenck, Broomall, and Stevens—Republicans
protest in presenting petitions—The women seek aid of Democrats
—James Brooks in the House of Representatives—Horace Greeley
on the petitions—Caroline Healy Dall on Messrs. Jenckes and
Schenck—The District of Columbia Suffrage Bill—Senator Cowan, of
Pennsylvania, moved to strike out the word "male"—A three days'
debate in the Senate—The final vote nine in favor of Mr. Cowan's
amendment, and thirty-seven against90
CHAPTER XVIII.
NATIONAL CONVENTIONS IN 1866-67.
The first National Woman Suffrage Convention after the war—
Speeches by Ernestine L. Rose, Antoinette Brown Blackwell, Henry
Ward Beecher, Frances D. Gage, Theodore Tilton, Wendell Phillips—
Petitions to Congress and the Constitutional Convention—Mrs.
Stanton a candidate to Congress—Anniversary of the Equal Rights
Association152
CHAPTER XIX.
THE KANSAS CAMPAIGN—1867.
The Battle Ground of Freedom—Campaign of 1867—Liberals did
not Stand by their Principles—Black Men Opposed to Woman
Suffrage—Republican Press and Party Untrue—Democrats in
Opposition—John Stuart Mill's Letters and Speeches Extensively
Circulated—Henry B. Blackwell and Lucy Stone Opened the
Campaign—Rev. Olympia Brown Followed—60,000 Tracts
Distributed—Appeal Signed by Thirty-one Distinguished Men—
Letters from Helen E. Starrett, Susan E. Wattles, Dr. R. S. Tenney,
Lieut.-Governor J. B. Root, Rev. Olympia Brown—The Campaign
closed by ex-Governor Robinson, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B.
Anthony, and the Hutchinson Family—Speeches and Songs at the
Polls in every Ward in Leavenworth Election Day—Both
Amendments lost—9,070 Votes for Woman Suffrage, 10,843 for
Negro Suffrage229
CHAPTER XX.
NEW YORK CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION.
Constitution Amended once in Twenty Years—Mrs. Stanton
before the Legislature Claiming Woman's Right to Vote for
Members to the Convention—An Immense Audience in the Capitol
—The Convention Assembled June 4th, 1867. Twenty Thousand
Petitions Presented for Striking the Word "Male" from the
Constitution—"Committee on the Right of Suffrage, and the
Qualifications for Holding Office" Horace Greeley, Chairman—Mr.
Graves, of Herkimer, Leads the Debate in favor of Woman Suffrage
—Horace Greeley's Adverse Report—Leading Advocates Heard
before the Convention—Speech of George William Curtis on
Striking the Word "Man" from Section 1, Article 11—Final Vote, 19
For, 125 Against—Equal Rights Anniversary of 1868269
CHAPTER XXI.
RECONSTRUCTION.
The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments—Universal Suffrage
and Universal Amnesty the Key-note of Reconstruction—Gerrit
Smith and Wendell Phillips hesitate—A Trying Period in the Woman
Suffrage Movement—Those Opposed to the word "Male" in the
Fourteenth Amendment Voted Down in Conventions—The Negro's
Hour—Virginia L. Minor on Suffrage in the District of Columbia—
Women Advised to be Silent—The Hypocrisy of the Democrats
preferable to that of the Republicans—Senator Pomeroy's
Amendment—Protests against a Man's Government—Negro
Suffrage a Political Necessity—Charles Sumner Opposed to the
Fourteenth Amendment, but Voted for it as a Party Measure—
Woman Suffrage for Utah—Discussion in the House as to who
Constitute Electors—Bills for Woman Suffrage presented by the
Hon. George W. Julian and Senators Wilson and Pomeroy—The
Fifteenth Amendment—Anna E. Dickinson's Suggestion—Opinions
of Women on the Fifteenth Amendment—The Sixteenth
Amendment—Miss Anthony chosen a Delegate to the Democratic
National Convention July 4, 1868—Her Address Read by a
Unanimous Vote—Horatio Seymour in the Chair—Comments of the
Press—The Revolution313
CHAPTER XXII.
NATIONAL CONVENTIONS—1869.
First Convention in Washington—First hearing before Congress—
Delegates Invited from Every State—Senator Pomeroy, of Kansas—
Debate between Colored Men and Women—Grace Greenwood's
Graphic Description—What the Members of the Convention Saw
and Heard in Washington—Robert Purvis—A Western Trip—
Conventions in Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Louis, Springfield, and
Madison—Editorial Correspondence in The Revolution—
Anniversaries in New York and Brooklyn—Conventions in Newport
and Saratoga345
CHAPTER XXIII.
THE NEW DEPARTURE—UNDER THE FOURTEENTH
AMENDMENT.
Francis Minor's Resolutions—Hearing before Congressional
Committee—Descriptions by Mrs. Fannie Howland and Grace
Greenwood—Washington Convention 1870—Rev. Samuel J. May—
Senator Carpenter—Professor Sprague, of Cornell University—
Notes of Mrs. Hooker—May Anniversary in New York—The Fifth
Avenue Conference—Second Decade Celebration—Washington,
1871—Victoria Woodhull's Memorial—Judiciary Committee—
Majority and Minority Reports—George W. Julian and A. A. Sargent
in the House—May Anniversary, 1871—Washington in 1872—
Senate Judiciary Committee—Benjamin F. Butler—The Sherman-
Dahlgren Protest—Women in Grant and Wilson Campaign407
CHAPTER XXIV.
NATIONAL CONVENTIONS—1873, '74, '75.
Fifth Washington Convention—Mrs. Gage on Centralization—May
Anniversary in New York—Washington Convention, 1874—Frances
Ellen Burr's Report—Rev. O. B. Frothingham in New York
Convention—Territory of Pembina—Discussion in the Senate—
Conventions in Washington and New York, 1875—Hearings before
Congressional Committees521
CHAPTER XXV.
TRIALS AND DECISIONS.
Women Voting under the XVI. Amendment—Appeals to the
Courts—Marilla M. Ricker, of New Hampshire, 1870—Nannette B.
Gardner, Michigan—Sara Andrews Spencer, District of Columbia—
Ellen Rand Van Valkenburgh, California—Catherine V. Waite, Illinois
—Carrie S. Burnham, Pennsylvania—Sarah M. T. Huntingdon,
Connecticut—Susan B. Anthony, New York—Virginia L. Minor,
Missouri—Judges McKee, Jameson, Sharswood, Cartter—Associate
Justice Hunt—Chief Justice Waite—Myra Bradwell—Hon. Matt. H.
Carpenter—Supreme Court Decisions586
CHAPTER XXVI.
AMERICAN WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION.
Circular Letter—Cleveland Convention—Association Completed—
Henry Ward Beecher, President—Convention in Steinway Hall, New
York—George William Curtis Speaks—The First Annual Meeting held
in Cleveland—Mrs. Tracy Cutler, President—Mass Meeting in
Steinway Hall, New York, 1870—State Action Recommended—
Moses Coit Tyler Speaks—Mass Meetings in 1871 in Philadelphia,
Washington, Baltimore, Pittsburgh—Memorial to Congress—Letters
from William Lloyd Garrison and others—Hon. G. F. Hoar Advocates
Woman Suffrage—Anniversary celebrated at St. Louis—Dr. Stone,
of Michigan—Thomas Wentworth Higginson, President, 1872—
Convention in Cooper Institute, New York—Two Hundred Young
Women march in—Meeting in Plymouth Church—Letters from
Louise May Alcott and Elizabeth Stuart Phelps—The Annual Meeting
in Detroit—Julia Ward Howe, President—Letter from James T. Field
—Mary F. Eastman Addresses the Convention. Bishop Gilbert Haven
President for 1875—Convention in Steinway Hall, New York—Hon.
Charles Bradlaugh Speaks—Centennial Celebration, July 3d—
Petition to Congress for a XVI. Amendment—Conventions in
Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Washington, and Louisville756

Appendix.

LIST OF ENGRAVINGS

Anna E. Dickinson Frontispiece.

Clara Barton page 25
 Clemence S. Lozier, M. D. 153
Rev. Olympia Brown 265
Jane Graham Jones 313
Virginia L. Minor 409
Isabella Beecher Hooker 489
Belva A. Lockwood 521
Ellen Clark Sargent 553
Myra Bradwell 617
Lucy Stone 761
Julia Ward Howe 793

HISTORY OF WOMAN
SUFFRAGE
Volume Three of Four Volumes
 Edited by Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda
Joslyn Gage
Illustrated With Steel Engravings

1876-1885.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER XXVII.page
THE CENTENNIAL YEAR—1876.
The Dawn of the New Century—Washington Convention—
Congressional Hearing—Woman's Protest—May Anniversary—
Centennial Parlors in Philadelphia—Letters and Delegates to
Presidential Conventions—50,000 Documents sent out—The
Centennial Autograph Book—The Fourth of July—Independence
Square—Susan B. Anthony reads the Declaration of Rights—
Convention in Dr. Furness' Church, Lucretia Mott, Presiding—The
Hutchinson Family, John and Asa—The Twenty-eighth Anniversary,
July 19, Edward M. Davis, Presiding—Letters, Ernestine L. Rose,
Clarina I. H. Nichols—The Ballot-Box—Retrospect—The Woman's
Pavilion1
CHAPTER XXVIII.
NATIONAL CONVENTIONS, HEARINGS AND REPORTS.
1877-1878-1879.
Renewed Appeal for a Sixteenth Amendment—Mrs. Gage
Petitions for a Removal of Political Disabilities—Ninth Washington
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