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Reviewer in Quantitative Methods_Midterm

The document provides an overview of elementary mathematical operations, distinguishing between algebra and arithmetic, and defining key concepts such as algebraic expressions, variables, constants, formulas, functions, and operations involving positive and negative numbers. It also covers fractions, percentages, ratios, proportions, and introduces the coordinate system and mathematical progressions, including arithmetic and geometric sequences. Each section includes definitions, examples, and formulas to illustrate the concepts.

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dlibaltazar03
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3 views

Reviewer in Quantitative Methods_Midterm

The document provides an overview of elementary mathematical operations, distinguishing between algebra and arithmetic, and defining key concepts such as algebraic expressions, variables, constants, formulas, functions, and operations involving positive and negative numbers. It also covers fractions, percentages, ratios, proportions, and introduces the coordinate system and mathematical progressions, including arithmetic and geometric sequences. Each section includes definitions, examples, and formulas to illustrate the concepts.

Uploaded by

dlibaltazar03
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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REVIEWER IN QUANTITATIVE METHODS

LESSON 1. Elementary Mathematical Operations


ALGEBRA vs. ARITHMETIC
 Algebra uses general expressions which arrive at a general result.
 Arithmetic uses definite numbers so that problems can be solved to give a definite
numerical solution.

ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION
– is a combination of symbols which stand for numbers in a mathematical operation.

EXPRESSIONS
– might contain the symbols of operation + or - .
* When this is the case, the expression is separated by these into components known as terms.
 Monomial – 2x is an expression made up of a single term.
 Binomial – 2x + 3y is an expression made up of two terms.
 Trinomial – 2x + 3y + z is an expression made up of three terms.
 Polynomial – a mathematical expression consisting of a sum of terms, each term
including a variable or variables raised to a power and multiplied by a coefficient.

VARIABLES vs. CONSTANT


 Variable is a value that may change within the scope of a given problem or set of
operations. This are often represented by letters like x, y and z.
 Constant is a value that remains unchanged (though it might be of unknown value).

FORMULA
– is a type of equation that shows the relationship between variables.
– refers to a generalized statement of a relationship whereas an equation would include values
and could be solved, but the term equation is often used to refer to a formula.
For example: y = 2x
 In the equation x is multiplied by 2. Any such multiple is described as a coefficient. The
coefficient of x in this equation is 2.
 In this equation, y is described as the dependent variable and x as the independent
variable. The dependent variable changes as a result of changes in the independent
variable.
 In this equation, y is a function of x: (y = f(x)).
* The dependent variable is the one on its own to the left-hand side of the equal sign (y).
* The dependent variable is said to be a function of the independent variable.

FUNCTION
– mathematical equation which gives a relationship between dependent and independent
variable.
For example: y = 2x = 3
 In the above y is said to be a function of x (which can be written as f(x) = 2x + 3).

SIGNS
 A number might be either positive (100) or negative (-100).
 This table summarizes the rules on operations involving positive and negative numbers.

Addition and Subtraction Multiplication Division


+x + x = 2x a × b = ab a ÷ b = a/b
-x – x = -2x -a × b = -ab -a ÷ b = -a/b
x–x=0 a × -b = -ab a ÷ -b = -a/b
-x + x = 0 -a × -b = ab -a ÷ -b = a/b

BRACKETS
– they indicate the order of mathematical operations.
– clarify the situation by enclosing the part of an expression that should be operated as a whole.
Illustration: 2 × x + y
 It is unclear whether this means that 2 should be multiplied by x and then y added to the
sum or x should be added to y and then the sum multiplied by 2.
 Let x = 5 and y = 6.
o 2 × 5 = 10 + 6 = 16
o 5 + 6 = 11 × 2 = 22
 When the terms in bracket are preceded by a + sign, there is no change to the signs in
the brackets.
 When the terms in brackets are preceded by a – sign, there signs in the brackets
change.
o a + (b + c) = a + b + c
o a + (b – c) = a + b – c
o a – (b + c) = a – b – c
o a – (b – c ) = a – b + c
 When terms in brackets are multiplied by a term outside the bracket, each term within
the brackets must be multiplied by the term outside.
o x(a + b) = xa + xb
o x(a – b) = xa – xb
o -x(a + b) = -xa – xb
o -x(a – b) = -xa + xb
 When sets of terms within brackets are multiplied together, every term in each bracket is
multiplied in turn by every term in the other bracket.
o (a + b)(c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd
o (a – b)(c + d) = ac + ad – bc – bd
Example : Multiplication of terms in brackets.

 In order to provide a visual distinction, a different shape bracket is used when there are
bracketed terms within bracketed terms, known as nesting.

Parts of a Whole – FRACTIONS


 A fraction can be easily turned into a decimal by dividing the numerator by the
denominator.
 The value of a fraction is not changed if both the numerator and denominator are
multiplied or divided by the same amount.

Addition/Subtracting with Fractions


 In order for fractions to be added or subtracted, they must have common denominators.
 If two fractions have different denominators, the denominator of one might be changed
to that of the other.
 Whatever function is applied to do this must also be applied to the numerator.
 If two fractions have different denominators, a common denominator can be produced by
multiplying the denominators together. When this happens, each numerator must also be
multiplied by the denominator of the other fraction.
 If the denominator is made up of numerical and algebraic coefficients, the lowest
common denominator of each coefficient must be found separately.
Multiplication with Fractions
 A new fraction is formed by multiplying the numerators and multiplying the denominators.
 The product can then be simplified in the usual way.
* Each fraction could be simplified before multiplication by cancelling factors in either
denominator against factors in either numerator.
Division with Fractions

 A new fraction is formed by inverting the second fraction and then multiplying the
numerators and multiplying the denominators.

PERCENTAGE
– per hundred; parts per hundred.
– a number expressed as a fraction of 100.

RATIO
– the quantitative relation between two amounts of the same thing. It is a comparison of the
magnitude of two quantities of the same thing.
– can be expressed in a number of ways but the aim is to make the relationship understandable.

PROPORTION
– defined as a part, share or number considered in relation to a whole; the ratio of one thing to
the whole.
– a statement that two ratios or fractions are equal to each other.

* A percentage is just like a ratio or a fraction.

Lesson 2 & 3. Coordinate System and Equations of a Straight Line


Coordinate System is a method of representing points in a space of given dimensions by
coordinates.
– a method of specifying a location with a series of numbers which refer to other fixed points.

 A coordinate is a group of numbers used to indicate the position of a point or a line. –


can specify position in a three-dimensional space or on a two-dimensional plane.
* Most graphs are plots on a coordinate plane.
* Identifying the exact location is described as plotting the point.
Features
 The plane has two scales called the x axis (horizontal) and y axis (vertical) which are at
right angles to each other.
 The point where the axes intersect is called the point of origin and is usually denoted 0.

Four Sections / Quadrants


a. Quadrant 1. Both x and y are positive (x, y).
b. Quadrant 2. x is negative but y is positive (-x, y).
c. Quadrant 3. Both x and y are negative (-x, -y).
d. Quadrant 4. x is positive but y is negative (x, -y).

Slope

Lesson 4. Mathematical Progression


Sequence
 The sum of a given number of terms in the sequence is known as a series.
 Arithmetic Progression is formed by adding a constant to the previous term.
– is one where each term in the sequence is linked to the immediately preceding term by
adding or subtracting a constant number.
* The number added or subtracted to construct the progression is known as the common
difference.
* The sum of all the terms of an arithmetic sequence is called an arithmetic series.

FORMULA:
Two Methods of Finding the Sum of a Number of Terms in an Arithmetic
Progression
FORMULA:

 Geometric Progression is formed by multiplying the previous term by a constant.


– sequence in which each term is obtained by multiplying the previous term by a
constant. – is one where the ratio between a term and the one that immediately
precedes it is constant throughout the whole series.
* The ratio that links consecutive numbers in the series is known as the common ratio.
* The sum of all the terms of the geometric sequence is called a geometric series.

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