Indefinite Integration

Some Standard Integrals

Below is the list of some integrals which we know by our knowledge of

differentiation.

(1) (7)

(8)
(2)
(9)

(3) (10)

(11)
(4)
(12)
(5)
(6) (13)
(14)

(15)

(16)

(!7)

(18)

(19)

(20)
(21)

(22)

(23)
 Integration by Substitution

Eg. Evaluate the following:

Ans:

Remark
 Integration by Substitution

Some special cases of substitution

 JEE Main 12th Jan, 2019

Q The integral is equal to:

(where C is a constant of integration)

D
 JEE Main 12th Jan, 2019

Q The integral is equal to:

(where C is a constant of integration)

D
Solution
 Some standard Algebraic Formats

Format 1:

Working strategy: Just complete the square in denominator

Format 2:

Working strategy: Create derivative of quadratic, in the numerator,

 Some standard Algebraic Formats

Format 3:

Working strategy: Use division algorithm to write P(x) in terms of ax2 + bx + c

 Some standard Algebraic Formats

Format 4: (Even powers of x)

Eg. If =

then 2k is equal to

Ans: 1

Working strategy:
Divide numerator & denominator by x2.’
Q

then f(x) is

D
Q

then f(x) is

D
Solution
 Some standard Algebraic Formats

Format 5:

(a)

(b)

(c)

Here, ϕ(x) is linear or a constant

 Some standard Algebraic Formats

Format 5:
Eg. If =a

(a)
then a2 is equal to

Ans: 4/3
(b)

(c)

Here, ϕ(x) is linear or a constant

Working strategy: (a) Put

(b) Put

(c) Put
 Integration by Partial Fractions

Formats: In a proper fraction we can represent

(a)

(b)

(c)
 Integration by Parts

Choosing first and second function:

Take that function as first function which

comes first in ILATE.

Eg. Evaluate:
 JEE Main 29th July, 2022

Q For I (x) = dx , if then

D
 JEE Main 29th July, 2022

Q For I (x) = dx , if then

D
 Solution

II I

At x
Solution
 JEE Main 6th April, 2023

D
 JEE Main 6th April, 2023

D
Solution
 Integration by Parts

Now lets see classic integral, which is very important

Eg. Evaluate:

Evaluate:
 JEE Main 27th June, 2022

Q where C is

constant of integration, then at x = 1 is

D
 JEE Main 27th June, 2022

Q where C is

constant of integration, then at x = 1 is

D
Solution
Trigonometric Formats
 Trigonometric Formats

Format-1:
Eg. Evaluate:
 Trigonometric Formats

Format-2: Eg. Evaluate:

Working strategy:

Use &
 Trigonometric Formats

Format-3:

(a)

(b)

Working strategy:

(a) Express

(b) Express
 Trigonometric Formats
Eg. Evaluate:
Format-4:

Working strategy:

Divide Nr and Dr by cos2 x & put tan x = t

Remark
Basically, when we have even powers of sin x
& cos x in addition then we prefer to divide by
some power of cos x to create tan x & sec x.
Definite Integration
 Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Let f(x) be a continuous function of x defined in [a, b].

If F(x) is an anti-derivative or primitive of f(x), then

This is called the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Remark
If f(x) is discontinuous at x = c, where a < c < b, then

we have to write
Geometrical Interpretation of Definite Integrals
Properties of Definite Integrals
 JEE Main 24th Jan, 2023

Q
 JEE Main 24th Jan, 2023

Ans: 22
Solution
Properties of Definite Integrals
 Properties of Definite Integrals

Remark
(a) If f (UL − x) = f (x) or − f (x) , then we use prop (6)
(b) If f (UL − x) is something else, then we try using Prop (4)
 JEE Main 2020

Q The value of is equal to

A π2

B 2π

C 2π2

D 4π
 JEE Main 2020

Q The value of is equal to

A π2

B 2π

C 2π2

D 4π
Solution
 JEE Main 24th June, 2022

Q
The value of the integral is

A 2𝜋

B 0

C 𝜋

D
 JEE Main 24th June, 2022

Q
The value of the integral is

A 2𝜋

B 0

C 𝜋

D
 Solution

Put x = -t
Solution
 Properties of Definite Integrals

Observation

If f (x) is a periodic function with period T,

 Properties of Definite Integrals

Observation
Eg.
Bounds of Definite Integrals

Eg. ____ _____

 Bounds of Definite Integrals

(c) Eg. Prove that:

(d)
Equations in Definite Integrals

Eg. Find function f(x), continuous ∀ x and not identically zero,

such that
 JEE Main 29th June, 2022
Let f be a real valued continuous function on [0, 1] and
Q
Then which of the

following points (x, y) lies on the curve y = f(x)?

A (2, 4)

B (1, 2)

C (4, 17)

D (6, 8)
 JEE Main 29th June, 2022
Let f be a real valued continuous function on [0, 1] and
Q
Then which of the

following points (x, y) lies on the curve y = f(x)?

A (2, 4)

B (1, 2)

C (4, 17)

D (6, 8)
Solution
 Walli’s Formula JEE Main 2019

Eg. is:

When applying this formula,

1. 0 is taken as even.
2. In case m or n is 0 or 1, we can simply
write 1 as the corresponding factor.
 Observation

Type - I
Area of region bounded between
y = f (x) and y = g(x) and the
ordinates x = a to x = b
 Observation

Type - II
Area of region bounded between
y = f (y) and x = g(y) and the
abscissae y = a to y = b
 Parabola Related Areas

(1) (3)

(2) (4)
 JEE Main 2013

Q The area (in sq units) bounded by the curves y = √x ,

2y - x + 3 = 0, the x-axis and lying in first quadrant is :

A 9

B 6

C 18
Recall
D 27/4
 JEE Main 2013

Q The area (in sq units) bounded by the curves y = √x ,

2y - x + 3 = 0, the x-axis and lying in first quadrant is :

A 9

B 6

C 18
Recall
D 27/4
Solution
Y

X
O (3,
0)
A Alternate Solution

X
O (3,
0)
 JEE Main 26th Aug, 2021

Q The area of the region S = {(x, y) : 3x2 ≤ 4y ≤ 6x + 24} is

 JEE Main 26th Aug, 2021

Q The area of the region S = {(x, y) : 3x2 ≤ 4y ≤ 6x + 24} is

Ans: 27
Solution

y = 3/4x2
 JEE Main 24th June, 2022

Q The area (in sq. units) of the region enclosed between

the parabola y2 = 2x and the line x + y = 4 is_____.

Recall
 JEE Main 24th June, 2022

Q The area (in sq. units) of the region enclosed between

the parabola y2 = 2x and the line x + y = 4 is_____.

Ans: 18
Solution
 Result - 1
Area of y = f(x) from x = a to x = b is equal to area of
y = f-1(x) from y = a to y = b

Result - 2
If a function f (x) is bijection in [a, b], then
 Square Matrix

In Square Matrix

(i) aii are called diagonal elements.

(ii) aij & aji are called conjugate elements.

(iii) is called trace of square matrix.

 Square Matrix

In particular scalar matrix having 1 at diagonal is

called identity or unit matrix. (Denoted by In×n).
 Algebra of Matrices

Multiplication of Matrix by a scalar:

Note
If An is a square matrix of order n & K is a
constant then |K × An| = Kn |An|
 Algebra of Matrices

Properties of Multiplication of Matrices Eg. A square matrix P satisfies P2 = I - P, where I

is an identity matrix . If Pn = 5I - 8P, then n =
1. It’s not commutative.
i.e. AB ≠ BA (in general) Ans: 6

2. Its Associative
i.e. (A × B) × C = A × (B × C)

3. It distributes over addition.

i.e. A × (B + C) = A × B + A × C
or (B + C) × A = B × A + C × A
 Transpose & Properties of Transpose

Matrix obtained by interchanging rows & columns

is called transpose of matrix, denoted by AT or A .

Properties

1. (AT)T = A
2. (A + B)T = AT + BT
3. (KA)T = K(AT) ; K is Constant
4. (AB)T = BT AT

Remark
1. (ABC)T = CT BT AT 2. (An)T = (AT)n
 Symmetric & Skew-Symmetric Matrix

Symmetric matrix Skew Symmetric matrix

If AnT = An then square matrix An is called If AnT = -An then square matrix An is called
symmetric matrix. skew symmetric matrix.
i.e. aij = aji ∀ i & j i.e. aij = -aji ∀ i & j
Clearly, aii = 0 ∀ i

Remark
Determinant of Skew-symmetric matrix of odd order is zero.
 Symmetric & Skew-Symmetric Matrix

Remark

Every square matrix A can be represented as a sum of

symmetric & skew symmetric matrix.
 JEE Main 25th Jan, 2023

Let A, B, C be 3 x 3 matrices such that A is symmetric and

Q
B and C are skew-symmetric. Consider the statements
(S1) : A13 B26 - B26 A13 is symmetric
(S1) : A26 C13 - C13 A26 is symmetric

A Only S2 is true

B Only S1 is true

C Both S1 and S2 are false

D Both S1 and S2 are True

 JEE Main 25th Jan, 2023

Let A, B, C be 3 x 3 matrices such that A is symmetric and

Q
B and C are skew-symmetric. Consider the statements
(S1) : A13 B26 - B26 A13 is symmetric
(S1) : A26 C13 - C13 A26 is symmetric

A Only S2 is true

B Only S1 is true

C Both S1 and S2 are false

D Both S1 and S2 are True

 Solution

AT = A, BT = -B , cT = -C
Let P = A13 B26 - B26 A13
PT = (A13 B26 - B26 A13)T = (A13 B26)T - (B26 A13)T
= (B26)T (A13)T - (A13)T (B26)T = (BT)26 (AT)!3 - (AT)13 (BT)26
= B26 A13 - A13 B26 = - (A13 B26 - B26 A13) = -P
P is skew-symmetric matrix ⇒ S1 is false.

And Q = A26 C13 - C13 A26

QT = (A26 C13 - C13 A26)T = (A26 C13)T - (C13 A26)T
= (C13)T (A26)T - (A26)T (C13)T = (CT)13 (AT)26 - (AT)26 (CT)13
= -C13 A26 + A26 B!3 = (A26 C!3 + C!3 A26) = Q
Q is symmetric matrix ⇒ S2 is True.
 Some Special Matrices Eg.

Orthogonal Matrix
A square matrix is called orthogonal if AAT = I

Let . If AAT = I3 , then | p | is

Q
If and Q = P A PT

Then, PT Q2005 P is equal to

A A

B A2

C A2005

D A2(2005)
Q
If and Q = P A PT

Then, PT Q2005 P is equal to

A A

B A2

C A2005

D A2(2005)
Solution
 Some Special Matrices

Orthogonal Matrix
A square matrix is called orthogonal if AAT = I

Idempotent Matrix Result

A square matrix is called idempotent if A2 = A. If AB = A and BA = B, then A and B are
idempotent.
Involutory Matrix
A square matrix is called involutory if A2 = I.

Nilpotent Matrix

A square matrix is called nilpotent matrix of order

m if :
 Relation b/w matrices and Determinants

(a) We find determinant of a square matrix.

(b) If A & B are two square matrices of same
order then |A × B| = |A| × |B|

(c) If An is a square matrix of order n & K is a

constant then:
|K × An| = Kn |An|

Remark
Clearly, |An| = |A|n
 JEE Main 10th Apr, 2016

A 2014

B -175

C 2016

D -25
 JEE Main 10th Apr, 2016

A 2014

B -175

C 2016

D -25
Solution
 Properties of Determinants

Property 1 The value of the determinant remains unchanged

if its rows and columns are interchanged.

Property 2 If any two rows (or columns) of a determinants

are interchanged, then sign of determinant changes.

Property 3 If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant

are identical (all corresponding elements are proportional),
then value of determinant is zero.
 Properties of Determinants

Property 4 If all the elements of any row (column) be

multiplied by a number ‘K’ then value of determinant is
multiplied by ‘K’.

Property 5 If some or all elements of a row (or a column)

of a determinant are expressed as sum of two (or more)
terms, then the determinant can be expressed as sum of
two (or more) determinants of the same order.

i.e.
 Properties of Determinants

If any two rows (columns) remain same, then

determinants are added along third row
(column).
 Properties of Determinants

Property 6 The value of determinants is not altered by

adding or subtracting the multiple of any row
(column) in other row (column)
Standard Determinants

(i)

(ii)

(iii)
 Maximum & Minimum values of Determinant of Order 3

Given that a1, a2, a3, b1, b2, b3, c1, c2, c3 ∈ {⍺1, ⍺2, ⍺3, …., ⍺n}
Maximum value of determinant happen when
Diagonal elements = min {⍺1, ⍺2, ⍺3, …., ⍺n}
Non-diagonal elements = max {⍺1, ⍺2, ⍺3, …., ⍺n}

Remark
For a determinant of order 3,
Min. value of determinant = - Max. value of determinant.
 Differentiation of a Determinant

Also,
 Properties of Adjoint

For square matrix A & B of order n, we have:

1. |adj A| = |A|n-1 5. adj(KA) = Kn - 1 adj A ; K is constant

2. adj (adj A) = |A|n - 2 A 6. adj(Am) = (adj A)m ; m ∈ n

3. 7. adj(AB) = (adj B) (adj A)

4. adj(AT) = (adj A)T i.e. reversal law holds

Result
For any square matrix An × n : A × (adj A) = |A|In = (adj A) × A
 JEE Main 10th Apr, 2023

A 312.610

B 311.610

C 312.611

D 310.611
 JEE Main 10th Apr, 2023

A 312.610

B 311.610

C 312.611

D 310.611
Solution
 JEE Main 28th June, 2022

Let A be a matrix of order 3 × 3 and det(A) = 2.

Q Then det (det(A) adj (5 adj (A3)) is equal to

A 512 × 106

B 256 × 106

C 1024 × 106

D 256 × 1011
 JEE Main 28th June, 2022

Let A be a matrix of order 3 × 3 and det(A) = 2.

Q Then det (det(A) adj (5 adj (A3)) is equal to

A 512 × 106

B 256 × 106

C 1024 × 106

D 256 × 1011
Solution
 Inverse of Matrix

Properties of Inverse

i.e. reversal law holds.

 System of Linear Equations

Number of solutions of system of linear equations

Δ

Δ≠0 Δ=0
Unique solution

Δx = Δy = Δz = 0 Not all of Δx, Δy, Δz are zero

Infinite number of solutions. No solution

[Provided not all cofactors
of Δ are zero]

Note
If Δ = Δx = Δy = Δz = 0 & all the cofactors of Δ are zero,
then system has no solution.
 JEE Main 30th Jan, 2023

Q For 𝞪, β ∊ R suppose the system of linear equations

x - y + z = 5 ; 2x + 2y + 𝞪Z = 8 ; 3x - y + 4z = β has infinitely
many solutions. Then 𝞪 and β are the roots of

A x2 + 14x + 24 = 0

B x2 + 18x + 56 = 0

C x2 - 18x + 56 = 0

D x2 - 10x + 16 = 0
 JEE Main 30th Jan, 2023

Q For 𝞪, β ∊ R suppose the system of linear equations

x - y + z = 5 ; 2x + 2y + 𝞪Z = 8 ; 3x - y + 4z = β has infinitely
many solutions. Then 𝞪 and β are the roots of

A x2 + 14x + 24 = 0

B x2 + 18x + 56 = 0

C x2 - 18x + 56 = 0

D x2 - 10x + 16 = 0
Solution
 System of Linear Equations

Note Eg. If the system of equations: x = cy + bz,

y = az + cx, z = bx + ay has non-zero
1. Homogeneous system is always consistent
solution, then value of a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc
(as (0, 0, 0) always satisfies it).
is ______.
2. (0, 0, 0) is also called trivial solution.
Ans: 1
3. Homogeneous system has non-trivial
(i.e. non-zero) solution iff D = 0.
 Cayley Hamilton Theorem

Every Matrix satisfies its characteristic equation.

If A is any square matrix, then : Eg. If then A3 - 6A2 + 11A = ?

| A - xI | = 0
Ans: 6 I
is called its characteristic equation.

Eg. characteristic equation of is:

Using Cayley Hamilton then, we have A2 - 2A - 3I = 0.

 Cayley Hamilton Theorem

Note

● For a 2 x 2 matrix A2 x 2 , characteristic equation is given by

𝞴2 - [Tr(A)]𝞴 + |A| = 0

● For a 3 x 3 matrix A3 x 3 , characteristic equation is given by

 JEE Main 27th July, 2022

A -10

B -6

C 6

D 10
 JEE Main 27th July, 2022

A -10

B -6

C 6

D 10
Solution
 Section Formula

Internal Section Formula External Section Formula

m
n

O O
 Section Formula

Note
A
C
m n B

P
For example, in a ΔABC, if AD is the median to the side BC, then
A

B D C
 Section Formula

Note
A
C
m n B

P
For example, in a ΔABC, if AD is the median to the side BC, then
A

B D C
 JEE Main 15th Apr, 2023
Let ABCD be a quadrilateral. If E and F are the
Q
midpoints of the diagonals AC and BD respectively

and then k is equal to

A 4

B 2

C -2

D -4
 JEE Main 15th Apr, 2023
Let ABCD be a quadrilateral. If E and F are the
Q
midpoints of the diagonals AC and BD respectively

and then k is equal to

A 4

B 2

C -2

D -4
Solution
 Section Formula

Note

b
c

1. Position vector of centroid is

2. Position vector of incentre is

 JEE Main 10th Apr, 2023

If the points P and Q are respectively the

Q
circumcenter and the orthocentre of a ΔABC, then
is equal to:

D
 JEE Main 10th Apr, 2023

If the points P and Q are respectively the

Q
circumcenter and the orthocentre of a ΔABC, then
is equal to:

D
Solution
 Remark
A vector along the internal angle bisector of and is of the
form .
B

A C

For external angle bisector, it is .

 Dot Product of Two vectors

Clearly, the angle between and is given by

 Dot Product of Two vectors

Properties
 Dot Product of Two vectors

Note
(a)

(b)

(c) are perpendicular to each other

(d)

(e)

(f)
Dot Product of Two vectors

Eg. If a, b and c are unit vectors

satisfying |a − b|2 + |b − c|2 + |c − a|2 = 9,
find |2a + 5b + 5c|.
 Dot Product of Two vectors

Geometrical Significance of the Dot Product

Let’s look at the projection of a vector
along another vector.

Note
is called projection vector (or component
vector) of along
Q
 Solution

Given,

Also,
Now,
 Dot Product of Two vectors

Remark
If are any three mutually perpendicular
vectors then any vector can be expressed as
Cross Product of Two vectors
 Cross Product of Two vectors

Remark Eg. Find a unit vector perpendicular to each

Properties of Cross Product of the vector where

Ans:

Note
●
●

●
 JEE Main 24th June, 2022

D
 JEE Main 24th June, 2022

D
Solution
Q Prove that: (Lagrange’s Identity)
Solution
 Cross Product of Two vectors

Geometrical Significance of the Cross Product

B C

O A

Area of parallelogram

Note
is the vector area of parallelogram OABC
 JEE Main 1st Feb, 2023

Q A(2, 6, 2), B(-4, 0, 𝞴), C(2, 3, -1) and D(4, 5, 0), |𝞴| ≤ 5 are
the vertices of a quadrilateral ABCD. If its area is 18 sq.
units, then 5 - 6𝞴 is equal to _____.
 JEE Main 1st Feb, 2023

Q A(2, 6, 2), B(-4, 0, 𝞴), C(2, 3, -1) and D(4, 5, 0), |𝞴| ≤ 5 are
the vertices of a quadrilateral ABCD. If its area is 18 sq.
units, then 5 - 6𝞴 is equal to _____.

Ans: 11
Solution
 Direction Cosines & Direction Ratios

Direction cosine

If vector parallel to a given line makes angles α, β & γ with x, y & z axis respectively
then the triplet cos⍺, cos β, cos γ are called Direction cosine of line

Z
Direction cosine are generally denoted by (l, m, n)

𝜸
Note β
Y
l 2+ m 2+ n 2= 1

X
 Direction Cosines & Direction Ratios

Direction Ratios
Three numbers a, b, c proportional to DC (l, m, n) are known as DR.

Basically, if line is parallel to a vector then DR of line are

(a, b, c), or better to say DR ∝ (a, b, c)

 Find the direction cosines of the two lines which are connected
Q
by the relation l - 5m + 3n = 0 and 7l2 + 5m2 - 3n2 = 0
Solution
Solution

3
 Straight Lines in 3D

Line through a given point & Parallel to Given Vector Eg. Find the equation of a line which passes
through point A(1, 0, -1) and is perpendicular
= +λ to the straight lines
Write the following in standard form & hence find their DR

(a) 4x - 2 = 2y + 1 = z -2 (b)

(c) x = 2z + 3; y = 4z - 4
 Straight Lines in 3D

Assuming a point on line

A general point on this line is assumed as

( x1 + aλ, y1 + bλ, z1 + cλ)
 JEE Main 25th Feb, 2021
The equation of the line through the point (0, 1, 2) and
Q
perpendicular to the line

D
 JEE Main 25th Feb, 2021
The equation of the line through the point (0, 1, 2) and
Q
perpendicular to the line

D
Solution

A (0, 1, 2)

(2, 3, -2)

B
 Straight Lines in 3D

Remark
If we know foot of perpendicular of a point, we can
easily find image also using section formula.
 Distance between two lines

Shortest Distance Between Two Line is:

For skew lines: For parallel lines:

 JEE Main 29th Jan, 2023
If the shortest distance between the line joining the
Q
points(1, 2, 3) and (2, 3, 4), and the line

is 𝞪, then 28α2 is equal to :

 JEE Main 29th Jan, 2023
If the shortest distance between the line joining the
Q
points(1, 2, 3) and (2, 3, 4), and the line

is 𝞪, then 28α2 is equal to :

Ans: 18
Solution
Conditional Probability & Independent Events
 Conditional Probability & Independent Events

Probability of occurrence of event A given that event B has

already occurred is known as conditional probability.

i.e.

d
a c b
A B
 JEE Main 28th July, 2022

Q Let A and B be two events such that

And Consider S1: S2 :

then

A Both (S1) and (S2) are true

B Both (S1) and (S2) are false

C Only (S1) is true

D Only (S2) is true

 JEE Main 28th July, 2022

Q Let A and B be two events such that

And Consider S1: S2 :

then

A Both (S1) and (S2) are true

B Both (S1) and (S2) are false

C Only (S1) is true

D Only (S2) is true

Solution
Q If ,

then find
 Solution

Given,
d
a c b
A B
Here, a + b + c + d = 1
Using (1), (2) and (3)
0.5 + 0.4 + d = 1
d = 0.1
b = 0.2, c = 0.2
 Conditional Probability & Independent Events

Observation

(a)

This is called multiplication theorem.

General:

Note
Multiplication theorem comes into play when order matters.
Eg. There are 10 cards, 5 of these have ‘I’ & other 5 have ‘T’ printed
on them. 3 cards are drawn one by one without replacement & are
kept in same order, then probability of making the word IIT is

D
 Remark
Drawing ‘r’ cards one by one without replacement & drawing ‘r’
cards randomly, are equivalent if order does not matter.
 Remark
Drawing ‘r’ cards one by one without replacement & drawing ‘r’
cards randomly, are equivalent if order does not matter.

Eg: There are 10 cards, 5 of them have ‘I’ & other five have ‘T’ printed
on them. 3 cards are draw one by one without replacement then
probability of getting 2 I’s & 1 T is:
 Conditional Probability & Independent Events

Observation
(b) Two events are independent if
i.e.

Note

If A & B are independent events then so are ,

 JEE Main 26th Aug, 2021

Let A and B be independent events such that

Q
P(A) = p, P(B) = 2p. The largest value of p, for
which P (exactly one of A, B occurs) = , is:

D
 JEE Main 26th Aug, 2021

Let A and B be independent events such that

Q
P(A) = p, P(B) = 2p. The largest value of p, for
which P (exactly one of A, B occurs) = , is:

D
Solution
 Ram plays 3 games of chess with Shyam. Probability that
Q
Ram wins it 0.5, that he loses is 0.3 while for tie its 0.2. Find
the probability that Ram wins exactly 2 games.
 Ram plays 3 games of chess with Shyam. Probability that
Q
Ram wins it 0.5, that he loses is 0.3 while for tie its 0.2. Find
the probability that Ram wins exactly 2 games.

Ans: 0.375
 Solution

Here let A, B and C be the events of Ram winning, losing

and Tie for a game

Now, out of two games, either he can win 2 and draw 1 or

win 2 and tie 1

⸫ Required probability
= 3(0.5)2 (0.3) + 3(0.5)2(0.2)
= 0.375
 Total Probability law & Bayes’ Theorem

Total probability Law

Q Three bags contains white & black balls as per :
Probabilities of selecting Bag 1, Bag 2 & Bag 3
are 0.2, 0.3 & 0.5 respectively. A ball is randomly
selected. Find the probability that ball is white.
 Solution

Let event E1 = Ball is drawn from Bag 1

E2 = Ball is drawn from Bag 2
E3 = Ball is drawn from Bag 3
A = White ball is selected.
Probability of ball drawn is white
 Total Probability law & Bayes’ Theorem

Bayes’ Theorem
 Total Probability law & Bayes’ Theorem

Remark

(a) Bayes’ Theorem:

(b) Whenever the outcome of an experiment is given &

probability of it being occurring through a particular path is
asked, then Bayes’ theorem is applied. Paths are denoted by
Ei’s & outcome is denoted by A.
 JEE Main 29th July, 2022
Bag I contains 3 red, 4 black and 3 white balls and Bag II
Q
contains 2 red, 5 black and 2 white balls. One ball is transferred
from Bag I to Bag II and then a ball is draw from Bag II. The ball
so drawn is found to be black in colour. Then the probability,
that the transferred ball is red, is:

D
 JEE Main 29th July, 2022
Bag I contains 3 red, 4 black and 3 white balls and Bag II
Q
contains 2 red, 5 black and 2 white balls. One ball is transferred
from Bag I to Bag II and then a ball is draw from Bag II. The ball
so drawn is found to be black in colour. Then the probability,
that the transferred ball is red, is:

D
 Solution

3R 2R
4B 5B
3W 2W

A : Drawn ball from bag II is black

B : Red ball transferred
 JEE Main 25th Jan, 2023

25% of the population are smokers. A smoker has 27 times

Q
more chances to develop lung cancer than a non smoker.
A person is diagnosed with lung cancer and the probability
that this person is a smoker is k/10 Then the value of k is ____
 JEE Main 25th Jan, 2023

25% of the population are smokers. A smoker has 27 times

Q
more chances to develop lung cancer than a non smoker.
A person is diagnosed with lung cancer and the probability
that this person is a smoker is k/10 Then the value of k is ____

Ans: 9
Solution
Random Variable & Probability Distribution
 Random Variable & Probability Distribution

Random Variable:
Let S be the sample space associated with given experiment. The real
valued function ‘X’ whose domain is S is called a random variable.
Probability Distribution Function:
If a random variable takes value x1, x2, …., xn with respective probabilities P1,
P2, …., Pn. Then

is called Probability Distribution Function of ‘x’.

 Random Variable & Probability Distribution

Remark

(a) Mean (or Expectation) of X i.e.

Here,

(b) Variance of X i.e.

Here is nothing but mean value of ‘X’ i.e. E(X)

 JEE Main, 13th Apr 2023
A coin is biased so that the head is 3 times as likely to
Q occur as tail. This coin is tossed until a head or three
tails occur. If X denotes the number of tosses of the coin,
then the mean of X is-

D
 JEE Main, 13th Apr 2023
A coin is biased so that the head is 3 times as likely to
Q occur as tail. This coin is tossed until a head or three
tails occur. If X denotes the number of tosses of the coin,
then the mean of X is-

D
 Solution

x 1 2 3

P(X)