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Lecture Notes in Mathematics 2179
CIME Foundation Subseries

Bernard Dacorogna · Nicola Fusco

Stefan Müller · Vladimir Sverak

Vector-Valued
Partial Differential
Equations and
Applications
Cetraro, Italy 2013
John Ball · Paolo Marcellini Editors
Lecture Notes in Mathematics 2179
Editors-in-Chief:
J.-M. Morel, Cachan
B. Teissier, Paris

Advisory Board:
Michel Brion, Grenoble
Camillo De Lellis, Zurich
Mario Di Bernardo, Bristol
Alessio Figalli, Zurich
Davar Khoshnevisan, Salt Lake City
Ioannis Kontoyiannis, Athens
Gábor Lugosi, Barcelona
Mark Podolskij, Aarhus
Sylvia Serfaty, New York
Anna Wienhard, Heidelberg

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/304

Bernard Dacorogna • Nicola Fusco •
Stefan MRuller • Vladimir Sverak

Vector-Valued Partial
Differential Equations and
Applications
Cetraro, Italy 2013

John Ball • Paolo Marcellini

Editors

123
Authors
Bernard Dacorogna Nicola Fusco
Section de Mathématiques, EPFL Dipartimento di Matematica e Applicazioni
Lausanne, Switzerland “R. Caccioppoli”
Università degli Studi di Napoli
“Federico II”
Napoli, Italy

Stefan MRuller Vladimir Sverak

Hausdorff Center for Mathematics & School of Mathematics
Department of Applied Mathematics University of Minnesota
University of Bonn Minneapolis, MN, USA
Bonn, Germany

Editors
John Ball Paolo Marcellini
Mathematical Institute Dipartimento di Matematica
University of Oxford UniversitJa di Firenze
Oxford, United Kingdom Firenze, Italy

ISSN 0075-8434 ISSN 1617-9692 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Mathematics
C.I.M.E. Foundation Subseries
ISBN 978-3-319-54513-4 ISBN 978-3-319-54514-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54514-1

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017940495

Mathematics Subject Classification (2010): 49-XX, 35-XX, 35QXX

© Springer International Publishing AG 2017

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
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now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
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protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
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claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Printed on acid-free paper

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The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

We are proud to introduce, as the scientific organisers, the 2013 CIME Course
Vector-valued Partial Differential Equations and Applications, which took place at
Cetraro (Cosenza, Italy) from July 8 to 12, 2013, with the following speakers and
courses of lectures:

Bernard Dacorogna (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland), The

pullback equation.
Nicola Fusco (Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy), The stability of
the isoperimetric inequality.
Stefan Müller (Universität Bonn, Germany), Mathematical problems in thin elastic
sheets: scaling limits, packing, crumpling and singularities.
Vladimir Šverák (University of Minnesota, USA), Aspects of PDEs related to fluid
flows.
The programme included a special session to celebrate the 60th birthday of
Bernard Dacorogna, with lectures by Gianni Dal Maso, Carlo Sbordone, Giovanni
Cupini, Emanuele Paolini and Giovanni Pisante.

That the meeting was such a success was a consequence of the distinction of the
speakers and the high level of their lectures, as evidenced by the quality of the notes
in this volume, as well as the participation and active involvement of the participants,
who numbered well over 100.
We now briefly describe the course notes included in this set of Lecture Notes,
starting with the course of Bernard Dacorogna on the pullback equation. A map
' W Rn ! Rn solves the pullback equation '  .g/ D f if it is a diffeomorphism
which satisfies the equation with f ; g differential k-forms with 0  k  n. For
instance, in the case k D n, the equation takes the form g .' .x// det r' .x/ D f .x/.
Local existence is analysed, as well as global existence in the Hölder space Cr;˛ .
In his course, Nicola Fusco considered the stability of the isoperimetric inequal-
ity. Once we know that, for a given volume, balls are the unique area minimisers,

v
vi Preface

the next natural question is to understand what happens when a set E has the same
volume of a ball B and a slightly bigger surface area. Precisely, one would like
to show that in this case E must be close in a proper sense to a translation of B.
The stability of the isoperimetric inequality for general sets of finite perimeter is
analysed in detail, the proof being based on a suitable symmetrisation argument
aimed at reducing a general set of finite perimeter to an axially symmetric bounded
set with a centre of symmetry.
Stefan Müller presented in his course an outline of the theory of thin elastic
sheets; in particular, he considers the limiting behaviour of thin elastic objects as the
thickness h goes to zero. Mathematically one can distinguish two types of problems:
either where the solution has a well-defined limit as h ! 0, when the natural goal is
to characterise the limit, or where the solution develops increasing complexity.
The course of Vladimir Šverák concerned two main themes. The first deals with
the long-time behaviour of solutions of the 2D incompressible Euler equations
and other Hamiltonian equations. The second theme is related to the problem of
uniqueness of the Leray–Hopf weak solutions with L2 initial data.

We are pleased to express our appreciation to the speakers for their excellent
lectures and to the participants for contributing to the success of the CIME Course.
We had in Cetraro an interesting, rich and friendly atmosphere, created by the
speakers, by the participants and by the CIME Organisers, in particular Pietro Zecca
(CIME Director) and Elvira Mascolo (CIME Secretary). At the date of publication,
Elvira now has the role of CIME Director, while the CIME Secretary is Paolo
Salani. We thank all of them warmly.

Acknowledgements CIME activity is carried out with the collaboration and financial sup-
port of: INdAM (Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica)—MIUR (Ministero dell’Istruzione,
dell’Università e della Ricerca)—Ente Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze.

Oxford, UK John Ball

Firenze, Italy Paolo Marcellini
Contents

The Pullback Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Bernard Dacorogna
The Stability of the Isoperimetric Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Nicola Fusco
Mathematical Problems in Thin Elastic Sheets: Scaling Limits,
Packing, Crumpling and Singularities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Stefan Müller
Aspects of PDEs Related to Fluid Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Vladimír Šverák

vii
The Pullback Equation

Bernard Dacorogna

1 Introduction

The aim of this course is the study of the pullback equation

'  .g/ D f : (1)

More precisely we want to find a map ' W Rn ! Rn ; preferably we want this map
to be a diffeomorphism, that satisfies the above equation, where f ; g are differential
k-forms, 0  k  n: Most of the time we will require these two forms to be closed.
Before going further let us examine the exact meaning of (1). We write
X
g .x/ D gi1 ik .x/ dxi1 ^    ^ dxik
1i1 <<ik n

and similarly for f : The meaning of (1) is that

X X
gi1 ik .'/ d' i1 ^    ^ d' ik D fi1 ik dxi1 ^    ^ dxik
1i1 <<ik n 1i1 <<ik n

where

X
n
@' i
d' i D dxj :
jD1
@xj

B. Dacorogna ()
Section de Mathématiques, EPFL 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
e-mail: [email protected]

© Springer International Publishing AG 2017 1

J. Ball, P. Marcellini (eds.), Vector-Valued Partial Differential Equations
and Applications, Lecture Notes in Mathematics 2179,
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54514-1_1
2 B. Dacorogna

 2  k  n) homogeneous of degree k (in the

This turns out to be a non-linear (if
derivatives) first order system of nk partial differential equations. Let us see the
form that the equation takes when k D 0; 1; 2; n:
Case: k D 0: The Eq. (1) reads as

g .' .x// D f .x/

while

dg D 0 , grad g D 0:

We will be, only marginally, interested in this elementary case, which is trivial for
closed forms. In any case (1) is not, when k D 0; a differential equation.
Case: k D 1: The form g; and analogously for f ; can be written as

X
n
g .x/ D gi .x/ dxi :
iD1

The Eq. (1) becomes then

X
n X
n
gi .' .x// d' i D fi .x/ dxi
iD1 iD1

while

@gi @gj
dg D 0 , curl g D 0 ,  D 0; 1  i < j  n:
@xj @xi

Writing

X
n
@' i
d' i D dxj
jD1
@xj

and substituting into the equation, we find that (1) is equivalent to

X
n
@' j
gj .' .x// .x/ D fi .x/ ; 1  i  n:
jD1
@xi


This is a system of n1 D n first order linear (in the first derivatives) partial
differential equations.
The Pullback Equation 3

Case: k D 2: The form g; and analogously for f ; can be written as

X
gD gij .x/ dxi ^ dxj
1i<jn

while

@gij @gik @gjk

dg D 0 ,  C D 0; 1  i < j < k  n:
@xk @xj @xi

The equation '  .g/ D f becomes

X X
gpq .' .x// d' p ^ d' q D fij .x/ dxi ^ dxj :
1p<qn 1i<jn

We get, as before, that (1) is equivalent, for every 1  i < j  n; to

X  
@' p @' q @' p @' q
gpq .' .x//  D fij .x/
1p<qn
@xi @xj @xj @xi

n
which is a non-linear homogeneous of degree 2 (in the derivatives) system of 2 D
n.n1/
2
first order partial differential equations.
Case: k D n: In this case we always have df D dg D 0: By abuse of notations,
if we identify volume forms and functions, we get that the equation '  .g/ D f
becomes

g .' .x// det r' .x/ D f .x/ :

It is then a non-linear homogeneous of degree n (in the derivatives) first order partial
differential equation.
The main questions that we will discuss are the following.
(1) Algebraic case. When the forms are constants, it is natural to seek for solutions
' of the form ' .x/ D Ax where A is an invertible n  n matrix. Therefore the
problem turns out to be of linear algebraic nature. For example when k D 2 we
can associate, in a unique way, to any 2-form
X
gD gij dxi ^ dxj
1i<jn
4 B. Dacorogna

a skew symmetric matrix G 2 Rnn (i.e. Gt D G)

0 1
0 g12 g13 g1n
B g12 0 g23 g2n C
B C
B g3n C
G D B g13 g23 0  C:
B : :: :: :: :: C
@ :: : : : : A
g1n g2n g3n  0

We therefore have

'  .g/ D f , AGAt D F:

Since any skew symmetric matrix has even rank, we have that if

rank G D rank F D 2m  n

then it is always possible to find an invertible matrix A: The canonical form is

then
0  1
0 1
B 1 0    0 0    0 C
B C
B :: :: :: :: :: C
B : : : :  : C
B   C
B C
B 0 1 C
Jm D B 0  0  0C:
B 1 0 C
B C
B 0    0 0    0 C
B C
B :: :: :: : : :: C
@ :  : : : :A
0  0 0  0

(2) Local existence. This is the easiest question. We will handle fairly completely
the case of closed 2-forms, which is the case of Darboux theorem. The cases
of 1 and .n  1/-forms as well as the case of n-forms will also be dealt with. It
will turn out that the case 3  k  n  2 is much more difficult and we will be
able to handle only closed k-forms with special structure.
(3) Existence of canonical forms. It will turn out that (for closed forms):
– when k D 1; then the canonical form is g D dx1
– when k D 2; then the canonical form is, depending of the rank of the form,

X
m
gD dx2i1 ^ dx2i
iD1
The Pullback Equation 5

– when k D n  1; then the canonical form is

g D dx1 ^    ^ dxn1

– when k D n; then the canonical form is

g D dx1 ^    ^ dxn :

(4) Global existence. This is a much more difficult problem. We will obtain results
in the case of volume forms and of closed 2-forms.
(5) Regularity. A special emphasis will be given on getting sharp regularity results.
For this reason we will have to work with Hölder spaces Cr;q ; 0 < q < 1;
and not with spaces Cr : We will not deal with Sobolev spaces, apart for some
linear problems. In the present context the reason is that Hölder spaces form an
algebra contrary to Sobolev spaces (with low exponents).
(6) Selection principle. In all cases discussed here, once the existence part has been
settled, it turns out that there are, in general, infinitely many solutions. Therefore
the problem of selecting a solution with further properties becomes an important
one. We will discuss very briefly this difficult problem in the cases k D 2 and
k D n:
(7) Invariants. Finally the question of the invariants will be discussed. We will see
that the rank and the closedness are two invariants. They are the only one (at
least for the local problem) when k D 1; 2; n  1; n; but there are others when
3  k  n  2:
The course is based on the recent book [16], to which we refer for all missing
proofs.

2 Algebraic Preliminaries

We now gather some algebraic results about exterior forms that are used throughout
the course. Let 1  k  n be an integer (if k > n; we set f D 0). An exterior k-form
will be denoted by
X
f D fi1 ik ei1 ^    ^ eik :
1i1 <<ik n

The set of exterior k-forms over Rn is a vector space and is denoted ƒk .Rn / and its
dimension is
n
dim.ƒk .Rn // D k :
6 B. Dacorogna

If k D 0; we set

ƒ0 .Rn / D R:

By abuse of notations, we will, when convenient and in order not to burden the
notations, identify k-forms with vectors in R.k/ :
n

(i) The exterior product of f 2 ƒk .Rn / with g 2 ƒl .Rn /; denoted by f ^ g; is

defined as usual and it belongs to ƒkCl .Rn /: For example if k D l D 1;
X X
f D fi ei and g D gj e j
1in 1in

then
X X  
f ^gD fi gj ei ^ e j D fi gj  fj gi ei ^ e j :
1i;jn 1i<jn

If k D 2 and l D 1;
X X
f D fij ei ^ e j and g D g l el
1i<jn 1ln

then
X  
f ^gD fij gl  fil gj C fjl gi ei ^ e j ^ el :
1i<j<ln

(ii) The scalar product between two k-forms f and g is denoted by

X
hgI f i D gi1 ik fi1 ik :
1i1 <<ik n

(iii) The Hodge star operator associates to f 2 ƒk .Rn / a form .f / 2 ƒnk .Rn /
defined by

f ^ g D hf I gi e1 ^    ^ en

for every g 2 ƒnk .Rn /: For example if k D 1; n D 3 and

X
f D fi ei D f1 e1 C f2 e2 C f3 e3
1i3
The Pullback Equation 7

then

f D f3 e1 ^ e2  f2 e1 ^ e3 C f1 e2 ^ e3 :

(iv) We define, for 0  l  k  n; the interior product of f 2 ƒk .Rn / with

g 2 ƒl .Rn / by

g y f D .1/n.kl/  .g ^ .f // 2 ƒkl .Rn /:

For example if k D l; then

g y f D hgI f i

or if k D 1 and l D 2; then
" n #
X
n X
gyf D fij gi e j 2 ƒ1 .Rn / :
jD1 iD1

These definitions are linked through the following elementary facts. For
every f 2 ƒk .Rn /; g 2 ƒkC1 .Rn / and h 2 ƒ1 .Rn /

jhj2 f D h y .h ^ f / C h ^ .h y f /

hh ^ f I gi D h f I h y gi :

(v) Let A 2 Rnn be a matrix and f 2 ƒk .Rn / be given by

X
f D fi1 ik ei1 ^    ^ eik :
1i1 <<ik n

We define the pullback of f by A; denoted A . f /; by

X
A . f / D fi1 ik Ai1 ^    ^ Aik 2 ƒk .Rn /
1i1 <<ik n

where Aj is the j-th row of A and is identified with

X
n
Ak ek 2 ƒ1 .Rn /:
j
Aj D
kD1

If k D 0; we then let

A . f / D f :
8 B. Dacorogna

The present definition is consistent with the one given in the introduction; just
set ' .x/ D Ax in (1).
(vi) We next define the notion of rank of f 2 ƒk .Rn / : We first associate to the
linear map

g 2 ƒ1 .Rn / ! g y f 2 ƒk1 .Rn /

 n 
a matrix f 2 R k1 n such that, by abuse of notations,

g y f D f g for every g 2 ƒ1 .Rn / :

In this case, we have

gyf
0 1
X Xk X
D @ .1/ 1 fj1 j 1 ij jk1 gi A e j1 ^    ^ e jk1 :
1j1 <<jk1 n  D1 j 1 <i<j

More explicitly, using the lexicographical order for the columns (index below) and
the rows (index above) of the matrix f ; we have
j jk1
. f /i1 D fi j1 jk1

for 1  i  n and 1  j1 <    < jk1  n: The rank of the k-form f is then the rank
of the k1n
 n matrix f : We then write
 
rank Πf  D rank f :

Example 1 For example if k D 2; then

j
. f /i D fi j

i.e. when n D 4
0 1
0 f12 f13 f14
B f21 D f12 0 f23 f24 C
f DB
@ f31
C:
D f13 f32 D f23 0 f34 A
f41 D f14 f42 D f24 f43 D f34 0

Since fi j D fji ; we have that f 2 Rnn is skew symmetric and therefore can never
be invertible if n is odd. The canonical form when n D 4 is the standard symplectic
The Pullback Equation 9

matrix
0 1
0 1 0 0
B 1 0 0 0C
JDB
@ 0
C:
0 0 1A
0 0 1 0

Example 2 When k D n; then, identifying the form with its component, we have
that f 2 Rnn and, up to a sign,
0 1
f 0  0
B 0 f  0 C
B C
f DB: : :: :: C:
@ :: :: : : A
0 0    .1/n1 f

Note that only when k D 2 or k D n the matrix f is a square matrix. Our best
results are obtained precisely in these cases and when the matrix f is invertible.
We then have the following elementary result.
Proposition 3 Let f 2 ƒk .Rn / ; f ¤ 0:
(i) If k D 1; then the rank of f is always 1:
(ii) If k D 2; then the rank of f is even. The forms

X
m
!m D e2i1 ^ e2i
iD1

are such that rank Œ!m  D 2m: Moreover rank Œ f  D 2m if and only if

fm ¤ 0 and f mC1 D 0

where f m D f ^    ^ f :
„ ƒ‚ …
mtimes
(iii) If 3  k  n; then

rank Πf  2 fk; k C 2;    ; ng

and any of the values in fk; k C 2;    ; ng can be achieved by the rank of a

k-form. In particular if k D n  1; then rank Πf  D n  1; while if k D n; then
rank Πf  D n:
(iv) If rank Œ f  D k; then there exist f1 ;    ; fk 2 ƒ1 .Rn / such that

f D f1 ^    ^ fk :
10 B. Dacorogna

Remark 4 The rank is an invariant for the pullback equation. More precisely if there
exists A 2 GL .n/ ; i.e. A is an invertible n  n matrix, such that

A .g/ D f

(or equivalently if ' .x/ D Ax; then the above equation is equivalent to '  .g/ D f )
then (cf. Theorem 64)

rank Œg D rank Œ f  :

Conversely, when k D 1; 2; n  1; n; if rank Œg D rank Œ f  ; then there exists A 2

GL .n/ such that

A .g/ D f :

However the converse is not anymore true, in general, if 3  k  n  2 (cf.

Examples 60 and 61).

3 Harmonic Fields and Poincaré Lemma

3.1 Preliminaries
 
Definition 5 Let   Rn be open and f 2 C1 I ƒk ; namely
X
f D f i1 ik .x/ dxi1 ^    ^ dxik :
1i1 <<ik n

(i) The exterior derivative of f denoted df belongs to C0 .I ƒkC1 / and is defined
by

X Xn
@fi1 ik m
df D dx ^ dxi1 ^    ^ dxik :
1i1 <<i n mD1
@x m
k

If k D n; then df D 0:
(ii) The interior derivative or codifferential of f denoted ıf belongs to C0 .I ƒk1 /
and is defined by

ıf D .1/n.k1/  .d .f // :
The Pullback Equation 11

By abuse of notations one can write

df D r ^ f and ıf D r y f :

Note that, for example, when k D 2

X  
@fij @fil @fjl
df D  C dxi ^ dxj ^ dxl :
1i<j<ln
@xl @xj @xi

Remark 6
(i) If k D 0; then the operator d can be identified with the gradient operator, while
ıf D 0 for any f :
(ii) If k D 1; then the operator d can be identified with the curl operator, while the
operator ı is the divergence operator.
We next gather some well known properties of the operators d and ı:
 
Theorem 7 Let f 2 C2 I ƒk and g 2 C2 .I ƒl /: Then

d. f ^ g/ D df ^ g C .1/k f ^ dg
ı. f y g/ D .1/kCl df y g  f y ıg:
ddf D 0; ııf D 0 and dıf C ıdf D f :

We also need the following definition. In the sequel we will denote the exterior
unit normal of @ by :
Definition 8 The tangential component of a k-form f on @ is the .k C 1/-form

 ^ f 2 ƒkC1 :

The normal component of a k-form f on @ is the .k  1/-form

 y f 2 ƒk1 :

Example 9 If f is a 1-form and

 D fx 2 Rn W xn > 0g

then  D en and

^f D0 , f1 D    D fn1 D 0
yf D 0 , fn D 0

We easily deduce the following properties.

12 B. Dacorogna

 
Proposition 10 Let 0  k  n and f 2 C1 I ƒk ; then

 ^ f D 0 on @ )  ^ df D 0 on @
 y f D 0 on @ )  y ıf D 0 on @:

We will constantly use the integration by parts formula.

Theorem 11 (Integration
 by Parts Formula) Let 1  k  n; f 2 C1 .I ƒk1 /
1
and g 2 C I ƒ : Then
k

Z Z Z Z
hdf I gi C h f I ıgi D h ^ f I gi D h f I  y gi:
  @ @

We will adopt the following notations.

Notation 12 Let   Rn be open, r  0 be an integer and 0  q  1  p 
1: Spaces with vanishing tangential or normal component will be denoted in the
following way
r;q   
CT I ƒk D f f 2 Cr;q I ƒk W  ^ f D 0 on @g
r;q    
CN I ƒk D f f 2 Cr;q I ƒk W  y f D 0 on @g
rC1;p    
WT I ƒk D f f 2 W rC1;p I ƒk W  ^ f D 0 on @g
rC1;p    
WN I ƒk D f f 2 W rC1;p I ƒk W  y f D 0 on @g:

The different sets of harmonic fields will be denoted by

   
H I ƒk D f f 2 W 1;2 I ƒk W df D 0 and ıf D 0 in g
   
HT I ƒk D f f 2 H I ƒk W  ^ f D 0 on @g
   
HN I ƒk D f f 2 H I ƒk W  y f D 0 on @g:

We now list some properties of the harmonic fields.

Theorem 13 Let   Rn be an open set. Then
   
H I ƒk  C1 I ƒk :

Moreover if  is bounded and smooth, then the next statements are valid.
(i) The following inclusion holds
     
HT I ƒk [ HN I ƒk  C1 I ƒk :
The Pullback Equation 13

Furthermore if r  0 is an integerand 0 
 q  1; then there exists C D C.r; /
such that, for every f 2 HT I ƒk [ HN I ƒk ;

k f kW r;2  Ck f kL2 and k f kCr;q  Ck f kC0 :

   
(ii) The spaces
 HT I ƒk and HN I ƒk are finite dimensional and closed in
L2 I ƒk :
(iii) Furthermore if  is contractible, then
 
HT I ƒk  D f0g if 0  k  n  1
HN I ƒk D f0g if 1  k  n:
 
(iv) If k D 0 or k D n and h 2 H I ƒk ; then
 h is constant on each connected
component of : In particular HT I ƒ0 D f0g and HN .I ƒn / D f0g:
Remark 14 If k D 1 and assuming that  is smooth, then the sets HT and HN can
be rewritten, as usual by abuse of notations, as
  
 1
 1
  curl f D 0 and div f D 0
HT I ƒ D f 2C I R n
W
fi j  fj i D 0; 8 1  i < j  n

  
    curl f D 0 and div f D 0
HN I ƒ1 D f 2 C1 I Rn W Pn :
iD1 fi i D 0

Moreover if  is simply connected, then

   
HT I ƒ1 D HN I ƒ1 D f0g:

In particular if n D 2 and  D B1 Ÿ f.0; 0/g ; then

x2 x1  
f D dx1 C 2 dx2 2 HN I ƒ1 :
x21 2
C x2 2
x1 C x2

Proof We only prove the inclusion

   
H I ƒk  C1 I ƒk
 
which follows from Weyl Lemma (cf. for example [22]). Indeed let  2 C01 I ƒk
Z Z Z Z
h!I i D h!I dı C ıdi D hd!I di C hı!I ıi D 0
   

Choose  D ' dxI ; ' 2 C01 ./ and thus !I 2 C1 ./: 

14 B. Dacorogna

3.2 The Hodge-Morrey Decomposition

We now turn to the celebrated Hodge-Morrey (see [43–45]) decomposition and an

equivalent formulation (see [16] for details).
Theorem 15 (Hodge-Morrey Decomposition) Let   Rn be a bounded  open
smooth set and  be the exterior unit normal. Let 0  k  n and f 2 L2 I ƒk :
Then there exist
   
˛ 2 WT1;2 I ƒk1 ; ˇ 2 WT1;2 I ƒkC1 ;
   
h 2 HT I ƒk and ! 2 WT2;2 I ƒk

such that, in ;

f D d˛ C ıˇ C h; ˛ D ı! and ˇ D d!:

Moreover the decomposition is an orthogonal one, i.e.

Z Z Z
hd˛I ıˇi D hd˛I hi D hıˇI hi D 0:
  

Remark 16
(i) We have quoted only one of the three decompositions. Another one, completely
similar, is by replacing T by N and the other one mixing both T and N:
(ii) If k  n  1 and if the domain  is contractible, then h D 0:
(iii) If k D 0; then the theorem reads as

f D ıˇ D ıd! D ! in  with ! D 0 on @:

(iv) When k D 1 and n D 3; the decomposition reads as follows. For any f 2

L2 .I R3 /; there exist
 
! 2 W 2;2 I R3 with !i j  !j i D 0 on @; 8 1  i < j  3
˛ 2 W01;2 ./ and ˛ D div !
 
ˇ 2 W 1;2 I R3 with ˇ D  curl ! and hI ˇi D 0 on @
  
1
 3
 curl h D 0 and div h D 0
h 2 h 2 C I R W
hi j  hj i D 0; 8 1  i < j  3

such that

f D grad ˛ C curl ˇ C h in :

Furthermore if  is simply connected, then h D 0:

The Pullback Equation 15

(v) If f is more regular than in L2 ; then ˛; ˇ and ! are in the corresponding class of
regularity (see [7, 16, 44]).
 More  precisely if, for example, r  0 is an integer,
0 < q < 1 and f 2 Cr;q I ƒk ; then
     
˛ 2 CrC1;q I ƒk1 ; ˇ 2 CrC1;q I ƒkC1 and ! 2 CrC2;q I ƒk :

(vi) The proof of Morrey uses the direct methods of the calculus of variations. One
minimizes
Z  
1 2 1 2
Df .!/ D jd!j C jı!j C h f I !i
 2 2
in an appropriate space, Gaffney inequality (see, for example, [14]) giving the
coercivity of the integral.
It turns out that the Hodge-Morrey decomposition is in fact equivalent to solving
the first order system

d! D f and ı! D g in 
 ^ ! D  ^ !0 on @

or the similar one


d! D f and ı! D g in 
 y ! D  y !0 on @:

We here state a simplified version for the first system (see also [38, 54–56]).
Theorem 17 Let r  0 and 1  k  n  2 be integers, 0 < q < 1 and   Rn
be a bounded contractible open smooth set and with exterior unit normal : The
following statements are then equivalent.
   
(i) Let g 2 Cr;q I ƒk1 and f 2 Cr;q I ƒkC1 be such that

ıg D 0 in ; df D 0 in  and  ^ f D 0 on @:
 
(ii) There exists ! 2 CrC1;q I ƒk ; such that

d! D f and ı! D g in 
^! D0 on @:

Remark 18
(i) When k D n  1; the result is valid provided
Z
f D 0:

16 B. Dacorogna

Note that in this case the conditions df D 0 and  ^ f D 0 are automatically

fulfilled.
(ii) Completely analogous results can be given for Sobolev spaces.
(iii) If the domain  is not contractible or if !0 ¤ 0; then
 additional
 necessary
conditions have to be added, namely  ^ !0 2 CrC1;q @I ƒkC1 ;

 ^ d!0 D  ^ f on @
   
and, for every  2 HT I ƒkC1 and 2 HT I ƒk1 ;
Z Z Z
h f I i  h ^ !0 I i D 0 and hgI i D 0:
 @ 

3
(iv) When k D 1 and n D 3; the theorem reads as follows.
 Let    R 3be
 a
bounded contractible smooth open set, g 2 C  and f 2 C I R be
r;q r;q

such that

div f D 0 in  and h f I i D 0 on @:

 
Then there exists ! 2 CrC1;q I R3 ; such that

curl ! D f and div ! D g in 
!i j  !j i D 0 8 1  i < j  3 on @:

3.3 Poincaré Lemma

We now have a global version of Poincaré lemma with optimal regularity.

Theorem 19 Let r  0 and 0  k  n  1 be integers, 0 < q < 1 and   Rn be
a bounded open smooth set. The following statements are equivalent.
 
(i) Let f 2 Cr;q I ƒkC1 ; be such that
Z
 
df D 0 in  and h f I i D 0 for every 2 HN I ƒkC1 :

 
(ii) There exists ! 2 CrC1;q I ƒk ; such that

d! D f in :
The Pullback Equation 17

Moreover there exists a constant C D C .r; q; / such that

k!kCrC1;q  Ck f kCr;q :

Remark 20
(i) When k D n  1 in Theorem 19, there is no restriction on the solvability of
d! D f (since df D 0 automatically and HN .I ƒn / D f0g).
(ii) If r D 0; then the conditions df D 0 have to be understood in the sense of
distributions.
(iii) The above results remain valid if  is CrC3;q :
(iv) The same result holds true for Sobolev spaces.
(v) The construction is linear and universal.
 
Proof (ii) ) (i). Suppose first that there exists ! 2 CrC1;q I ƒk such that f D
d!: Clearly df D 0 and the other assertion follows by partial integration, since, for
every 2 HN ;
Z Z Z Z
hfI i D hd!I i D  h!I ı i C h!I  y i D 0:
   @

(i) ) (ii). Suppose now that

Z
df D 0 in  and h f I i D 0 for every 2 HN .I ƒkC1 /:


We then appeal to the dual version of Theorem 17 to solve the problem


d! D f and ı! D 0 in 
y! D 0 on @:

This concludes the proof. 

A much more elementary proof can be obtained in a star shaped domain if we
are ready to give up the gain of regularity. The formula is standard and the proof is
done by straightforward differentiation (see Dacorogna (unpublished, 2016)).
Theorem 21 Let 0  k  n  1;   Rn be a star shaped (with respect
 to the
origin) open set and f 2 C1 I ƒkC1 be such that df D 0: Then F 2 C1 I ƒk
defined by
Z 1
F .x/ D Œx y f .t x/ tk dt
0

verifies dF D f :
18 B. Dacorogna

Remark 22
(i) The case k D 0 is the most classical and reads as
n Z
X 1
F .x/ D xj fj .t x/ dt ) Fxi D fi (i.e. grad F D f ):
jD1 0

When k D 1 the formula becomes

n Z
X 1
F j .x/ D xi fij .t x/ t dt ) Fxj i  Fxi j D fij (i.e. curl F D f ).
iD1 0

 Hodge  operator, we have the dual version,

(ii) Using the  if 1  k  n and
 namely
' 2 C1 I ƒk1 is such that ı' D 0; then ˆ 2 C1 I ƒk defined by
Z 1
ˆ .x/ D Œx ^ ' .t x/ tnk dt
0

verifies ıˆ D ': In particular when k D 1 the formula reads as

Z 1
ˆ .x/ D x Œ' .t x/ tn1 dt ) div ˆ D ':
0

3.4 Poincaré Lemma on the Boundary

We start with a slight improvement of a lemma proved in Dacorogna-Moser [30].

Lemma 23 Let r  0 be an integer, 0  q  1 and   Rn be a bounded open
CrC1;q set with exterior unit normal : Let c 2 Cr;q .@/ : Then there exists
 
b 2 CrC1;q 

satisfying all over @

grad b D c  and b D 0:

Furthermore there exists a constant C D C .r; / > 0 such that

kbkCrC1;q ./  C kckCr;q .@/ :

The Pullback Equation 19

Proof If one is not interested in the sharp regularity result a solution of the problem
is given by

b .x/ D c .x/ .d .x; @//

where c has been extended to  and d .x; @/ stands for the distance from
x to the boundary (recalling that the distance function is as regular as the set
 near the boundary, see for example [34]) and is a smooth function so that
.0/ D 0; 0 .0/ D 1 and 0 outside a small neighborhood of 0:
We give here a proof that uses elliptic regularity and hence only works whenever
0 < q < 1 (and also works in Lp for 1 < p < 1) in this case the constant
obtained depends also on q: Another proof exists which is valid also when q D 0; 1
(cf. [16]).
The desired solution b is obtained by solving

2 b D 0 in 
@b
b D 0 and @ D c on @:

 
The solution b is in C1 ./ \ CrC1;q  and satisfies the estimate

kbkCrC1;q ./  C kckCr;q .@/ :

Clearly b solves on @

grad b D c  and b D 0:

This concludes the proof. 

We now need a generalization of the above lemma to differential forms, as
achieved in [20].
Lemma 24 Let r  0 and 1  k  n  1 be integers, 0  q  1 and   Rn be a
bounded open CrC1;q set with exterior unit normal :
 
(i) If c 2 Cr;q @I ƒk is such that

^cD0 on @;
 
then there exists b 2 CrC1;q I ƒk1 satisfying all over @

db D c; ıb D 0 and b D 0:

Moreover there exists a constant C D C .r; / > 0 such that

kbkCrC1;q ./  C kckCr;q .@/ :

20 B. Dacorogna

(ii) If c 2 Cr;q .@I ƒk / is such that

 yc D 0 on @;
 
then there exists b 2 CrC1;q I ƒkC1 satisfying all over @

ıb D c; db D 0 and b D 0:

Furthermore there exists a constant C D C .r; / > 0 such that

kbkCrC1;q ./  C kckCr;q .@/ :

Remark 25
(i) If k D 0 in Statement (ii) (and analogously if k D n in Statement (i)) and
0 < q < 1; then it is easy to find b such that (and without any restriction on c)

ıb D c and db D 0 in 

where c has been extended to  with the appropriate regularity. Indeed choose
b D grad B where B solves

B D c in 
B D 0 on @:

(ii) The above result remains valid, with the same proof, in the Sobolev setting.
More precisely Statement (i) (and similarly for Statement (ii)) reads as follows.
Let r  1 be an integer, 1 < p < 1 and   Rn be a bounded open CrC1 set
with exterior unit normal : Let c 2 W r;p I ƒk ; then there exists
 
b 2 W rC1;p I ƒk1

satisfying all over @

db D c; ıb D 0 and b D 0:

Moreover there exists a constant C D C.r; p; / > 0 such that

kbkW rC1;p ./  C kckW r1=p;p .@/ :

Proof Step 1. We start with the case (i). First solve with Lemma 23 the problem,
on @;

grad bi1 ik1 D . y c/i1 ik1  and bi1 ik1 D 0

The Pullback Equation 21

for every multiindex 1  i1 < : : : < ik1  n and set

X
bD bi1 ik1 dxi1 ^    ^ dxik1 :
1i1 <:::<ik1 n

The classical formulas immediately imply that, on @;

db D  ^ . y c/ and ıb D  y . y c/ D 0:

We combine the first equation with the hypothesis  ^ c D 0 and use the fact that

c D  y . ^ c/ C  ^ . y c/ D  ^ . y c/

to get

db D  ^ . y c/ D  ^ . y c/ C  y . ^ c/ D c on @

We have therefore proved the assertion.

Step 2. For (ii) we first solve, on @;

grad bi1 :::ikC1 D . ^ c/i1 :::ikC1  and bi1 ikC1 D 0

and then proceed exactly as in Step 1. This concludes the proof of the lemma.


3.5 Poincaré Lemma with Dirichlet Boundary Data

We now consider the boundary value problems

 
d! D f in  ı! D g in 
and
! D !0 on @ ! D !0 on @:

In contrast to the problems studied in the previous sections ı! (respectively d!) is

not prescribed, but however both the tangential and normal components of ! are
given on the boundary. It turns out that the problems can be solved under exactly
the same hypotheses on f ; g and !0 as above. We follow exactly the construction
in Dacorogna [20] for Hölder spaces; a very similar method is used in Schwarz [51]
for Sobolev spaces.
Theorem 26 Let r  0 and 0  k  n  1 be integers, 0 < q < 1 and   Rn be a
bounded connected open smooth set with exterior unit normal : Let f W  ! ƒkC1 :
Then the following statements are equivalent.
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1873
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIST OF POST OFFICES IN

CANADA, WITH THE NAMES OF THE POSTMASTERS ... 1873 ***
 Transcriber’s Note: A large number of obvious printer’s errors have been corrected, mostly around
punctuation and accents, but more or less no attempt has been made to standardise the varying
spelling of the names of people and places.
The typesetter made an error in the page numbering for this book. Page numbers 1-124 are
correct, the next page was printed as 135 and the numbering continued from there to the end of the
book. Although page numbers 125-134 inclusive are missing there are no missing pages.

LIST
OF
POST OFFICES IN CANADA,
WITH THE
NAMES OF THE POSTMASTERS
ON
THE 1st JULY, 1873.

Printed by Order of the Postmaster General.

OTTAWA:
PRINTED BY I. B. TAYLOR, 29, 31 & 33 RIDEAU STREET.
1873.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page
1. Memorandum for Postmasters 5
2. Principal Officers of the Post Office Department and Inspectors 6
3. List of Post Offices in Canada with the names of the Postmasters 7
4. List of Post Offices closed, and not subsequently re-opened,
between 1st July, 1872, and the 1st July, 1873 157
5. List of changes in the names of Post Offices, between the 1st
July, 1872, and the 1st July, 1873, inclusive 158
6. Post Office transactions for the months of August and September, 159-
1873 60
7. Post Offices in the Province of Ontario, arranged according to
Electoral Districts and Townships 163
8. Post Offices in the Province of Quebec, arranged according to
Electoral Districts 193
9. Post Offices and Way Offices in the Province of Nova Scotia,
arranged according to Electoral Districts 203
10. Post Offices and Way Offices in the Province of New Brunswick,
arranged according to Electoral Districts 209
11. Post Offices in the Province of Manitoba, arranged according to
Electoral Districts 213
12. Post Offices in the Province of British Columbia, arranged
according to Electoral Districts 214
13. Post Offices in the Province of Prince Edward Island, arranged
according to Electoral Districts 215
14. Postal Divisions under the charge of the several Inspectors 217
15. List of Postmasters in Canada, with the names of the Post Offices 219
16. Tables of Rates of Postage in Canada, and also between Canada
and the United Kingdom, British Colonies, and Foreign Countries 250
 (Memorandum.)
Post Office Department,
1st July, 1873.
Should any Postmaster discover an error in the description of his Office, as
set forth in this List, he will please notify the same to this Department without
delay.
A List of Rates of Postage for Foreign Countries, &c., is appended to this
List.
 PRINCIPAL OFFICERS OF THE POST
OFFICE DEPARTMENT.
HON. JOHN O’CONNOR, Postmaster General.
WILLIAM HENRY GRIFFIN, Deputy Postmaster General.
HORATIO ASPREY WICKSTEED, Accountant.
WILLIAM WHITE, Secretary.
PETER LeSUEUR, Superintendent, Money Order Branch.
J. CUNNINGHAM STEWART, Superintendent, Savings’ Bank Branch.
JOHN ASHWORTH, Cashier.
WILLIAM HENRY SMITHSON, Assistant Accountant.

INSPECTORS.
STATION.
John Dewe, Chief Inspector Ottawa.
Arthur Woodgate in charge of Nova Scotia Division Halifax.
John McMillan ” New Brunswick ” St. John.
W. G. Sheppard ” Quebec ” Quebec.
E. F. King ” Montreal ” Montreal.
Robt. W. Barker ” Kingston ” Kingston.
M. Sweetnam ” Toronto ” Toronto.
G. E. Griffin ” London ” London.
 LIST OF POST OFFICES IN CANADA
On THE 1st JULY, 1873.

The Offices printed in Italics are authorized to Grant and Pay Money
Orders.
The Offices marked * are Savings’ Bank Offices.
The letters “W. O.” following the name of a Post Office, signify “Way Office.”
The capital letters on the right of the County column indicate the several
Provinces of the Dominion.

NAME OF POST TOWNSHIP OR ELECTORAL COUNTY OR NAME OF

OFFICE. PARISH. DIVISION. POSTMASTER.

Abbott’s Corners St. Armand Missisquoi Q Charles Hope

Abbotsford Rouville Q O. Crossfield
Aberarder Plympton Lambton O D. McBean
Abercorn Sutton Brome Q Benjamin
Seaton
Aberfoyle Puslinch Wellington, S. R. O S.
Falconbridge
Abingdon Caistor Monck O Thomas
Pearson
Acacia Middleton Norfolk, N. R. O R. P. Scidmore
Acadia Mines Colchester N S Robert
Forman
Acton Esquesing Halton O J. Matthews
* Acton Vale Acton Bagot Q A. Quintin dit
Dubois
Adamsville Farnham East Brome Q George Adams
Adare McGillivray Middlesex, N. R. O Mrs. Agnes
Lavett
Adderley Inverness Megantic Q F. Taylor
Addington Forks, Antigonishe N S Norman
W. O. Macdonald
Addison Elizabethtown Brockville O Coleman
Lewis
Adelaide Adelaide Middlesex, N. R. O John S. Hoare
Admaston Admaston Renfrew, S. R. O Miss Jane
Patterson
Adolphustown Adolphustown Lennox O J. J. Watson
Advocate Harbor Cumberland N S Nathan B.
Morris
Agincourt Scarboro’ York, E. R. O John Milne
Ailsa Craig East Williams Middlesex, N. R. O Shackleton
Hay
Aird Clarenceville Missisquoi Q H. A. Hawley
Airlie Mulmur Simcoe, S. R. O Richard
Bradley
Albany No. 27 Prince P E I James Donelly
Albert Bridge, Cape Breton N S Thomas
W. O. Bourke
Albert Mines, Albert N B John L. Harris
W. O.
Alberton Ancaster Wentworth, O Job Franklin
S. R.
Alberton No. 4 Prince P E I R. M. Costin
* Albion Albion Cardwell O George Evans
Albury Ameliasburg Prince Edward O James H. Peck
Aldboro’ Aldboro’ Elgin, W. R. O Samuel
Kirkpatrick
Aldershot Flamboro’, E. Wentworth, O Alexander
N. R. Brown
Alderville Alnwick Northumberland, O James Curtis
W. R.
Alexander’s Gloucester N B F. Alexander
Point, W. O.
* Alexandria Lochiel Glengarry O Duncan A.
Macdonald
Alfred Alfred Prescott O John B. Lawlor
Algonquin Augusta Granville, S. R. O W. L.
McKenzie
Allanburg Thorold Welland O John Rennie
Allan Park Bentinck Grey, S. R. O Chas. F.
Goodeve
Allan’s Corners Durham Chateauguay Q Thomas
Bryson
Allan’s Mills Burgess N. Lanark, S. R. O William Allan
Allendale Innisfil Simcoe, S. R. O Andrew
Miscampbell
Allenford Amabel Bruce, N. R. O William Sharp
Allensville Stephenson Muskoka O Allen McNicol
Allisonville Hallowell Prince Edward O Benjamin
Titus
Alliston Tecumseth Simcoe, S. R. O George
Fletcher
Alloa Chinguacousy Peel O Mahlon
Silverthorn
Allumette Island Allumette Island Pontiac Q John Lynch
Alma Peel Wellington, C. R. O W. J. McElroy
Alma, late Albert N B George
Salmon River, Kiersted
W. O.
Alma, W. O. Pictou N S Janet
Archibald
Almira Markham York, E. R. O John Bowman
* Almonte Ramsay Lanark, N. R. O James H.
Wylie, jun.
Alport Muskoka Muskoka O W. H. Taylor
Alton Caledon Cardwell O Mrs. Agnes
Meek
Altona Pickering Ontario, S. R. O Joseph
Monkhouse
Alvanley Derby Grey, N. R. O Christopher
Tupling
Alvinston Brooke Lambton O J. W. Branan
Amberley Ashfield Huron, N. R. O James Wilkie
Ambleside Carrick Bruce, S. R. O Wm. Zinger
Ameliasburg Ameliasburg Prince Edward O Owen Roblin
Amherst Cumberland N S Mrs. A.
Chipman
* Amherstburgh Malden Essex O Ernest G. Park
Amherst Hill, Cumberland N S Daniel Pugsley
W. O.
Amherst Point, Cumberland N S Jonathan
W. O. Pipes
Amiens Lobo Middlesex, N. R. O John McArthur
Ancaster Ancaster Wentworth, O Anna M.
S. R. McKay
Ancienne Lorette Ancienne Lorette Quebec Q Louis
Robitaille
Ancienne Lorette Ancienne Lorette Quebec Q George
(sub) Dufresne
Anderson Blanchard Perth, S. R. O Humphrey
White
Anderson, W. O. Westmoreland N B Archibald
Simpson
Anderson’s Hinchinbrooke Huntingdon Q James
Corners Anderson
Andover Victoria N B Wm. B.
Beveridge
Ange Gardien Ange Gardien Montmorency Q Joseph Goulet
Angeline Ange Gardien Rouville Q Onésime
Boisvert
Angers Buckingham Ottawa Q L. Moncion
* Angus Essa Simcoe, S. R. O J. R. Brown
Annagance King’s N B Stanford
Palmer
Annapolis Annapolis N S Thos. A.
Gavaza
Antigonishe Antigonishe N S H. P. Hill
Antigonishe Antigonishe N S John Chisholm
Harbour, W. O.
Antler Creek Cariboo BC
Antrim Fitzroy Carleton O John Wilson
Antrim, W. O. Halifax N S Samuel Kerr
Apohaqui King’s N B Thomas E.
Smith
Appin Ekfrid Middlesex, W. R. O Angus
McKenzie
Appleby Nelson Halton O James W.
Cotter
Apple Grove Stanstead Stanstead Q John G.
Christie
Apple River, Cumberland N S W. R. Elderkin
W. O.
Appleton Ramsay Lanark, N. R. O Albert Teskey
Apsley Anstruther Peterborough, O Thomas
E. R. Castlands
Apto Flos Simcoe, N. R. O C. McLaughlin
Archibald Restigouche N B R. Archibald
Settlement,
W. O.
Arden Kennebec Addington O Wm. B. Mills
Ardoch Clarendon Addington O Bramwell
Watkins
Ardtrea Orillia Simcoe, N. R. O William Blair,
sen.
Argyle Eldon Victoria, N. R. O John McKay
Argyle, W. O. Yarmouth N S Mrs. S. Ryder
Arichat Richmond N S W. G. Ballam
Arisaig, W. O. Antigonishe N S Wm. Gillis
Arkell Pushlinch Wellington, S. R. O Wm. Watson
* Arkona Warwick Lambton O Miss Louisa
Schooley
Arkwright Arran Bruce, N. R. O
Arlington Adjala Cardwell O Thomas Kidd
Armadale Scarboro’ York, E. R. O
Armagh St. Cajetan Bellechasse Q C. Roy
Armand Armand Témiscouata Q Paschal Lebel
Armow Kincardine Bruce, S. R. O Alexander
Gardner
Armstrong’s Restigouche N B John C. Bent
Brook, W. O.
Armstrong’s Queen’s N B George Mills
Corner, W. O.
Arnott Holland Grey, N. R. O Wm. G.
Murray
* Arnprior McNabb Renfrew, S. R. O Ezra A. Bates
Aroostook, W. O. Victoria N B Albert D.
Olmstead
Aros Bexley Victoria, N. R. O Charles
McInnes
Arthabaska Arthabaska Arthabaska Q Louis Foisy
Station
* Arthur Arthur Wellington, N. R. O Mrs. Janet
Small
Arthurette, W. O. Victoria NB
Arundel Arundel Argenteuil Q William
Thomson
Arva London Middlesex, E. R. O W. B. Bernard
Ascot Corner Ascot Sherbrooke Q Fred G. Stacey
Ashburn Whitby Ontario, S. R. O Edward Oliver
Ashburnham Otonabee Peterborough, O Robt. D.
E. R. Rodgers
Ashcroft Yale B C H. P. Cornwall
Ashdown Humphrey Muskoka O James
Ashdown
Ashgrove Esquesing Halton O Robert Smyth
Ashley Derby Grey, N. R. O George Follis
Ashton Goulburn Carleton O John Sumner
Ashworth Scott Ontario, N. R. O John Mustard
Assametquagan Assametquagan Bonaventure Q Charles
McCarron
Aston Station Aston Nicolet Q Antoine
Vachon
Atha Pickering Ontario, S. R. O John M. Bell
Athelstan Hinchinbrooke Huntingdon Q Joshua
Breadner
Athens Scott Ontario, N. R. O R. Bingham
Atherley Mara Ontario, N. R. O Arthur Reeve
Atherton Windham Norfolk, N. R. O G. C. Willson
Athlone Adjala Cardwell O John Kidd
Athol Kenyon Glengarry O M. A. Fisher
Athol Cumberland N S F. A. Donkin
Attercliffe Caistor Monck O James
Crawther
Aubigny Ripon Ottowa Q P. G. Aubry
Aubrey South Georgetown Chateauguay Q A. Lafleur
Auburn Wawanosh Huron, N. R. O Samuel
Caldwell
Audley Pickering Ontario, S. R. O Daniel
McBrady
Aughrim Brooke Lambton O J. McKeune
Augustine Cove No. 28 Prince P E I Eliza McKenzie
Au Lac, W. O. Westmoreland N B Ira H.
Patterson
Aultsville Osnabruck Stormont O I. R. Ault
* Aurora Whitchurch York, N. R. O Charles Doan
Avening Nottawasaga Simcoe, N. R. O R. Morris
Avignon Matapédia Bonaventure Q Octave Martin
Avoca Grenville Argenteuil Q John
McCallum
Avon Dorchester North Middlesex, E. R. O G. C. Smith
Avonbank Downie Perth, S. R. O John McMillan
Avondale, W. O. Carleton N B John E.
McCready
Avondale, W. O. Pictou N S Robert
McDonald
Avonmore Roxborough Stormont O E. N. Shaver
Avonport, W. O. King’s N S W. A. Reid
Avonport King’s N S W. F.
Station, W. O. Newcomb
Avonton Downie Perth, S. R. O A. Shields
Ayer’s Flat Hatley Stanstead Q C. Ayer
Aylesford King’s N S T. R. Harris
* Aylmer (East) Hull Ottawa Q J. R. Woods
* Aylmer (West) Malahide Elgin, E. R. O Philip
Hodgkinson
Aylwin Aylwin Ottawa Q J. Little
* Ayre Dumfries Waterloo, S. R. O Robert Wylie
Ayton Normanby Grey, S. R. O Robert Smith

Baby’s Point Sombra Bothwell O Edward Keely

Back Bay, W. O. Charlotte N B Joseph McGee
Back Lands, Antigonishe N S William Doyle
W. O.
Baddeck Victoria N S R. Elmsly
Baddeck Bay, Victoria N S C. McDonald
W. O.
Baddeck Bridge, Victoria N S Alex. McRae
W. O.
Baden Wilmot Waterloo, S. R. O Jacob Beck
Bagot Bagot Renfrew, S. R. O Patrick
Kennedy
Bagotville St. Alphonse Chicoutimi Q E. Lévesque
Baie St. Paul Baie St. Paul Marquette M Félix Chenier
Baie Verte Westmoreland N B John Carey
Baie Verte Road, Westmoreland N B John Copp,
W. O. jun.
Bailey’s Brook, Pictou N S D. D.
W. O. Macdonald
Bailieboro’ South Monaghan Peterborough, O John D. Perrin
W. R.
Baillargeon St. Etienne de Lévis Q Frs. Xavier
Lauzon Bilodeau
Baillie, W. O. Charlotte N B W. S.
Robinson
Bairdsville, W. O. Carleton N B Henry Baird
Bala Medora Muskoka O Thomas
Burgess
Balderson Drummond Lanark, S. R. O John W. Cowie
Ballantrae Whitchurch York, N. R. O Robert Hill
Ballantyne’s Pittsburgh Frontenac O John Hysop
Station
Ballinafad Erin Wellington, S. R. O John S.
Applebe
Ballycroy Adjala Cardwell O Peter Small
Ballyduff Manvers Durham, E. R. O J. C.
Williamson
Ballymote London Middlesex, E. R. O T. W. Johnson
Balmoral Rainham Haldimand O Geo. B. Lundy
Balsam Pickering Ontario, S. R. O Ira Palmer
Baltimore Hamilton Northumberland, O Thos. J.
W. R. Milligan
Bamberg Wellesley Waterloo, N. R. O F. Walter
Banda Mulmer Simcoe, S. R. O John
Cleminger
Bandon Hullet Huron, C. R. O James Allen
Bannockburn Madoc Hastings, N. R. O William H.
Wilson
Barachois, W. O. Westmoreland N B Thos. Gallang
Barachois de Malbay Gaspé Q Thomas Tapp
Malbay
Bardsville Monck Muskoka O Charles Bard
Barkerville Cariboo B C John Bowron
Bark Lake Jones Renfrew, S. R. O
Barnaby River, Northumberland N B Mrs. E. J.
W. O. Dalton
Barnesville, King’s N B Thomas
W. O. Worrell
Barnett Nichol Wellington, C. R. O James Elmslie
Barney’s River, Pictou N S Donald
W. O. Nicolson
Barnston Barnston Stanstead Q Sam’l
Goodhue
Barrett’s Cross No. 19 Prince P E I William Glover
* Barrie Vespra Simcoe, N. R. O Jas. Edwards
Barrington Hemmingford Huntingdon Q Oliver Lyttle
Barrington Shelburne N S R. H. Crowell
Barrington Shelburne N S Leonard
Passage, W. O. Knowles
Barrio’s Beach, Antigonishe Antigonishe N S Benj. Boudret
W. O.
Barronsfield, Cumberland N S William Baker
W. O.
Bartibog, W. O. Northumberland N B Robert Wall
Bartonville Barton Wentworth, O W. J. Gage
S. R.
Bass River, W. O. King’s N B Robert Brown
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