IDEAS AND VOCABULARY FOR WRITING TASK 2

Compiled by Minh Trang

EDUCATION
1. MIỄN HỌC PHÍ
= abolish tuition fees = waive tuition
= cover higher education tuition
= tuition waiver (1 dạng hộc bổng) miễn học phí
= free-college policy (n) chính sách miễn học phí đại học
= provision of free-of-charge education
= pursue college without free
= be entitled to free university
= subsidize college education: hỗ trợ học phí đại học
= wholly subsidize tertiary education
= make university free of charge
= abolition of university tuition: miễn học phí đại học

2. TIỂU HỌC: elementary/primary/grade school

ĐẠI HỌC: University education = higher education = college = tertiary education =
educational institution (cơ sở giáo dục, có thể là mẫu giáo hoặc tiểu học đến đại học)
BẰNG ĐẠI HỌC: University degree = bachelor’s degree = college qualification =
tertiary degree
SINH VIÊN TỐT NGHIỆP: university graduates = bachelor’s degree holders = acquisition of
a tertiary degree >< people without any qualifications
New graduates // Recent graduates // undergraduates
// postgraduate: học viên cao học// doctorate: bằng tiến sĩ
HỌC: attend / pursue/ study
Pursue college = embark on higher education (bắt đầu việc học đại học) = enroll in university
FORMAL SCHOOLING: giáo dục chính quy, trường lớp chính quy
GROSS ENROLLMENT RATE: tổng tỉ lệ nhập học
Become occupied with their intense study schedules → leave children too tired to do further
study

3. TRƯỜNG HỌC 1 HOẶC 2 GIỚI

● separate schools = single-sex schools/education = single-gender schools/education:
trường 1 ͙giới
● mixed schools = mixed-sex schools/education = mixed-gender schools/education =
integrated schools/education
= co-ed schools/education: trường 2 giới
send sb to....: đưa ai đó tới đâu
study at ....school = e..school = enter...education =choose...school: học tại đâu
● opposite-sex classmates: bạn khác giới
● co-existence and gender equality: sự cùng tồn tại và sự bình đẳng giới
● explore each other’s perspectives, their similarities and differences: khám phá sự khác
nhau/giống nhau và quan điểm của người khác

4. GIỚI TÍNH VÀ GIÁO DỤC

<< dựa vào giới tính để nhập học sao cho cân bằng>>
Men and women should have the same educational opportunities = the selection of
university students should be based on merits << dựa trên thành tích>>

5. CÂN BẰNG TỈ LỆ GIỚI TÍNH Ở TRƯỜNG HỌC

Accept equal numbers of male and female students
= accept equal proportions of each gender
= have the same number of men and women on all degree courses = a university: fill courses
with equal numbers of males and females = to aim for equal proportions
= to base admission to university courses on gender
= a selection procedure based on gender

6. CÂN BẰNG GIỚI TÍNH Ở TRƯỜNG LÀ KO KHẢ THI

Adj: be simply unrealistic/ be not practical / be difficult to V/ be impractical and unfair
● Many courses: more popular with one gender than the other → NURSING COURSES:
attract more female applicants
● A woman: the best candidate for a place on a course → it is surely wrong to reject her in
favor of a male student with lower grades + fewer qualifications

7. TÌM VIỆC LÀM ĐỐI VỚI SINH VIÊN (job seekers)

● Employment opportunities
● Establish sb’s career path
● Have a financially viable career: make a lot of money
● Stand a better chance of [getting a high-paying job/ landing higher-paid jobs/ finding
well-remunerated work]+ bettering their life quality
=> A more educated workforce
=> The financial abundance
OR: provide more job opportunities, career progression, better salaries, and therefore an
improved quality of life
● An increasingly competitive labor market → no longer feasible for sb to find a job ● The
larger influx of graduates into the labor market → rising youth unemployment => miễn học phí
là COUNTER-PRODUCTIVE to job guarantee.
● Secure employment → make a candidate more employable
-Firms: increasingly look beyond the technical expertise (chuyên môn thuần túy) and
qualifications of applicants
-Employers: attach greater importance to/ place heavy emphasis on attributes like
ADAPTABILITY/ CREATIVITY/ COLLABORATIVE SKILLS

8. TỔN HẠI NGÂN SÁCH NHÀ NƯỚC

The enormous cost incurred to cover st:
=> PUT A STRAIN ON GOVERNMENT COFFERS (plural: kho bạc nhà nước) => leading
to BUDGET DEFICITS, TAX HIKES (= tax increase), or REDUCED WELFARE

9. THÀNH TÍCH HỌC TẬP TỐT/ KÉM

HIGH-PERFORMING STUDENTS = TOP STUDENTS
 Attain better academic results ● deteriorating / poor + academic
performance
● Gain high-achieving academic result
● Be indifferent to their study: thờ ơ
● Make significant academic progress
với việc học của mình
● Improve students’ academic performance
● Lose their dive to work hard
● Be inclined to study in earnest: có khuynh
● Skip class/ miss exams
hướng làm gì rất nghiêm túc
*fall behind in their study
[[[ note: be inclined to V = be likely to V]]]
* face peer pressure → drain their
● Apply themselves to getting good grades:
self-confidence
chuyên tâm để đạt được điểm tốt
=> lose momentum + find it hard to
resume their education

10. 1 NĂM KHÔNG HỌC (high school senior)

Take a gap year = gap-year taker = spare several months
= defer university enrollment (to travel or work)
● Defer doing st: delay st until a later time
= delay tertiary education for one year
= have a long-year break prior to embarking on higher education
= HAVE A BREAK (nghỉ ngơi) from studying after graduating from high school = TAKING
TIME OFF at the important age

11. TRẢI NGHIỆM NHỮNG THỨ MỚI MẺ

● Afford sb time to travel + immerse themselves in alien cultures
=> enrich their life experiences + horn practical skills
[[[note: Afford sb st = provide sb st]]]
Ex. Living abroad: adapt quickly to their independent life
pick up new foreign languages
=> HAVE A BROADER VIEW OF LIFE AND BETTER PERSONAL RESOURCES TO
DRAW ON (có cái nhìn mở hơn về cuộc sống rộng và kinh nghiệm cá nhân tốt hơn để dựa
vào). => giving them an advantage in terms of COPING WITH THE CHALLENGES OF
STUDENT LIFE
—> as a by-product, sb become very knowledgeable about st
=> BROADEN THEIR HORIZONS

12. NGƯỜI TRẺ THIẾU KIẾN THỨC QUẢN LÝ TÀI CHÍNH

LEAVING SCHOOL WITHOUT A BASIC AND VITAL UNDERSTANDING OF HOW
PERSONAL FINANCES OUGHT TO BE MANAGED
= young people ARE UNABLE TO MANAGE THEIR OWN FINANCES UPON
FINISHING HIGH SCHOOL

13. LÝ DO NGƯỜI TRẺ THIẾU KIẾN THỨC QUẢN LÝ TÀI CHÍNH <<THE
NEGLIGENCE OF PARENTS AND SCHOOLS>> << /ˈneɡlɪdʒəns/: sự chểnh mảng>>
● they have been living with their parents for free
→ never needed to earn a salary + save their money → to pay bills.
● Schools FOCUS INSTEAD ON classic subjects → IMPORTANT LIFE SKILLS ARE
NOT BEING TAUGHT
⇒ Both teachers and parents ARE FAILING TO PREPARE YOUNG PEOPLE FOR
REAL WORLD

14. CÁCH GIẢI QUYẾT VẤN ĐỀ

<<EQUIPPING SCHOOL LEAVERS WITH THE RIGHT SKILLS>>
● teaching them HOW MONEY IS EARNED, BUDGETED AND USED FOR EITHER
SAVINGS OR EXPENSES
- teaching young children how to manage their pocket money - EXPAND INTO MORE
SERIOUS HOUSEHOLD EXPENSES
● INCORPORATE LIFE SKILLS INTO THEIR CURRICULUM for final year students
→ children: be able to learn in a supportive environment how their finances need to be
budgeted and managed TO AVOID DEBT PROBLEMS LATER IN LIFE

15. HỌC ĐẠI HỌC hay NHẢY VÀO LÀM LUÔN

Teenagers face the dilemma of whether to get a job or continue their education
 Get a job straight after school Go to college and university
= the option to start work straight = continue their studies
after school
= continue their studies beyond school level
= decide to find work, rather than
*Academic qualifications: be required in many
continue their studies
professions
*Sb: start earning money as soon as
( impossible to be a doctor/ teacher/ lawyer without
possible → independent → will be
having the relevant degree) → tend to earn higher
able to afford their own house/ start a
salaries than those with fewer qualifications
family
*The job market is becoming increasingly
*Sb: may progress quickly
competitive → hundreds of applicants for one
→gain real experience/ learn practical position in a company
skills related to their chosen
→ young people: do not have qualifications from a
profession → lead to promotions and
university or college → not be able to compete
a successful career

16. XÁC ĐỊNH ĐƯỢC “CON ĐƯỜNG” MÌNH SẼ ĐI

● High schools: provide inadequate career guidance
OR: young adult who passes directly from school to university: BE RESTRICTED IN
TERMS OF GENERAL KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE OF THE WORLD
Spare several months looking for job opportunities
+ attending vocational training courses
+ cultivating relevant job skills
+ gain hands-on experience
=> empower students to identify a suitable career path
=> chance to achieve sb’s full potential.
=> GET A CLEAR PERSPECTIVE OF (có góc nhìn rõ ràng về…) what they are hoping to
do with their lives and why

17. THEO ĐUỔI CON ĐƯỜNG SỰ NGHIỆP

Pursue career path
Work commitment: tinh thần Trách nhiệm, tận tâm với công việc
Have time for establishing sb’s career + financial stability
18. NGHỈ HỌC 1 NĂM THÌ KHÁ KHÓ ĐỂ QUAY LẠI
Young adults: + END UP NEVER RETURNING TO THEIR STUDIES
+ Find it difficult to RE-ADAPT TO AN ACADEMIC ENVIRONMENT

19. MÔN HỌC GÌ NÊN ĐƯỢC CHO VÀO TRONG CHƯƠNG TRÌNH HỌC
SUBJECT should be included in the curriculum
= the curriculum should be dedicated to SUBJECT
= SUBJECT should be taught at school
= schools should incorporate + subject + into their curriculum

20. MÔN HỌC

Các cách gọi môn ở trường ĐH:
Certain key subject areas = university courses
= particular university subjects = areas of knowledge
= a focus on …. in higher education
>< preferred areas of study = the course of sb’s choice
Academic subjects (science, maths,..) = discipline that will be directly relevant to one’s
occupation in the future = core subjects = science subjects = science-based subjects = key
subject areas
= a focus on technology in higher education
Non-academic subjects: arts subject/ art-based subjects
-cultivate qualities (ADAPTABILITY/ CREATIVITY/ COLLABORATIVE SKILLS)
(playing music, competing in team sports,...)
-allow young talents in athletic and artistic fields to be discovered

21. HỌC ĐỦ CÁC MÔN ĐỂ GIÚP TRẺ PHÁT TRIỂN TOÀN DIỆN
The provision of both academic, music and sports education: mandatory for an all-rounded
growth of young students
→ Ensure the adequate physical and mental development of the next generation
22. KHAI PHÁ TIỀM NĂM THIÊN TÀI
● Musically inclined individuals: những cá nhân có khuynh hướng âm nhạc = sb be endowed
with an aptitude for sport: được phú cho 1 tài năng gì đó = have an aptitude for st: có khả
năng thiên phú nào đó
= children with extraordinary talents
→ chance to achieve sb’s full potential
→ Young children’s INNATE ABILITIES (khả năng bẩm sinh) should be HARNESSED
(khai thác) to make these benefits more achievable.
Music + sports: treated as an extracurricular activity

23. TẦM QUAN TRỌNG CỦA ART

art PLAYS A FUNDAMENTAL ROLE IN SOCIETY
artists are able to EXPRESS THEIR THOUGHTS AND THEIR CULTURE IN THEIR
WORK

24. TRẺ EM CÓ NÊN HỌC ART KO ?????

develop creativity and learn to express themselves in their artwork
<<artwork: uncountable] pictures and photographs prepared for books, magazines,
etc.>>
● PROMOTE THEIR CREATIVITY AND IMAGINATION
Children (when they REACH ADULTHOOD): STRUGGLE TO GROW
INTO DYNAMIC, INDIVIDUAL THINKERS (Without the development of imagination
and creative thinking)
● studying art: NURTURE THEIR TALENTS
● practicing art: provides a medium through which they can express their emotions and
feelings
Ex. young children: not HAVE THE LINGUISTIC CAPABILITIES → put their ideas into
language and thus communicate directly
=> able to CONVEY MEANING THROUGH PICTURES AND SYMBOLS

25. KO NÊN VÌ DẠY ART MÀ ẢNH HƯỞNG ĐẾN MÔN KHÁC

● it SHOULD NOT BE TAUGHT TO THE DETRIMENT OF OTHER SUBJECTS
= this should not result in more focus being placed on art rather than other subjects
= FACILITATE A HEALTHY DEVELOPMENT BOTH MENTALLY AND PHYSICALLY
→ Children: HAVE A BALANCE OF ALL SUBJECTS → FACILITATE A HEALTHY
DEVELOPMENT BOTH MENTALLY AND PHYSICALLY

26. LỢI ÍCH CỦA HỌC NGÔN NGỮ TỪ TIỂU HỌC

● INTRODUCING THEM EARLIER/ EARLY EXPOSURE TO LANGUAGE
LEARNING a.young children PICK UP LANGUAGES much more easily than teenagers
→ THEIR BRAINS ARE STILL PROGRAMMED TO ACQUIRE THEIR MOTHER
TONGUE → which FACILITATES LEARNING ANOTHER LANGUAGE
● ####Adolescents: ARE NOT INHIBITED BY SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS (không hạn chế
bởi sự tự ý thức
b.The greater flexibility of the primary timetable → allows for more frequent, shorter
sessions and for A PLAY-CENTERED APPROACH →MAINTAINING LEARNERS’
ENTHUSIASM AND PROGRESS
=> THEIR COMMAND OF THE LANGUAGE (khả năng thông thạo ngôn ngữ của chúng)
in later life → benefit from this early exposure
c.learning other languages: subsequently will be easier for them → gain a better
understanding of other cultures

27. BẤT LỢI CỦA HỌC NGÔN NGỮ TỪ TIỂU HỌC

secondary schools: BE FACED WITH A GREAT VARIETY OF LEVELS IN
DIFFERENT LANGUAGES WITHIN THEIR INTAKE (đối mặt với tình trạng năng lực
ngôn ngữ đầu vào không đồng đều)
→ a classroom: experience which UNDOES THE EARLIER GAINS
→ enthusiastic primary pupils: become DEMOTIVATED

28. MÔN LỊCH SỬ

The subject of history = history = history education

29. HỌC LỊCH SỬ QUỐC GIA MÌNH

Learn history of their own country = learn local history
= discovery local historical legacies
= be aware of/ be alive to their roots
= learn exclusively about national history
= learn more about historic events that took place in sb’s community = studying history of
their own country, instead of that of the world = the national history should be prioritized
= put/place heavy emphasis on children learning about local history

30. HỌC LỊCH SỬ THẾ GIỚI

Have a good grasp of foreign countries’ history
= teach children about/ acquire insights into + events that took place in other parts of the
world
= learn world history offers for greater benefits to schoolchildren
= learn history of other societies in the world
>< lack knowledge about st

31. LỢI ÍCH CỦA HỌC LỊCH SỬ QUỐC GIA

● Lay foundations for further development of their own country
● Be aware of their roots → instill a sense of patriotism in sb -> foster an appreciation for
their national heritages => be more willing to defend and contribute to their country
● Make a great contribution to: fostering confidence + national pride + patriotism +
personality << phẩm chất >> of Vietnamese people
MỌI NGƯỜI KO COI TRỌNG LỊCH SỬ QUỐC GIA THÌ SAO (- -)
● People: lack knowledge about national history → not respect their own traditions
● History education: be sadly lacking in most school → children: superficial understanding
about their ancestors’ past achievements and sacrifice => indifferent to national current
affairs

32. LỢI ÍCH CỦA VIỆC HỌC LỊCH SỬ THẾ GIỚI

● Have a good grasp of foreign countries’ history → respect cultural differences ⇒ be key
to mutual understanding + cooperation among nations
● Learn exclusively about national history → cause sb to be biased + harbor hostile feelings
about foreign people
Ex. History education: features how Vietnam fought against foreign armies → mislead sb
into thinking st + develop a distorted thinking
=> sb’s outlook: more impartial (thoroughly understand those wars in the world context)
= Give a holistic perspective of what happened in their localities

33. HỌC SINH NÊN HỌC LỊCH SỬ VÀ VĂN HỌC CỦA ĐẤT NƯỚC MÌNH
children should study first and foremost the great books and historical events of their own
countries
= schools should focus on teaching national literature and history
= GROUND THEIR PUPILS IN THE LOCAL CULTURE (đưa học sinh đến với văn hóa
trong nước)
LỢI ÍCH:
● studying the ideas, culture and history of their own countries → DEVELOP A SENSE OF
IDENTITY
● AN EMPHASIS ON NATIONAL LITERATURE AND HISTORY
→ GIVES EDUCATORS A NARROWER TEACHING SCOPE → MAKING
CURRICULUM DESIGN AN EASIER TASK

34. BẤT LỢI CỦA HỌC LỊCH SỬ VÀ VĂN HỌC NƯỚC NGOÀI
(COVER ASPECTS OF FOREIGN HISTORY AND LITERATURE )
- the study of global events and foreign novels: CAUSE UNNECESSARY DIFFICULTY
AND CONFUSION FOR SCHOOL PUPILS
- EXPOSURE TO INTERNATIONAL LITERATURE : require the teaching of a foreign
language or the use of translations
Young people: ARE SIMPLY NOT READY FOR SUCH COMPLICATIONS

35. NGUYÊN NHÂN HỌC DỐT LỊCH SỬ

- Be largely ignored by a large number of students
The contents of history curricula + textbooks: be overloaded + lack reality => lack interest in
history subject => sb be ignorant about national current affairs
36. HỌC ONLINE vs HỌC TRỰC TIẾP

E-learning = internet-based learning = Virtual Physical classrooms

learning
= Traditional classroom model
= web-based classes
= Be taught face to face by actual
= online learning teachers
= learning on the Internet = conventional classrooms
online courses provider = learning in a classroom
= learn at the comfort of one’s own home = virtual = conventional learning
environment
= traditional courses
= the advent of online classes
In-person meeting/events
= online university courses

EDUCATION AUTHORITIES: use the Internet to deliver schooling

online.

37. LỢI ÍCH CỦA LỚP HỌC TRỰC TIẾP

● Certain fields: require physical interaction
→ Disciplines (Chemistry/ Engineering): involve elaborate lab set-up and equipment: cơ sở
vật chất và dụng cụ thí nghiệm phức tạp
● Classroom dynamics: tương tác trong lớp học
→ The interactive activities + live discussions in physical lecture → improve sb’s
interpersonal skills = two-way interaction

38. LỢI ÍCH CỦA VIỆC HỌC ONLINE

● Allow learners to study in a flexible way → work whenever and wherever is convenient
( overcome time constraints/limits + geographical boundaries: helpful in rural and remote
areas)
+ cover the material at their own pace
● The cost of a university education: be greatly reduced
The revenues for institutions may increase
● Offer open access to anybody who is willing to study, regardless of age, location, ability,
and background

39. BẤT LỢI CỦA HỌC ONLINE

● Less direct interaction
Not have the opportunity to engage face-to-face with their teachers → will instead have to
rely on written-forms of communication
Students: do not come into direct contact with each other → negative impacts on peer
support, discussion and exchange of ideas.
Online learners: be restricted to chatting through website forum areas (diễn đàn trực tuyến)
→ lack the motivation and element of competition that face-to-face group work brings

40. LỢI ÍCH CỦA VIỆC LÀM GÌ ONLINE

a.Cost-efficient
Cover running costs/ numerous expenses
run a bricks-and-mortar operation → space (mặt bằng)/ administrative staff/ salaries/
electricity/ rent
b.help sb overcome time constraints/limits + geographical boundaries (helpful in rural and
remote areas)

41. BẤT LỢI CỦA LÀM GÌ ONLINE

● to require high levels of discipline and commitment → to have no supervision and
restrictions
- to easily get distracted by things like movies/ online games/…
→ to negatively affect their work performance and productivity
● might experience feelings of loneliness and isolation sometimes —> to have less chance to
interact and communicate directly with their colleagues and clients
⇒ to be difficult to develop social skills (communication, teamwork skills,...)

42. GIAO BÀI TẬP VỀ NHÀ

The setting homework
= sb be given homework by their teachers
= setting homework
= do further study
<<<Homework is an unnecessary burden on children>>

43. ĐÓNG VAI TRÒ QUAN TRỌNG TRONG GIÁO DỤC

St be a necessary aspect of education
= st play an important role in the education of children
= st has an important role to play in the schooling of children

44. CẢI THIỆN KẾT QUẢ GIÁO DỤC

- (so do nothing to) improve educational outcomes
- Improve/enhance educational quality (v)
= increased educational quality (n ph)
= enhance academic achievements
= both the learners and the educators can achieve higher academically >< the classroom
learning environment may be detrimentally affected

45. LỢI ÍCH CỦA VIỆC GIAO BÀI TẬP VỀ NHÀ

- Encourage independent learning and problem solving
→ Children are challenged to work through tasks alone and at their own pace → apply the
knowledge they have learned in the classroom
=>consolidate their understanding of the concepts taught by their teachers at school
⇒ develop an independent study habit → prepare them to work alone as adults.

46. CHỈ TRÍCH GIÁO VIÊN

Make comments or even criticism on their teachers
= evaluate and criticize their educators
= judge teachers
= express their thoughts and feelings towards teachers

47. MẤT ĐI SỰ TÔN TRỌNG VÀ KỈ LUẬT TRONG LỚP HỌC

Lead to Loss of respect and discipline
= disrespect and indiscipline are an unavoidable outcome of this approach = undermine
students’ sense of respect and discipline
= respect for teacher may be lost
= disrespect and lack of discipline
= some classes may experience some initial instability

48. HỌC SINH PHÁ LỚP

+High school students: generally immature and inexperienced → lose their temper +
overreact each them they are disciplined by teachers
+ Students see their peers criticizing the teachers
→ think of such action as the right way to behave + start to imitate it

49. GIÁO DỤC CHO PHÉP HỌC SINH ĐK GÓP Ý VỚI GIÁO VIÊN -Promote student-
centered teaching with two-way communication
→ Open discussions between teachers and students on any topic ( teaching methodology +
the effectiveness of the teaching programmes) = receive feedback from students
→ students: more proactive in studying
→ teachers: better their pedagogical skills << Kĩ năng sư phạm>> /ˌpedəˈɡɑːdʒɪk/

50. SỐNG Ở TRƯỜNG

● (most colleges are concentrated in urban centers
→ daily commute: difficult for those who live in rural areas or even suburban residents)
● Live in dormitory = = stay in a dormitory = live on campus = board at school = on-campus
housing = choose on-campus residences

51. LỢI ÍCH CỦA SỐNG Ở TRƯỜNG

foster personal growth = foster the all-round personal development
- students with discrepant << /di'skrepənt/ khác biệt>> preferences: learn to make
compromises
- Assume << đảm đương>> responsibility in all aspect of life → Teach students to be more
independent (manage their personal finances + take care of their own nutritional needs)
= acquire skills necessary for self-reliance (financial management + problem-solving +
meal planning + home management )
[acquire: to gain something by your own efforts, ability or behavior] = become more self-
reliant ← have to budget+cook for themselves
- have easy access to libraries + various learning resources (readily available at university)

52. SỐNG Ở NHÀ

Live with their parents ( be more accommodating << sẵn sàng giúp đỡ>>) Be over-reliant on
their parents
53. HỌC ĐỦ CÁC MÔN ĐỂ GIÚP TRẺ PHÁT TRIỂN TOÀN DIỆN
The provision of both academic, music and sports education: mandatory for an all rounded
growth of young students
Ensure the adequate physical and mental development of the next generation

54. HỌC ĐÚNG SAI KHI CÒN NHỎ

One important stage in a child’s growth: THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CONSCIENCE <<
lương tâm>>
(BE LINKED TO THE ABILITY TO TELL RIGHT FROM WRONG)

55. PHẠT CON TRẺ LÀ KO TỐT

● punish a very young child: IS BOTH WRONG AND FOOLISH
- AN INFANT: not understand what is happening or why he or she is being punished
- ONCE THE AGE OF REASON IS REACHED (một khi đã đến độ tuổi biết phân biệt
đúng sai)
→ child: be REWARDED FOR GOOD BEHAVIOUR (được thưởng vì cư xử tốt) +
DISCOURAGED FROM BAD
- HARSH PUNISHMENTS: ENTAIL MANY NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES
UNINTENDED BY THE PARENTS
56. CÁC CÁCH ĐỂ DẠY CON TRẺ BIẾT ĐÚNG SAI
a. PROVIDE GOOD ROLE MODELLING IN THEIR OWN BEHAVIOUR (làm tấm
gương tốt trong chính hành vi của họ).
b. IF SANCTIONS ARE NEEDED (nếu hình phạt là cần thiết), THE PUNISHMENT
SHOULD NOT BE OF A PHYSICAL NATURE (không nên trừng phạt về mặt thể chất)
→ MERELY SENDS THE MESSAGE THAT: IT IS ACCEPTABLE FOR LARGER
PEOPLE TO HIT SMALLER ONES
=> the child: start to BULLY OTHERS
c. teachers and parents: USE A VARIETY OF METHODS TO DISCIPLINE THEIR
YOUNG CHARGES, SUCH AS DETENTION, WITHDRAWAL OF PRIVILEGES,
AND TIME-OUT (sử dụng đa dạng phương pháp để kỷ luật những đứa trẻ như là phạt không
cho ra ngoài, rút lại các quyền lợi và thời gian chơi).
→ MAKING THE PUNISHMENT FIT THE CRIME (đưa ra hình phạt tương xứng với lỗi
lầm mà trẻ mắc phải)
Ex. children: being made to PICK UP RUBBISH THEY HAVE DROPPED/ CLEANED
UP GRAFFITI THEY HAVE DRAWN/ APOLOGIZE TO SOMEONE THEY HAVE
HURT
→ leads to much better future behavior than does punishment.

57. TRẺ EM PHẢI LÀM VIỆC CỰC NHỌC

THE KIND OF WORK UNDERTAKEN
- Young children: do ARDUOUS /ˈɑːrdʒuəs/ AND REPETITIVE TASKS on A
FACTORY PRODUCTION LINE (dây chuyền sản xuất ở nhà máy)
- THERE ARE HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED
→ employers may prefer to use the services of children simply to save money by paying
them less than adults → EXPLOITATION

58. LÝ DO TRẺ EM PHẢI LÀM VIỆC CỰC NHỌC

● their families: need THE ADDITIONAL INCOME → CONTRIBUTE TO THE
FAMILY INCOME
● IN BETTER ECONOMIC CIRCUMSTANCES → few parents: send their children out to
FULL-TIME PAID WORK
→ having LIGHT, PART-TIME JOBS → LEARNING RESPONSIBILITIES AND
WORK EXPERIENCE: important
● helping their parents around the family home (unpaid) → of OF VALUE IN CHILDREN
DEVELOPMENT

59. MIỄN THUẾ CHO AI

- Not be required to pay taxes
= reduce taxes for sb
= sb were given a tax discount
= financial/tax concessions should not be made for sb
[NOTE: concession: a reduction in an amount of money that has to be paid]
CÁC VIỆC CẦN XỬ LÝ KHI MIỄN THUẾ:
+ Calculate the correct amount of tax reduction for sb
+ Staff would be required to manage this complex process
+ Poorer people pay higher taxes than the rich

60. ĐÓNG THUẾ ĐỂ HỖ TRỢ TRƯỜNG CÔNG (trong trường hợp bố mẹ gửi con đến
trường tư)
- Be beneficial for all members of society to have a high-quality education system with
equal opportunities for all young people
→ a well-educated workforce, and in turn a more productive and prosperous nation
=> A well-funded education system << 1 hệ thống GD đk hỗ trợ>> → provide well qualified
and competent staff <nhân viên giỏi, có trình độ>>

61. XÃ HỘI BÌNH ĐẲNG - KHÔNG BÌNH ĐẲNG

An egalitarian society /iˌɡælɪˈteriən/
= everyone has the same rights and the same opportunities
= Equal rights
= equality
= live in a fair society
→ Feel more motivated to work hard + reach their full potential
###Inequality
→ lose their motivation to succeed
→ would be more likely to demotivate people because they know that the odds of success
were stacked in favor of those from privileged backgrounds

62. BÌNH ĐẲNG TRONG GIÁO DỤC → THÀNH CÔNG

(Education → personal success in life )
● Have access to free schooling
= higher education should be either free or affordable for all those who chose to pursue a
university degree
>< without free schooling + affordable higher education
KHÔNG BÌNH ĐẲNG TRONG GIÁO DỤC
Young adults from wealthier families: have access to the best learning opportunities → be
better prepared for the job market
⇒ ensure the success of some BUT harm the prospects of others

63. BẮT HỌC SINH LÀM CÔNG VIỆC TÌNH NGUYỆN

- Work on a volunteer basis = work for free and help others
- Force all teenagers to do unpaid work
= oblige young people to do unpaid work
= be given the added responsibility of working in their spare time >< should not make this
compulsory
It goes against the values of a free and fair society to force a group of people to do
something against their will → only lead to resentment amongst young people

64. HỌC SINH RẤT BẬN HỌC

Most young people: are already under enough pressure with their studies - School is just as
demanding as a full-time job
- Teachers expect their students to do homework and exam revision on top of attending
lessons every day
→ have some free time → we should encourage them to enjoy it with their friends/ spend it
doing sports or leisure activities
<< THEY HAVE MANY YEARS OF WORK AHEAD OF THEM WHEN THEY FINISH
THEIR STUDIES>>

65. CÓ ÍCH CHO XÃ HỘI

Benefit both the individual teenager and society as a whole
= society has anything to gain from doing st
WORK

66. HẠNH PHÚC RẤT KHÓ ĐỊNH NGHĨA

THE PERSONAL NATURE OF HAPPINESS MAKES IT DIFFICULT TO DESCRIBE
= Happiness is difficult to define
= almost IMPOSSIBLE TO GIVE A PRECISE DEFINITION OF HAPPINESS

67. MỖI NGƯỜI CÓ 1 KHÁI NIỆM VỀ HẠNH PHÚC KHÁC NHAU it means something
different to each individual person
= sb feels happy in a variety of different ways.
= people INTERPRETED HAPPINESS FOR THEMSELVES
NOBODY CAN FULLY UNDERSTAND OR EXPERIENCE ANOTHER PERSON’S
FEELINGS

68. NHỮNG THỨ KHIẾN MỌI NGƯỜI HẠNH PHÚC

Have our own particular passions (take pleasure)
While some people LINK HAPPINESS TO WEALTH AND MATERIAL SUCCESS
- SPIRITUAL PATHS (định hướng về mặt tinh thần) >< THE MATERIAL WORLD ><
relationships with people,
+ DERIVE A SENSE OF SATISFACTION FROM EARNING MONEY or achieving
success
+ health and family are much more important → LOVING RELATIONSHIPS
- A RANGE OF OTHER FEELINGS, FROM EXCITEMENT TO PEACEFULNESS: be
associated with the idea of happiness
- good health + the skills to EARN A LIVING + A PEACEFUL ENVIRONMENT
>< GETTING ANNOYED ABOUT TRIVIAL THINGS

69. CÁC YẾU TỐ ĐỂ ĐẠT ĐK HẠNH PHÚC (some basic preconditions to achieving it. )
● our basic needs for shelter, food and company need to be fulfilled - HAVE A SAFE PLACE
TO LIVE AND ENOUGH FOOD TO EAT → OUR BASIC SURVIVAL NEEDS: must
surely be met before we can lead a pleasant life.
● the greatest joy in life → be found in shared experiences with family and friends
● BE INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM + A SENSE OF PURPOSE IN LIFE
Experience happiness = lead a pleasant life = the greatest joy in life

70. CHÍNH PHỦ NÊN ĐƯA RA 1 MỨC LƯƠNG TỐI ĐA

=governments to set a limit on the wages of the highest earners in society
= introduce a maximum wage
= employee remuneration should be capped at a certain level = introduce a limit on
earnings
= a maximum wage limit on extremely high earners
= a maximum wage legislation was adopted
= Setting a limit on earnings

71. LỢI ÍCH CỦA VIỆC ĐẶT 1 MỨC LƯƠNG

● THE PAY-GAP between bosses and employees: be reduced
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NORMAL AND TOP SALARIES: huge
→ demotivate workers who feel that the situation is unfair
● With lower executive salaries: feasible to INTRODUCE HIGHER MINIMUM WAGES
→ everybody would be better off
● possible consequence of greater equality: POVERTY AND CRIME RATES fall ← THE
GENERAL POPULATION: EXPERIENCE AN IMPROVED STANDARD OF LIVING
=> Many studies show that countries with a narrower income gap often have lower poverty
and crime rates than those experiencing growing economic inequality.
● The decrease in income inequality would have beneficial effects on firms and society as a
whole.
o Companies might cut a huge sum spent on executives’ salaries, and thus have more to
invest in other important aspects, such as marketing and promotions, which help increase
sales figures.

72. KIẾM TIỀN THEO KHẢ NĂNG

allow people to earn as much as companies are willing to pay
= allow people to be paid extremely high salaries
= companies offer excellent pay packages
=paying high salaries
=have the freedom to earn as much as they can

73. LỢI ÍCH CỦA VIỆC CHO PHÉP KIẾM TIỀN THEO KHẢ NĂNG
+ attract the most talented people in their fields to work for them Ex. technology companies
like Google are able to EMPLOY THE BEST PROGRAMMERS because of THE HUGE
SUMS because of THE HUGE SUMS
+ these WELL-PAID EMPLOYEES BE HIGHLY MOTIVATED TO WORK HARD →
DRIVE THEIR BUSINESSES SUCCESSFULLY → RESULT IN A THRIVING
ECONOMY/ increased tax revenues

74. BẤT LỢI CỦA VIỆC ĐẶT RA 1 MỨC LƯƠNG

● Setting a limit on earnings: encourage the most skilled workers, who make significant
contributions to their companies, to leave and work in a foreign country.
● This brain drain of the top employees would cause enterprises and the economy great
damage.
- The absence of a skilled executive, for example, might cause a company a loss of
thousands of dollars, and it would take quite a long time to hire another one.
- be almost impossible for an economy to thrive when its well-educated and skilled
workforce is willing to work in another country where they are offered extraordinarily high
pay packages.

75. TIỀN LƯƠNG LÀ THỨ CẦN CÂN NHẮC KHI CHỌN VIỆC
choose their jobs BASED ON THE SIZE OF THE SALARY OFFERED
= When choosing a job, the salary is the most important consideration = money is the key
consideration when deciding on a career
= salaries certainly AFFECT PEOPLE’S CHOICE OF PROFESSION

76. TIỀN LƯƠNG OK THÌ SAO

● MEET THEIR BASIC NEEDS : need money to PAY FOR HOUSING, FOOD, BILLS,
HEALTH CARE, AND EDUCATION
→ earn a salary that ALLOWS THEM TO COVER THESE NEEDS + HAVE A
REASONABLE QUALITY OF LIFE
● >< chose their jobs BASED ON ENJOYMENT OR OTHER NON FINANCIAL FACTORS
→ difficult to support themselves
Ex. Artists and musicians (choosing A CAREER PATH ) → not always provide them with
enough money to live comfortably and RAISE A FAMILY (nuôi sống gia đình

77. NHỮNG YẾU TỐ KHÁC CŨNG QUAN TRỌNG KHI CHỌN VIỆC MONEY: NOT
OUTWEIGH ALL OTHER MOTIVATORS
● personal relationships + the atmosphere in a workplace
→ Having a good manager or friendly colleagues: MAKE A HUGE DIFFERENCE TO
WORKERS’ LEVELS OF HAPPINESS AND GENERAL QUALITY OF LIFE
● people’s feelings of job satisfaction: COME FROM THEIR PROFESSIONAL
ACHIEVEMENTS + the skills they learn + the position they reach
● WANT TO Help others and CONTRIBUTE SOMETHING POSITIVE TO SOCIETY

78. SỰ HÀI LÒNG CÔNG VIỆC

one’s job must REFLECT HOW AN INDIVIDUAL FEELS ABOUT HIS OR HER LIFE
AS A WHOLE
JOB SATISFACTION: BE INDEED VERY IMPORTANT FOR THE WELL-BEING OF
THAT PERSON

79. LÀM SAO ĐỂ TẠO RA ĐK SỰ HÀI LÒNG TRONG CÔNG VIỆC

FEEL GREATER DEGREES OF JOB SATISFACTION (có được mức độ hài lòng với công
việc cao hơn).
● a person: feel that they are doing VALUABLE WORK → POSITIVE FEEDBACK
FROM SUPERIORS: important
→ A SENSE OF FULFILLMENT: → a worker feels the job is worth doing
=> the job: CONTRIBUTES TO THE SOCIETY OR THE ECONOMY AS A WHOLE

TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES ⇒ A SENSE OF PROGRESSION AND PURPOSE

● someone: feels they are IMPROVING OR DEVELOPING THEIR SKILLS THROUGH

● The SENSE OF BELONGING TO A TEAM + or a working community -> contributes to

job satisfaction
COLLEAGUES: help each other to enjoy their working lives
=>A SENSE OF RESPONSIBILITY for + LOYALTY TO A TEAM : increase
Satisfaction

80. ĐIỀU GÌ DẪN TỚI SỰ KO HÀI LÒNG TRONG CÔNG VIỆC

HARD ECONOMIC REALITIES → people have little choice in the kind of job
→ an employee is working in a job that suits neither skills nor their PERSONALITY
+ Jobs: REPETITIVE AND BORING
+ REPETITIVE AND BORING: poor → RESENTMENT AND INSECURITY

81. LÀM VIỆC NHIỀU H VÀ TÁC HẠI

- to work longer hours≈ to spend more time at work =to spend a large amount of time working
≈ to devote a huge amount of time to their work:
- Hectic/packed work schedules = become occupied with their intense study schedules
TÁC HẠI
● poor/ low work productivity ≈ poor work performance
→ to make more errors at work ≈ to be more likely to have accidents => to cause a company
great damage ≈ to sign risky contracts and face a risk of monetary loss
● to feel bored and stressed ≈ to experience feelings of boredom and stress

82. MẶC ĐỒNG PHỤC Ở CHỖ LÀM <<dress codes = the way people dress > = st be not
applicable to all occupations or sectors of the economy = employees' clothing ARE STILL
RELEVANT IN OTHER WORK SITUATIONS
>< stopped telling their staff how to dress
= be encouraged to DRESS CASUALLY
= ARE FREE TO DRESS HOW THEY LIKE
= STRICT DRESS CODES ARE COMPLETELY UNNECESSARY
= THE TREND TOWARDS RELAXED DRESS CODES for workers

83. MẶC ĐỒNG PHỤC KO QUAN TRỌNG

<<the way people dress SHOULD BE SEEN AS IRRELEVANT IN MANY WORK
CONTEXTS>>
Ex. the most successful companies in the world, including TECHNOLOGY GIANTS (những
gã khổng lồ công nghệ) like Google and Facebook: famous for THE RELAXED OFFICE
ENVIRONMENTS that they try to create
+ Employees: be encouraged to DRESS CASUALLY
+ the company executives and leaders: be rarely seen wearing anything other than T-shirts
and jeans
BUT: managers and PROGRAMMERS ARE FREE TO DRESS HOW THEY LIKE : be
expected to PRODUCE WORK OF OUTSTANDING QUALITY
the performance and GLOBAL DOMINANCE of such companies that STRICT DRESS
CODES ARE COMPLETELY UNNECESSARY in THE TECHNOLOGY SECTOR

84. MẶC ĐỒNG PHỤC QUAN TRỌNG

<<dress codes STILL EXIST FOR GOOD REASON IN CERTAIN PROFESSIONS> =
employees' clothing ARE STILL RELEVANT IN OTHER WORK SITUATIONS
Ex1. certain professionals( nurses, police officers and airline pilots) to wear uniforms
→ These uniforms: HAVE A PRACTICAL OR SAFETY FUNCTION + IDENTIFY THE
PERSON’S POSITION OR ROLE IN SOCIETY
Ex2. a lawyer, politician or school principal: choose to wear formal clothing in order to
PORTRAY AN IMAGE OF AUTHORITY, TRUSTWORTHINESS AND DILIGENCE
← most of us: prefer to SEE THESE PROFESSIONALS IN SMART, FORMAL ATTIRE
FINANCE, MONEY, BUSINESS

85. PHÁT TRIỂN KINH TẾ

St be key in driving economic productivity = a thriving economy = prosperity = Bolster
economic growth: thúc đẩy sự phát triển kinh tế
ECONOMIC PROGRESS = economic growth = a strong economy = economic factors

86. TẬP TRUNG PHÁT TRIỂN KINH TẾ CÓ TÁC DỤNG J ??

<<the economy is obviously a key marker of a country’s success = economic growth IS
SEEN AS A FUNDAMENTAL GOAL FOR COUNTRIES>>
● a healthy economy → RESULTS IN JOB CREATION / A HIGH LEVEL OF
EMPLOYMENT/ BETTER SALARIES FOR ALL CITIZENS
● ECONOMIC PROGRESS → more money is available for governments to SPEND ON
INFRASTRUCTURE / PUBLIC SERVICES
Ex. a government with HIGHER REVENUES→ INVEST IN THE COUNTRY’S
TRANSPORT NETWORK/ its education system/ its hospitals
● a strong economy → HELP A COUNTRY’S STANDING ON THE GLOBAL STAGE
IN TERMS OF (về mặt) its POLITICAL INFLUENCE and TRADING POWER (năng lực
thương mại).

87. NHỮNG VẤN ĐỀ KHÁC CX CẦN ĐK CHÍNH PHỦ QUAN TÂM various other
forms of progress are just as significant as ST
● CONSIDER THE AREA OF SOCIAL JUSTICE, HUMAN RIGHTS, EQUALITY
AND DEMOCRACY itself (xem xét các khía cạnh công bằng xã hội, nhân quyền, bình đẳng
và dân chủ)
Ex. the treatment of minority groups: be seen as A REFLECTION OF THE MORAL
STANDARDS + LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF A SOCIETY
● protects the natural environment → moving towards ENVIRONMENTAL
SUSTAINABILITY
● the success of a nation: be measured by looking at the health, WELL BEING (sự no ấm) and
happiness of its residents

88. QUAN TRỌNG

ST be of course essential = is obviously a key marker of st
IS SEEN AS A FUNDAMENTAL GOAL FOR COUNTRIES
ANOTHER KEY CONSIDERATION when JUDGING THE PROGRESS of A MODERN
COUNTRY should be
89. CÓ TRÁCH NHIỆM VỚI XÃ HỘI
enterprises also need to have public responsibilities
= they should also conduct their business in a socially responsible manner = all businesses
should profoundly reflect upon their social responsibilities: các doanh nghiệp nên suy ngẫm
một cách sâu sắc về trách nghiệm xã hội.
→ enhance their public image through philanthropic actions (provide scholarships + give
charitable donations)

90. TẠO RA LỢI NHUẬN, KIẾM TIỀN (DÀNH CHO DOANH NGHIỆP)
Make money = generate profit = maximize their profits = make profits = the higher the profits
earned by enterprises = earn huge profits
Be the top priority = be the fundamental principle of business

91. DOANH NGHIỆP TÌM KIẾM LỢI NHUẬN

Businesses HAVE ALWAYS SOUGHT TO MAKE A PROFIT
= make money place importance on FINANCIAL OBJECTIVES
~ RUN WITH THE SOLE AIM OF MAXIMISING PROFIT (hoạt động với mục tiêu duy
nhất là tối đa hóa lợi nhuận)
→ SURVIVE IN A COMPETITIVE WORLD

92. VIỆC DOANH NGHIỆP CẦN LÀM ĐỂ TỒN TẠI

● COVER ITS RUNNING COSTS / EMPLOYEES’ WAGES / PAYMENTS FOR
BUILDINGS (chi phí cơ sở hạ tầng) and utilities
>< unable to pay its bills// meet the changing needs of customers ● invest in improvements
and innovations → to remain successful. → BE IN GOOD FINANCIAL HEALTH

93. TRÁCH NHIỆM XÃ HỘI

Companies have THE SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS
= businesses should do more for society
= concerns about social responsibilities
= MAKE A POSITIVE CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIETY
= HAVE A WIDER ROLE TO PLAY IN SOCIETY (có vai trò lớn hơn trong xã hội). =
PLACE as much IMPORTANCE ON (chú trọng vào) their social responsibilities as they do
on st
94. VIỆC DOANH NGHIỆP CẦN LÀM ĐỂ CÓ TRÁCH NHIỆM XH ● owners and
managers: treat their employees well treat their employees well Ex. pay a “living wage” to
ensure that workers HAVE A GOOD QUALITY OF LIFE
● Businesses: use a proportion of their profits to SUPPORT LOCAL CHARITIES,
environmental projects or EDUCATION INITIATIVES
● COMPANY BOSSES: be happy to CONTRIBUTE TO SOCIETY THROUGH THE
TAX SYSTEM instead of trying to minimize their tax payments by USING
ACCOUNTING LOOPHOLES
95. SỰ PHÁT TRIỂN CỦA DOANH NGHIỆP DẪN TỚI SỰ MẤT ĐI LIÊN KẾT VĂN
HÓA
development of business results in a loss of cultural ties between countries
= The development of business: had a negative impact on CULTURAL TIES BETWEEN
COUNTRIES
96. SỰ PHÁT TRIỂN KINH DOANH → DẪN TỚI MỖI LIÊN KẾT VĂN HÓA GIỮA
CÁC QUỐC GIA
● international business → NEW RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN COUNTRIES THAT
PREVIOUSLY HAD LITTLE CONTACT - products from countries all around the world:
available to the everyday person → RAISES THEIR AWARENESS OF these countries
⇒ AS AWARENESS BETWEEN COUNTRIES GROWS, SO TOO DOES CULTURAL
RESPECT AND INTEREST
→ more people traveling abroad: EXPERIENCE NEW CULTURES THAN EVER
BEFORE
Ex. the long lasting cultural interest between China and Europe which was initially brought
about by the silk trade.
FAMILY
97. GIẢM THỜI GIAN DÀNH CHO GIA ĐÌNH
Quality family time be on the decline = reduced family time
= the absence of family time = st deprive sb of time spent for family = be occupied with st
= not spend as much time with their family as they used to in the past = struggle for time to
bond with their spouse or children
= insufficient time for family
= the increasingly less family together time
98. GẮN KẾT VỚI GIA ĐÌNH
- Bond with their spouse or children
- engage in conversation with their parents
>< become isolated from their family
Family bond (n) = family ties
ESTABLISH THE CORRECT BALANCE BETWEEN FAMILY LIFE AND WORKING
LIFE
99. DÙNG CÔNG NGHỆ NHIỀU ẢNH HƯỞNG TỚI CÁC MỐI QUAN HỆ Younger
generation: to engage in screen-time activities:→ become overly addicted to technology →
be isolated from their family = heavy use of technology gadgets (text with friends via social
media)
100. GIA ĐÌNH KHÔNG HẠNH PHÚC
St further the distance between family members
→ fuel misunderstandings in the family + potential conflicts, even divorces in worst case
scenarios.
● to have a negative effect on family relationships
= to weaken family bonds
= to lead to arguments and conflicts between parents and their offspring (NOTE: (plural
offspring))
101. SINH CON MUỘN: have/ bear children later in life = late childbirth = delay
parenthood = delay of childbearing = postpone parenthood
RỦI RO KHI SINH CON MUỘN
to be difficult to conceive/ become pregnancy: khó thụ thai / mang thai → a baby with Down
syndrome
TẠI SAO SINH CON MUỘN VẪN OK!!
+ Latent risks of health problems + death
[latent: existing, but not yet clear, active or well developed]
⇒ can be mitigated by recent leaps in medical fields
+ have life experience = hands-on experience: give sb greater skills in nurturing a well
rounded child
+ to be better prepared to deal with the problems of adult life
= to be better prepared for their future

102. CHI PHÍ NUÔI DẠY CON CÁI

- the ballooning/escalating childcare costs/ the high cost of raising a child → put/place a
burden on most younger couples
=> financial stability -> easily manage a better life quality for their children (high-quality
education + better health care services)
=> to be financially ready to raise children
- have lasting economic insecurity, which has caused them → to choose to delay parenthood.
103. CÔNG VIỆC NUÔI DẠY CON
- Provide the basics for sb:
+ give the financial support necessary to provide
home/ food/ clothes/
+ make sure the child is safe/ receive an adequate
education
- Involve themselves in the everyday activity of bringing them up + Spend as much time
with sb
+ Play with them/ read to them
+ Help directly with their education
+ Participate very fully in their lives and encourage them to share his
BỐ MẸ GÁNH VÁC TRÁCH NHIỆM NUÔI CON
parents SHOULDER A HUGE RESPONSIBILITY (gánh vác trách nhiệm to lớn) and that
raising children IS BY NO MEANS AN EASY TASK (chắc chắn không phải một nhiệm vụ
dễ dàng)
104. NUÔI DẠY CON: parenting (n) việc nuôi dạy con cái
Parenting skill (n) kĩ năng nuôi dạy con
Parental (a)
Parental guidance (n) sự định hướng của cha mẹ
Parental influence (n) sự ảnh hưởng của cha mẸ
Childbearing practice (n) nuôi dạy con cái
105. VAI TRÒ NUÔI DẠY CON CỦA BỐ VÀ MẸ LÀ NHƯ NHAU
Child-rearing: the responsibility of both parents
= sb: be responsible for bringing the children up
~Both parents: provide emotional support + role-models for their children
# The role within that partnership : different >< equal in importance ( quan trọng như
nhau>>
106. BỊ BUỘC LÀM GÌ
should be required to = force sb to V
107. THAM GIA CÁC KHÓA HỌC LÀM CHA MẸ
take a course that prepares them to be good parents
= training courses for parents
= require the intervention of a taught course.
= COMPULSORY PARENTING LESSONS
= ATTEND PARENTING COURSES
= all future parents should TAKE A PARENTHOOD PREPARATION COURSE = attend
regular parenting classes
= impossible to ENFORCE THE IDEA OF COMPULSORY TRAINING FOR PARENTS
108. LỢI ÍCH CỦA THAM GIA KHÓA HỌC NUÔI DẠY CON
take parenting courses → are better prepared for parenthood.
→ Mums and dads in parenting classes are equipped with basic medical training to deal with
emergency situations more effectively.
Ex. First aid training << đào tạo sơ cứu>> teaches parents what to do if their child has a high
fever or a breathing issue.
109. THAM GIA KHÓA HỌC LÀM CHA MẸ LÀ PHI THỰC TẾ ● Impractical
- MANY PROSPECTIVE PARENTS HAVE JOBS AND BUSY SCHEDULES → not be
willing or able to attend regular parenting classes
- be difficult to CREATE A PARENTING COURSE TO SUIT EVERYONE - people : not
agree on what good parenting entails
110. THAM GIA KHÓA HỌC LÀM CHA MẸ LÀ KO CẦN THIẾT ● unnecessary
- Mothers and fathers: have been raising children WITHOUT ANY FORMAL HELP OR
OFFICIAL INTERFERENCE for thousands of years
→ Parenting skills: be learnt from family members, friends, neighbors and the surrounding
culture
- adults: LEARN TO BE GOOD PARENTS BY INSTINCT/ BY TRIAL AND ERROR/
and BY GETTING TO KNOW THEIR OWN CHILDREN
Ex. a good parent will TRY DIFFERENT STRATEGIES → FACED WITH A BADLY-
BEHAVED CHILD + GRADUALLY DEVELOP AN UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT
WORKS TO CORRECT THE BEHAVIOR
⇒ SUCH A SCHEME WOULD BE UNWORKABLE AND LARGELY POINTLESS

111. NUÔNG CHIỀU CON CÁI: <<people’s personalities are shaped at an early age>>
ĐÁP ỨNG MỌI NHU CẦU CỦA BỌN TRẺ CON
Accommodate sb’s children’s every demand
= fulfill all of their wishes = overindulging children
= sb be granted every request = parents’ over-indulgence
= permissive parenting style
some parents: ARE OVERLY PERMISSIVE (quá nuông chiều)
+ tend to SPOIL THEIR CHILDREN (làm hỏng những đứa con của họ).
-> Parents may Inadvertently teach their children to be overly reliant on others -> develop a
habit of pestering + relying on their parents for everything -> deprive sb of the motivation to
work towards their own goals in life⇒ affect school performance
112. ẢNH HƯỞNG TIÊU CỰC CỦA VIỆC NUÔNG CHIỀU CON CÁI
have a range of negative long-term consequences.
= This style of parenting for children have consequences as they get older
● ĐƯA TIỀN TIÊU VẶT NHIỀU
give generous allowances/ pocket money
-> unlikely to be able to budget + manage their personal finances in later life => the
inability to be fully independent → cause sb to struggle in many facets of life
● QUÁ LỎNG LẺO TRONG GIÁM SÁT
Give sb too much personal freedom = without parents’ close supervision = parents’
negligence: sự chểnh mảng của cha mẹ = an unsupervised childhood
-> be vulnerable to negative influences + adopt harmful habits
VD1. parents allow sb to play games at Internet cafes (cursing is the norm) → Vietnamese
children: use profanities (lời nói tục tĩu) from very young age => incite disobedience +
recklessness (khích động sự chống đối + sự liều lĩnh) -> a rebellious adolescence (thời kì
thanh thiếu niên nổi loạn + a troubled adulthood (thời kì trưởng thành đầy khó khăn)
→ commit illegal acts
VD2: spend less time with children
→ inadvertently leave children more vulnerable to toxic influences from bad friends/ the
media consumption
=> increased violence and crime
NOTE: babyhood/ infancy → childhood (khi 1 đứa trẻ học cấp 1)→ adolescence (khi 1 đứa trẻ
học cấp 2)→ adulthood (khi 1 người bước sang tuổi 18)
● ẢNH HƯỞNG VỀ TÍNH CÁCH
THE CHILDREN OF INDULGENT OF LENIENT PARENTS (những đứa trẻ sống trong
sự nuông chiều từ các bậc phụ huynh hay khoan nhượng) : are likely to GROW UP WITH
SEVERAL NEGATIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS
1. children will become self- centered adults (show little consideration for the feelings or
needs of others) = children grow up without CONSIDERATION FOR OTHERS
+ not learnt any SELF CONTROL OR DISCIPLINE
+ have less RESPECT FOR THEIR TEACHERS
+ refuse to OBEY SCHOOL RULES
=> AN ATTITUDE: unable to work successfully in teams with other colleagues
2. A second negative trait: be impulsiveness
A person who has never lived with any boundaries: likely to LACK THE PATIENCE TO
CAREFULLY CONSIDER OPTIONS BEFORE MAKING DECISIONS
=> LEAD TO COMPULSIVE SHOPPING/ UNWISE FINANCIAL DECISIONS/
criminal activity
113. NUÔNG CHIỀU CON LÀ SAI
NOT A GOOD PARENTING STYLE (không phải là một cách dạy con tốt),
● parents WANT TO RAISE RESPECTFUL AND WELL-BEHAVED CHILDREN →
certain amount of discipline is necessary
clear expectations and boundaries: necessary → important to be able to say ‘no’ to children
when they MISBEHAVE OR TRY TO PUSH AGAINST THESE BOUNDARIES
=> help young people to REGULATE THEIR DESIRES AND DEVELOP SELF
CONTROL
● parents who do the opposite and constantly give in to their children’s demands: do more
harm than good.
→ ARE FAILING THEIR CHILDREN RATHER THAN BEING KIND TO THEM (làm
hư con cái của họ chứ không phải đang đối xử tốt với chúng).
Children: be allowed to have whatever they want, REGARDLESS OF (không màng đến) price
to BEHAVE AS THEY PLEASE
114. CÁCH GIẢI QUYẾT VIỆC NUÔNG CHIỀU TRẺ
THE SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM LIES WITH THE FAMILIES (giải pháp cho vấn
đề này nằm ở gia đình
● PARENTS : BE MORE AWARE OF THE FUTURE CONSEQUENCES of spoiling
their children
=> raise them TO BE CONSIDERATE OF << chu đáo>> OTHERS + TO BE SOCIAL,
RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUALS
● PARENTING CLASSES
● HIGH-QUALITY NURSERY SCHOOLS COULD BE ESTABLISHED (trường mẫu
giáo chất lượng cao có thể được thành lập)
=> support families more in terms of RAISING THE NEXT GENERATION
115. DẠY TRẺ NÊN NGƯỜI
teaching THE NEXT GENERATION (thế hệ tiếp theo) how to be GOOD MEMBERS OF
SOCIETY/ be A VALUABLE MEMBER OF ANY COMMUNITY
=> CANNOT BE THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE PARENTS ALONE
● LÀ TRÁCH NHIỆM CỦA BỐ MẸ
Individual: RESPECT AND OBEY THE RULES OF THEIR COMMUNITY + SHARE
THEIR VALUES → understand the need to obey rules and respect others always BEGINS IN
THE HOME → help children learn what is important in life + HOW THEY ARE
EXPECTED TO BEHAVE AND WHAT ROLE THEY WILL PLAY IN THEIR WORLD
● LÀ TRÁCH NHIỆM CỦA TRƯỜNG HỌC:
the responsibility of every member of a society to take responsibility for helping the younger
generation to BECOME ACTIVE AND ABLE MEMBERS OF THAT SOCIETY
- ENTERING A WIDER COMMUNITY → experience working and living with PEOPLE
FROM A WHOLE VARIETY OF BACKGROUNDS FROM THE WIDER SOCIETY
→ This experience: teach them how to COOPERATE WITH EACH OTHER + how to
CONTRIBUTE TO THE LIFE OF THEIR COMMUNITY
teachers and peers
116. VAI TRÒ GIA ĐÌNH: Family roles
The growing financial contribution of women = female participation in the workforce
a. 20 years ago: MEN: breadwinners in most households
WOMEN: be tasked with child-rearing/ cooking/ chores
Shoulder the childrearing work
Endure excruciating pain in childbirth
b. Today: both spouses work
Or: *Husbands: decides to step back + become a stay-at-home father = be increasingly
likely TO TAKE ON THE ROLE OF HOUSEHUSBAND
*His partners: join the workforce + become the sole income earner = THE
BREADWINNERS IN THEIR FAMILIES
⇒ push for greater gender equality in the workplace
=> men: have greater appreciation for the roles that wives and mothers play (take over the
responsibilities traditionally reserved for women)
Note: Breadwinner = provider
117. VAI TRÒ CỦA PHỤ NỮ
THE POSITION OF WOMEN IN SOCIETY has UNDERGONE A DRAMATIC CHANGE
118. LÝ DO CHO SỰ THAY ĐỔI VỀ VAI TRÒ TRONG GIA ĐÌNH
The changing roles of men and women in the family ARE A RESULT OF WIDER
CHANGES IN SOCIETY
● Parents: HAVE HAD TO ADAPT TO VARIOUS CHANGES IN OUR SOCIETIES
→ EQUAL RIGHTS MOVEMENTS HAVE MADE GREAT PROGRESS → normal for
women to GAIN QUALIFICATIONS and PURSUE A CAREER
→ socially acceptable for men to stay at home and LOOK AFTER THEIR CHILDREN
● THE RISING COST OF LIVING → both marriage partners need to work and save money
before STARTING A FAMILY → have children
→ decide who works and who stays at home depending on the personal preference of each
partner// BASED ON which partner earns the most money
● THE FINANCIAL PRESSURES OF SETTING UP A HOUSE (áp lực tài chính từ việc xây
nhà) + ESTABLISHING A REASONABLE STANDARD OF LIVING (xây dựng mức sống
hợp lý)
→ REQUIRE TWO INCOMES (đòi hỏi hai nguồn thu nhập).
119. SỰ THAY ĐỔI VỀ VAI TRÒ PHỤ NỮ VÀ ĐÀN ÔNG LÀ TỐT ● men and women
HAVE EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES
- WOMEN ARE NOT PUT UNDER PRESSURE TO SACRIFICE THEIR CAREERS
- IT SEEMS ONLY FAIR THAT (dường như chỉ công bằng khi) men SHOULD BE FREE
TO LEAVE THEIR JOBS IN ORDER TO ASSUME CHILDCARE RESPONSIBILITIES
● each partner takes parental role ACCORDING TO THEIR PARTICULAR
CIRCUMSTANCES AND NEEDS
120. CẤU TRÚC GIA ĐÌNH: Family structure: cấu trúc gia đình
● Nuclear family = households consist of a married couple and their children → use the
facilities in the house comfortably
● Extended family = live together under one roof = multigenerational families -> create
inconveniences + conflicts → share st -> be extremely frustrating
121. HỘ GIA ĐÌNH 1 NGƯỜI + GIA ĐÌNH HAI THẾ HỆ
a rise in smaller families and ONE-PERSON HOUSEHOLDS
= families become smaller
= people in cities either live alone or in small family units, = A NUCLEAR FAMILY (gia
đình hai thế hệ) or SINGLE-PARENT HOUSEHOLD = people are choosing to live alone or in
such small family units.
122. GIA ĐÌNH NHIỀU THẾ HỆ
THE EXTENDED FAMILY is becoming a rarity
= the decline of the extended family
= sb are part of larger family groups
123. BẤT LỢI CỦA SỐNG TRONG GIA ĐÌNH 2 THẾ HỆ
● THE TRADITIONAL FAMILY SUPPORT NETWORK (nền tảng hỗ trợ truyền thống từ
gia đình) is disappearing → have a negative impact on children as they grow up
Explain: A NUCLEAR FAMILY (gia đình hai thế hệ) or SINGLE-PARENT HOUSEHOLD
→ childcare BECOMES AN EXPENSIVE AND STRESSFUL PART OF DAILY LIFE
=> Without the help of grandparents or aunts and uncles
+ busy parents: rely on babysitters, nannies and after-school clubs to take care of younger
children
[ the provision of PROFESSIONALLY-RUN CHILD CARE FACILITIES (tiện nghi chăm
sóc trẻ chuyên nghiệp) and DAY NURSERIES (nhà trẻ ban ngày) => require two salaries
coming into a family to be afforded
+ older children : BE LEFT ALONE AFTER SCHOOL AND DURING HOLIDAYS
→ THE ABSENCE OF ADULT FAMILY MEMBERS → friends, television and the Internet
BECOME THE PRIMARY INFLUENCES ON CHILDREN’S BEHAVIOR
⇒ the decline of the extended family: been linked to A RISE IN PSYCHOLOGICAL AND
BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS AMONGST YOUNG PEOPLE
124. LỢI ÍCH CỦA SỐNG ĐỘC THÂN
ON AN INDIVIDUAL LEVEL
● BECOME MORE INDEPENDENT AND SELF-RELIANT rather than those who live with
family members. << RELY TOTALLY ON THEIR PARENTS' FINANCIAL
SUPPORT>>
→ A YOUNG ADULT: learn to cook, clean, PAY BILLS + MANAGE HIS OR HER
BUDGET
⇒ VALUABLE LIFE SKILLS
FROM AN ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE
GREATER DEMAND FOR HOUSING → benefit the construction industry + ESTATE
AGENTS + a whole host of other companies that rely on HOMEOWNERS ) to buy their
products or services
125. BẤT LỢI GIA ĐÌNH 1 NGƯỜI/ SỐNG 1 MÌNH
a.THE TREND towards people living alone: DAMAGING → THE PSYCHOLOGICAL
EFFECTS OF REDUCED HUMAN INTERACTION
● Individuals: live on their own → have nobody to talk to in person → cannot share problems
or DISCUSS THE HIGHS AND LOWS OF DAILY LIFE
⇒ SB: forgot THE CONSTANT STIMULATION + HUSTLE AND BUSTLE (sự nhộn
nhịp) of a large family + ARE LEFT TO THEIR OWN DEVICES (được tự do làm những gì
họ muốn) FOR EXTENDED PERIODS OF TIME
[leave somebody to their own devices: to leave somebody alone to do as they wish, and not
tell them what to do]
⇒ THE LACK OF HUMAN CONTACT IN THE HOME: BE REPLACED BY PASSIVE
DISTRACTIONS (television, video games, online chat rooms or Internet surfing)
This type of existence: be ASSOCIATED WITH BOREDOM, LONELINESS, AND
FEELINGS OF ISOLATION OR EVEN ALIENATION → INCREASE THE RISK OF
MENTAL ILLNESS
<< alienation: the feeling that you do not belong in a particular group>>
b.the personal and economic arguments given above CAN BE CONSIDERED FROM THE
OPPOSITE ANGLE
>< rather than the positive feeling of increased independence
● EXPERIENCE FEELINGS OF LONELINESS, ISOLATION AND WORRY → MISS OUT
ON THE EMOTIONAL SUPPORT and daily conversation that family or flatmates can
provide
[note: miss out on st: to fail to benefit from something useful or fun by not taking part in it]
=> must BEAR THE WEIGHT OF ALL HOUSEHOLD BILLS
AND RESPONSIBILITIES
● FROM THE FINANCIAL POINT OF VIEW
a rise in demand for housing → PUSH UP PROPERTY PRICES AND RENTS → benefit
some businesses >< the general population: will BE FACED WITH RISING LIVING
COSTS
126. CÀNG NHIỀU NGƯỜI CHỌN SỐNG 1 MÌNH
The rise in ONE-PERSON HOUSEHOLDS
= many more people are choosing to live alone nowadays than in the past. = it has become far
more normal for people to live alone
= the increase in one-person households
= THE TREND TOWARDS LIVING ALONE
= The trend towards people living alone
127. CHÚNG TA TRỞ NÊN PHỤ THUỘC
people now depend on each other more,
● life is more complex and difficult ← THE COST OF LIVING HAS INCREASED SO
DRAMATICALLY → young adults: tend to rely on their parents for help when buying a
house
=> Property prices: HIGHER → be impossible for many people TO PAY A DEPOSIT AND
A MORTGAGE (chi trả các khoản tiền đặt cọc và thế chấp).
LIFE FOR THEIR FAMILIES → both parents: NEED TO WORK FULL-TIME ⇒ depend
● people SEEM TO BE MORE AMBITIOUS → WANT A BETTER QUALITY OF

on support from grandparents and babysitters for child care

128. CHÚNG TA TRỞ NÊN ĐỘC LẬP HƠN
● Families: BECOMING SMALLER AND MORE DISPERSED (đang trở nên nhỏ hơn và
xa cách hơn) → CANNOT COUNT ON RELATIVES AS MUCH AS THEY USED TO
-> have more freedom to travel and LIVE FAR AWAY FROM OUR HOME TOWNS
Ex. students: choose to study abroad instead of going to their LOCAL UNIVERSITY → make
them more independent
● Technology → this growing independence → allows us to WORK ALONE AND FROM
ANY PART OF THE WORLD
129. CÁC TƯ TƯỞNG VÀ GIÁ TRỊ TRUYỀN THỐNG CỦA THẾ HỆ TRK traditional
ideas = TRADITIONAL VALUES
= Many of the ideas that elderly people have about life
= characteristics that are perhaps seen as traditional
= the views of older people
130. TƯ TƯỞNG THẾ HỆ TRK KO ĐÃ LỖI THỜI
ST SEEM INCOMPATIBLE WITH THE NEEDS OF YOUNGER PEOPLE = outdated =
LESS RELEVANT FOR YOUNGER PEOPLE
= TRADITIONAL VIEWS AND VALUES
Ex1. Past: sb be advised to learn a profession + FIND A SECURE JOB FOR LIFE ##
today’s workers: expect much more variety and diversity from their careers
Ex2. ‘rules’ around relationships: being eroded ← young adults make their own choices about
who and when to marry
Ex3. THE GREATEST DISPARITY BETWEEN THE GENERATIONS: THEIR
ATTITUDES TOWARDS GENDER ROLES
The traditional roles of men and women : BREADWINNERS AND HOUSEWIVES → are no
longer accepted as necessary or appropriate by most younger people.
131. TƯ TƯỞNG THẾ HỆ TRK VẪN CÓ GIÁ TRỊ
useful and should not be forgotten = certainly applicable to the modern world = the views of
older people
● older generations: ATTACH GREAT IMPORTANCE TO WORKING HARD +
TAKING PRIDE IN ONE’S WORK
→ these behaviors: benefit young people as they ENTER TODAY’S COMPETITIVE JOB
MARKET
● politeness and good manners
→ young adults: expect to COME INTO CONTACT WITH PEOPLE FROM A HUGE
VARIETY OF BACKGROUNDS
→ important: TO TREAT OTHERS WITH RESPECT
=> Young people: lead happier lives IF THEY HAD A MORE ‘OLD-FASHIONED’
SENSE OF COMMUNITY AND NEIGHBORLINESS (nếu họ cảm nhận nhiều hơn theo
cách của người xưa về cộng đồng và tình hàng xóm).
132. MÔI TRƯỜNG HÌNH THÀNH NÊN TÍNH CÁCH CON NGƯỜI THE SITUATION
AND EXPERIENCES THAT WE ENCOUNTER IN LIFE:
+ SHAPES A PERSON'S PERSONALITY
+ DICTATES HOW THAT PERSONALITY DEVELOPS
133. TÌM HIỂU VỀ LỊCH SỬ GIA ĐÌNH
research the history of one’s own family
= EXPLORING ONE’S FAMILY BACKGROUND AND HISTORY
= research (n) and knowing more about one’s family
= look into their family history
= the popularity of finding out about one’s family history
= learning more about their past family history
= to learn more about THE FAMILY’S BACKGROUND AND ORIGINS
= learn about their own family history
134. LÝ DO MỌI NGƯỜI TÌM HIỂU VỀ LỊCH SỬ GIA ĐÌNH MÌNH
● SEE COMMON TRENDS PASSED THROUGH GENERATIONS = discover any common
trends with family members of a previous generation
people who have particular skills, gifts or interests in uncommon fields. = SOME GIFTS AND
SKILLS ARE HEREDITARY /həˈredɪteri/
→ interesting: to learn how many others in their family SHARED THESE TALENTS FROM
PREVIOUS GENERATIONS
● general curiosity of one’s geographical origins
Ex. some families moved abroad, away from their own country, generations ago → losing
their original culture and ADOPTING THE CULTURE of the country they moved to
=> through research, people can learn more about THEIR COUNTRY OF ORIGIN (quê
hương của họ) + understand more about the culture that their family originally came from.
135. LỢI ÍCH CỦA VIỆC TÌM HIỂU NGUỒN CỘI
help people find their place in the world
Ex. people FEEL A LACK OF DIRECTION in life + dislocated from others
→ learning more about their past family history → RELATE TO THE WORLD (gắn kết
với thế giới) + feel more comfortable about who they are
Ex. feel comforted ← knowing that others in their family made the same choice many
generations ago
ENVIRONMENT
136. SỰ XẤU ĐI, SỰ XUỐNG CẤP CỦA MÔI TRƯỜNG
Deterioration of environmental quality
= environmental degradation
= environment pollution/ contamination
= the dire state of the environment
= deterioration of the planet
Global warming ozone depletion (thủng tầng ozone) Water contamination land/soil
degradation
desertification(hoang mạc hóa) loss of biodiversity
137. CON NGƯỜI PHÁ HỦY MÔI TRƯỜNG
Humans are damaging/destroying the environment
= natural environment is being wrecked by human activities
= st is a major contributor to environmental problems
= st is also to blame
= st is primary culprits behind major environmental issues
= st is the key contributor to rising environmental pollution
138. BẢO VỆ MÔI TRƯỜNG
Environmental protection/ conservation
= reverse the damage done to the planet
= reverse the impact of climate change
= alleviate environmental problems
= push for a greener future
139. CÁCH MÀ CON NGƯỜI ĐANG PHÁ HỦY MÔI TRƯỜNG
air pollution and waste: Two of THE BIGGEST THREATS TO THE ENVIRONMENT
+ GAS EMISSIONS FROM FACTORIES + EXHAUST FUMES FROM VEHICLES →
GLOBAL WARMING => HAVE A DEVASTATING EFFECT ON THE PLANET in the
future
+ THE HUMAN POPULATION INCREASES → produce ever greater quantities of waste
→ contaminates the earth and pollutes rivers and oceans
a. ĐỐT NHIÊN LIỆU TRONG SẢN XUẤT
= The enormous energy consumption in production
= the consumption of fossil fuels
= the combustion of fossil fuels for manufacturing: việc đốt nhiên liệu = the consumption of
conventional energy
= the burning of fossil fuel
power plants, manufacturing facilities, waste incinerators, furnaces and other types of fuel-
burning heating devices (the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, natural gas):
=> GÂY RA: massive exhaust emissions = toxic exhaust fumes
Carbon footprint: lượng khí thải cacbon sinh ra do các hoạt động của CNguoi Greenhouse gas
emissions
→ catastrophically exacerbate air pollution
PARAPHRASE OF “ FOSSIL FUELS”
= carbon-intensive energy source: nguồn năng lượng sản sinh nhiều carbon = conventional
energy source
= unsustainable source of energy/ energy source
= non-renewable power
= exhausted resources
b. VIỆC SỬ DỤNG XE HƠI
The rocketing rate of car ownership/soaring private car ownership -> car exhausts/ exhaust
gas released / motor vehicle emissions
=> GÂY RA: render the atmosphere in major cities alarming contaminated/ deteriorate air
quality >< alleviate air pollution
⇒ Various health problems (reduced lung function, asthma other respiratory illnesses,
premature death)
=> Animals: exposure to air pollution → birth defects, diseases, and lower reproductive rates:
c. SẢN XUẤT TRÀN LAN
The mass production of low-priced consumer goods = the consumption of consumer goods
=> GÂY RA: spawn a throw-away society: sinh ra cái j
-> create more waste + overload landfills + pollute water source
=> waste → landfills → generate methane (greater demand for dumping grounds : a significant
source of methane production)
CÁCH GIẢI QUYẾT CHO c:
Raise people’s awareness about dire state of the environment
Nudge sb towards more sustainable lifestyle choices
Ex. switch from single-use plastic bottles to reusable containers
PARAPHRASE OF “SINGLE-USE (a)”
= disposable (sản phẩm dùng 1 lần) = non-biodegradable (a) ko phân hủy tự nhiên được ><
reusable = recyclable = biodegradable (a) phân hủy tự nhiên được
d. CÁC NGUYÊN NHÂN KHÁC
Deforestation (deforestation = forest clearance = cutting down trees illegally) → the need for
pastureland and growing fields → the removals of trees→ destroy wildlife/animal habitats +
land degradation
=> impose/administer stricter punishments for illegal logging/ deforestation => provide
financial support to organizations that are working to save endangered species
Intense fishing + overexploitation —> cause damage to the marine ecosystem Oil spills
during extraction process
Waste discharged along the coast// factories’ discharge // The dumping of industrial waste/
domestic waste the discharge of harmful substances into…
= dump untreated hazardous waste into rivers, streams...:
= improper sewage disposal/ do not have a proper waste management system/ imperfect water
treatment plants:
→ contaminate water + pose a serious threat to marine creatures/ pose a serious hazard to
aquatic organisms << marine creatures mistake garbage for food:>> => require businesses and
factories to install proper waste treatment systems
140. ẢNH HƯỞNG CỦA BIẾN ĐỔI KHÍ HẬU
Climate change represents a major threat to life on Earth
= the consequences will BE DISASTROUS
● Not be able to COPE WITH EVEN A SMALL RISE IN SEA LEVELS
→ Millions of people WOULD BE DISPLACED BY FLOODING (sẽ phải di dời bởi lũ lụt)
particularly in countries that DO NOT HAVE THE MEANS TO SAFEGUARD LOW-
LYING AREAS (không có phương tiện để bảo vệ các khu vực nằm thấp hơn so với mực nước
biển).
=> lose their homes and their jobs => WOULD BE FORCED TO MIGRATE TO
NEARBY CITIES/ or perhaps to other countries
● The potential for human suffering: → WE WOULD SEE OUTBREAKS OF
DISEASE AND FAMINE + INCREASED HOMELESSNESS AND POVERTY
141. ĐỒ NHỰA
Plastic containers = using plastic items to store their commodities
= the use of plastic packaging (materials used to wrap or protect goods that are sold in
shops)
= be sold in the form of plastic packages and bottles
TÍNH NĂNG NỔI TRỘI:
● use low-cost chemicals → affordable to customers (esp. Low income earners) → enable them
to purchase more
● Convenient → lightweight + reusable + user-friendly
TÁC HẠI CỦA ĐỒ NHỰA:
* bag/ bottles: used once → contribute to the amount of waste disposed
*The decomposition process of plastic containers in landfill: take a considerable amount of
time => lead to soil degradation
*excessive consumption of plastic containers → result in rapid depletion of non-renewable
resources (crude oil) (the raw material for producing plastics)
* plastic waste→ enter the food chain
-> wild animals: inadvertently inhale/ ingest plastic debris
=> countless premature death among them
142. CHÍNH PHỦ CẦN LÀM GÌ ĐỂ BẢO VỆ MÔI TRƯỜNG
TRÁCH NHIỆM CỦA CHÍNH PHỦ TRONG BẢO VỆ MÔI TRƯỜNG
Government’s responsibility = responsibility rests with state officials = government
intervention
= the participation of governments in alleviating environmental problems
make more effort to reduce air pollution
+ introduce laws to limit emissions from factories // to force companies to
USE RENEWABLE ENERGY FROM SOLAR, WIND OF OR WATER POWER
+ INVEST IN RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION FROM SOLAR, WIND OR WATER
POWER + impose ‘green taxes’ on drivers and airline companies
+ people would be encouraged to use public transport and to take fewer flights abroad -->,
therefore reducing emissions.
CÁCH GIẢI QUYẾT CHO a vs b ( LIÊN QUAN ĐẾN VẤN ĐỀ KHÔNG KHÍ) :
A. lower the reliance on carbon-intensive energy source → green technology Ex. -hybrid
vehicle: phương tiện 2 động cơ
Or: the use of eco-friendly modes of transport/ replace gasoline-fueled cars with zero-
emissions vehicles:
B. Levy a higher tax on automobile imports to discourage people from buying cars (note:
levy st on sb/st: to use official authority to demand and collect a payment, tax, etc.)
renewable (n) = renewable energy = carbon-free energy
= alternative energy (source)
= solar/wind/hydropower/ nuclear energy
= greener substitute
= power generated from renewable source
= energy from inexhaustible sources
<<DOWNSIDE: prohibitively expensive + out of reach
+ far from being enough to meet the demands of most nations >>
C. Introduce more stringent regulations regarding the discharge of toxic fumes << =
carbon emissions = heat-trapping gases = greenhouse gases = toxic gases:>> of
manufacturing firms
- Ex. a cap on steel plants’ carbon emissions
D. TĂNG GIÁ NHIÊN LIỆU THÌ SAO
Increase the cost of fuel/ fuel costs = raise energy prices = the exorbitant fuel prices =
adjusting energy prices = intervening in the energy market = adjust energy prices = A
SIMPLE RISE IN THE PRICE OF PETROL
- PRIVATE CAR USE → the main causes of the increase in traffic and pollution →
Higher fuel costs → unlikely to LIMIT THE NUMBER OF DRIVERS FOR LONG (hạn
chế số lượng tài xế về mặt lâu dài)
>< affect THE COST OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT
143. CÁ NHÂN CẦN LÀM J ĐỂ BẢO VỆ MÔI TRƯỜNG
take responsibility for the impact they have on the environment = TRY TO LIMIT
OUR CONTRIBUTION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
+ BECOMING MORE ENERGY EFFICIENT by FLYING LESS, using bicycles and
public transport/ TAKE PUBLIC TRANSPORT RATHER THAN DRIVE
+ choose products with less packaging, and recycle as much as possible
+ Most supermarkets now PROVIDE REUSABLE BAGS FOR SHOPPERS as well
as ‘banks’ for recycling glass, plastic and paper in their car parks
→ REUSING AND RECYCLING → reduce waste
+ the public can affect the actions of governments by VOTING FOR POLITICIANS WHO
PROPOSE TO TACKLE CLIMATE CHANGE rather than for those who would prefer to
ignore it.
NGƯỜI DÂN: Ordinary citizens = the people = public
Electorate = constituent: cử tri
Taxpayer => taxpayer’s money = tax revenue (tiền đóng thuế/ tiền thuế)
144. CÁC BIỆN PHÁP XỬ LÝ CHUNG CHUNG
A. Ozone depletion/ global warming → phase out ozone-depleting substances emitted by
human activities
B. loss of biodiversity → set up nature reverses where animals can roam free C. water
contamination -> impose strict laws on wastewater disposal
D. administer stricter punishments on individuals or companies do harm to the environment
E. give prison sentences to people participating in illegal logging
F. Introduce more stringent regulations regarding the discharge of toxic fumes of
manufacturing firms
Ex. a cap on steel plants’ carbon emissions
→ deter steel companies from making profits at the expense of the environment
- factories must be fined for releasing excessive toxic gasses into the atmosphere
G. Levy a higher tax on automobile imports to discourage people from buying cars
(note: levy st on sb/st: to use official authority to demand and collect a payment, tax,
etc.)
H. Raise people’s awareness about dire state of the environment
Nudge sb towards more sustainable lifestyle choices
→ galvanize sb into starting to actively protect the environment
Ex1. simple changes in lifestyle like taking public transport + classifying trash
Ex2. boycott companies that are reluctant to reduce waste → push for a greener future
I. PERSUADING MANUFACTURERS AND TRAVELLERS (thuyết phục các nhà sản
xuất và người tham gia giao thông) to ADOPT THIS NEW TECHNOLOGY
→ a more effective strategy for improving air quality
J. electorates: uses their votes
→ elect officials [care deeply about st + be committed to changing the status quo.
145. CHƯA TÁI CHẾ ĐỦ RÁC THẢI SINH HOẠT
DO NOT RECYCLE ENOUGH OF OUR HOUSEHOLD WASTE (chưa tái chế đủ lượng rác
thải sinh hoạt)
146. CHÍNH PHỦ NÊN ĐƯA RA LUẬT ĐỂ TĂNG TÁI CHẾ
NEW LEGISLATION TO FORCE PEOPLE TO RECYCLE
= recycling law
= a new recycling law: one possible way to TACKLE THE WASTE PROBLEM = MAKE
RECYCLING A LEGAL REQUIREMENT (quy định bắt buộc về việc tái chế)
● Governments could MAKE IT A LEGAL OBLIGATION FOR HOUSEHOLDERS (tạo
nghĩa vụ pháp lý đối với chủ hộ) —> to SEPARATE ALL WASTE INTO DIFFERENT BINS
(phân loại rác thải
- punishments for people who fail to adhere to this law (a small fine/ community service/
PRISON SENTENCES FOR REPEAT OFFENDERS)
→ These measures: ACT AS A DETERRENT (có giá trị răn đe) + ENCOURAGE
PEOPLE TO OBEY THE RECYCLING LAW
=> the improved behavior of homeowners: LEAD TO A CLEAN, WASTE-FREE
ENVIRONMENT for everyone
147. CÁC CÁCH KHÁC NGOÀI VIỆC ĐƯA RA LUẬT TÁI CHẾ
encourage people to DISPOSE OF THEIR WASTE (đổ rác) more responsibly
● Politicians: PUT EDUCATION, RATHER THAN PUNISHMENT, AT THE CENTRE
OF A RECYCLING CAMPAIGN (đưa giáo dục thay vì là hình phạt trở thành yếu tố cốt lõi
trong chiến dịch đẩy mạnh tái chế)
Ex. children : be taught about recycling in schools
Homeowners: be informed about the environmental impact of household waste
● Governments: CREATE STRICTER REGULATIONS FOR THE COMPANIES that
produce the packaging for household products
● Money: be spent TO IMPROVE RECYCLING FACILITIES AND SYSTEMS
→ waste is processed more effectively, regardless of whether or not people separate it
correctly at home.
148. GIẢI QUYẾT VẤN ĐỀ TẮC NGHẼN GIAO THÔNG
TRAFFIC CONGESTION: not be solved by changing the type of private vehicle people can
use
- to improve the choice of PUBLIC TRANSPORT SERVICES available to travelers
Ex. SUFFICIENT SKY TRAINS AND UNDERGROUND TRAIN SYSTEMS WERE
BUILT AND EFFECTIVELY MAINTAINED (có đủ lượng tàu trên cao và đường tàu ngầm
được xây dựng và duy trì hiệu quả) in our major cities, then traffic on the roads would be
dramatically reduced
Ex.LONG— DISTANCE TRAIN AND COACH SERVICES : BE MADE ATTRACTIVE
AND AFFORDABLE ALTERNATIVES to driving your own car for long journeys.
→ LONG-TERM TRAFFIC AND POLLUTION REDUCTIONS
- depend on educating the public to use public transport more
- Depend on governments USING PUBLIC MONEY TO CONSTRUCT AND RUN
EFFICIENT SYSTEMS
ANIMALS
149. BẢO TỒN ĐỘNG VẬT HOANG DÃ
The protection/ conservation of wild animals = wildlife protection/ conservation = animal
protection =
= [conserve/ protect/ save] + [endangered/ threatened + animals/ species; rare animals] =
preserve wildlife
= combat/ mitigate/ alleviate/ curb + the extinction of some animals = provide shelters for
endangered species
Wildlife = natural species = wild creatures = wild animals = flora and fauna 150. SỰ BIẾN
MẤT CỦA NHIỀU LOÀI ĐỘNG VẬT
*A host of wild animals are on the brink of extinction
= The existence of innumerable species is being threatened
= the demise of thousands of species
= the extinction rates are on the increase
=the mass extinction of innumerable species
*Let animals die out = have the right to allow or encourage the extinction of any species ><
have no right to decide whether or not wild animals should exist
151. CON NGƯỜI CÓ MỐI QUAN HỆ KHÔNG THỂ TÁCH RỜI VỚI WILDLIFE/
NATURE
The inseparable relationship between human race and wildlife
= have an inextricable relationship with wildlife/nature
Develop a harmonious coexistence with
152. NGUYÊN NHÂN ĐỘNG VẬT BIẾN MẤT
the rampant poaching of rare animals
Economic prosperity (come at the expense of wildlife) = humankind’s relentless pursuit of
economic growth
153. HẬU QUẢ NẾU ĐỘNG VẬT BIẾN MẤT (miss from the ecosystem)
Disrupt/ the whole food chain
Provoke widespread concern regarding agricultural productivity Spell trouble for st
154. ĐỘNG VẬT BIẾN MẤT ĐE DỌA CUỘC SỐNG CON NGƯỜI
Lead to disastrous results for human life = threaten the survival of mankind >< safeguard the
existence of humans
protecting animals IS A WASTE OF RESOURCES ?????
● the protection of NATURAL HABITATS : ensures the survival of wild animals + be
CRUCIAL FOR HUMAN SURVIVAL
Ex. rainforests PRODUCE OXYGEN, ABSORB CARBON DIOXIDE AND STABILIZE
THE EARTH’S CLIMATE
→ destroy these areas → THE COST OF MANAGING THE RESULTING CHANGES
TO OUR PLANET : far outweigh (v) THE COSTS OF CONSERVATION
⇒ protecting wild animals and their habitats → MAINTAIN THE NATURAL BALANCE
OF ALL LIFE ON EARTH
155. ĐỘNG VẬT KO CÒN CHỖ ĐỨNG TRONG THẾ KỈ 21ST Wild animals have no
place in the 21st century
= WE AS HUMANS (con người chúng ta) have no need for them = planet Earth exists only for
the benefit of humans
= HAVE THE RIGHT TO ALLOW OR ENCOURAGE THE EXTINCTION OF ANY
SPECIES = let animals die out
>< DO NOT NEED TO EXPLOIT OR DESTROY EVERY LAST SQUARE METER OF
LAND in order to FEED OR ACCOMMODATE THE WORLD’S POPULATION
→ plenty of room for us to EXIST SIDE BY SIDE WITH wild animals 156. THÍ NGHIỆM
ĐỘNG VẬT ĐỂ PHÁT TRIỂN Y HỌC
Animal experiments: be widely used to develop new medicines + to test the safety of other
products. = their benefits to humanity
= medicines and other products are routinely tested on animals before they are cleared for
human use
= a limited amount of animal experimentation for the development of medicines
= the use of animals in medical research
= a medical treatment that had been developed through the use of animal experimentation
= testing on animals for vital medical research
===>XXX THE BANNING OF ANIMAL TESTING FOR NON-MEDICAL PRODUCTS
● RELIABLE ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION: not always be
available << equally effective alternatives have been developed>>
a certain amount of suffering on the part of mice or rats can be justified if human lives are
saved
157. THÍ NGHIỆM TRÊN ĐỘNG VẬT LÀ KO CÓ ĐẠO ĐỨC
IT IS MORALLY WRONG TO CAUSE ANIMALS TO SUFFER
= ANIMAL TESTING IS MORALLY WRONG
= ethical arguments against animal experimentation
>< a necessary evil where new drugs and medical procedures are concerned
● laboratory mice: MAY BE GIVEN AN ILLNESS → THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A NEW
DRUG CAN BE MEASURED
→ humans have no right to subject animals to this kind of trauma + the lives of all creatures
should be respected
=> THE BENEFITS TO HUMANS DO NOT JUSTIFY THE SUFFERING CAUSED
(những lợi ích của con người không nên là lý do biện hộ để khiến cho động vật phải chịu đau
đớn)
=> scientists SHOULD USE ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF RESEARCH
THE MEDIA
158. BÁO GIẤY (be on the wane + be considered no longer necessary)
Printed newspaper = paper publication = paper news = conventional newspaper = traditional
newspaper = printed version = printed papers = printed materials
Newspaper = news = publication = papers
newsstand (n) sạp báo
SAO LẠI KO THỂ BIẾN MẤT ĐK:
* the elderly: not used to reading news on a digital screen (poor vision)
* support bricks-and-mortar businesses like newsstand or bookstores the disappearance of
printed news: have a far-reaching effect on a host of industries - > the declining demand for
paper news: force publishers + logging companies to downsize => trigger mass
unemployment
* fewer distractions
* credibility of information
159. BÁO MẠNG
Online news = digital newspaper = e-paper = digital version
= internet-based newspaper
News update(n) các tin tức cập nhật
MẶT OK CỦA BÁO MẠNG:
*reading news online: be infinitely speedier → not purchase at a newsstand => can access
new updates immediately via Internet-connected/ Internet-based mobile devices
*online news: free of charge → st don’t charge people → discourage people from buying
printed materials
* interaction between the paper and the readership
160. CẤU TRÚC “ KO THỂ BỊ THAY THẾ”
Be never replaced completely / be never superseded by st
161. TOÀN ĐƯA TIN XẤU
Cover mostly bad news = negative news report/story = present only bad news
Report world events accurately (natural human disaster/ political events/ the horror of the
world)
162. LÝ DO NHÀ ĐÀI TOÀN ĐƯA TIN XẤU
*present good news → had gone out of this business for lack of listeners ← serious
problems: garner a great deal of publicity
*people: ignore + become immune to bad news -> aim to report world events accurately
(human disasters, political events, the horrors of wars)
=> the main objective is to sell newspapers + attract listeners or viewers to their stations -> Tv
+ radio stations: attempt to reflect the flavor of their station<< cố gắng phản ánh nét riêng
của đài của họ>> by providing news broadcasts tailor made to suit their listeners’
preferences << thích hợp sở thích người nghe >>
newspapers + tv stations: tailor their news to their readers’ and viewers’ requirement
report real work events in an honest and objective light << trên phương diện trung thực và
khách quan>>
163. NHÀ ĐÀI ĐƯA LOẠI TIN TỐT J
GOOD NEWS comes to us in the form of documentaries the fight against children cancer
or aids // the latest development in the fight to save the planet from environmental pollution
164. ẢNH HƯỞNG BAD NEWS
INDIVIDUALS (on the personal level)
● Take a heavy toll on our mental health → learning about negative things (appalling state of
pollution/ gloomy economic outlooks) → more stressed out + pessimistic => (in serious
cases) depression
● Bad news: be blown out of proportion → prevent us from trying new things -> give readers
a distorted impression + cause sb to be averse to st
SOCIETY (on a social level)
● Contribute to brain-drain phenomenon → be bombarded with a barrage of news about
…. → hold a grim view about the prospect of their country → move ● A fatal blow to
business → its sales plummeted ….
165. TIN MỚI NHẤT
The latest information = newsflash <tin đặc biệt> = flash
166. THÔNG TIN SAI LỆCH
Misinformation (n) thông tin sai lệch = Unfounded rumors: những tin đồn vô căn cứ =
Misleading information (n) thông tin có định hướng sai lệch
= Fabricated information = Fake news
Disinformation (n) sự tung tin giả
167. CÁNH NHÀ BÁO
The press (including reporters + photographers)
The paper (n) nhà báo
News media (n) tin tức truyền thông
168. SỰ PHỔ BIẾN CỦA QUẢNG CÁO
Advertisements appear with increasing frequency
= advertisements become viable almost everywhere
= the growing popularity of advertising
= be routinely exposed to advertisements
= the omnipresence of advertising - omnipresent (a)
= the ubiquity of advertising - ubiquitous
= advertising permeates virtually everything we watch, read or listen to = we are
increasingly surrounded by advertising
= excessive exposure to commercials
169. QUẢNG CÁO
advertising (n) quảng cáo, the activity and industry of advertising things to people on
television, in newspapers, on the internet, etc., hoạt động quảng cáo
# Advertisements = (adverts = ads : informal): a notice, picture or film telling people about a
product, job or service
-Commercial break (n) chương trình giữa h chiếu (trên TV, đài)
<< TV shows are frequently hijacked by commercial breaks>>
-Promotion (count n) chương trình khuyến mãi, chiến lược quảng cáo << Youtube videos are
intermittently interrupted by promotions>>
-Advertorial spread (n) các trang quảng cáo (trên báo, tạp chí)
<< readers of newspapers and magazines have been decrying advertorial spreads taking a
greater portion of print publications>>
Incessant promotional campaign (n) các chiến dịch quảng cáo ko dứt
170. NHỮNG TỪ VỰNG KHÁC VỀ QUẢNG CÁO
Ad-free content (n) nội dung ko chứa quảng cáo
Media consumers (n) những người tiêu thụ sản phẩm truyền thông
Media content (n) nội dung trên các phương tiện truyền thông
Saturated market (n) thị trường bão hòa
Homogeneous products (n) các sản phẩm giống nhau
Marketing budget (n) ngân sách cho marketing
The influence of marketing
171. QUẢNG CÁO TẠO RA 1 XÃ HỘI VỨT ĐI
- Breed excessive consumerism → contribute to a throw-away society
Explain: be routinely exposed to advertisements → get a constant urge to purchase the items
advertised (no real need)

exciting products ⇒ greater wastage

=> incentivize manufacturers to ramp up production + marketing budget → push new and

=> VICIOUS CYCLE → manifest itself starkly in such industries as APPAREL/

ELECTRONIC GOODS → incessant promotional campaigns: sway customers into
discarding the items they currently have for new, improved, more fashionable offerings.
=> spell disaster for the environment
172. QUẢNG CÁO LÀM CHO MỌI NGƯỜI CÀNG GIỐNG NHAU
ADVERTISEMENTS RESULT IN PEOPLE BECOMING INCREASINGLY SIMILAR →
discourage individuality
= advertising certainly does promote conformity amongst certain people = fashion victims
follow trends and may appear similar
● The role of advertising: to promote products → encourages people to buy them → PEOPLE
INEVITABLY END UP BUYING THE SAME THINGS + appearing the same
Ex. be particularly true of the fashion industry
→ tells FOLLOWERS OF FASHION what colors to wear in which seasons what styles of
clothes they should wear
the length of their hair
=> adverts: PUT PRESSURE ON YOUNG PEOPLE TO LOOK FASHIONABLE
<<<following looks which have been planned by the fashion industry>>
⇒ THOSE WHO ARE EASILY INFLUENCED BY FASHION TRENDS → tend to
appear more similar + with less individuality IN AN ATTEMPT TO BE CONSIDERED
FASHIONABLE
173. CON NGƯỜI VẪN CÓ QUYẾT ĐỊNH CỦA MÌNH
people will always MAKE THEIR OWN INDIVIDUAL CHOICES → make them appear
different
= the minority as most people PREFER TO SELECT WHAT THEY WEAR AND HOW
THEY LOOK FOR THEMSELVES
● THE WISH TO APPEAR FASHIONABLE AND FOLLOW FASHION TRENDS with
strict conformity only applies to a certain group of young “trendy" people
the fashion trends: interesting >< not be followed religiously
⇒ prefer a different hair style (be MORE SUITED TO THEIR OWN FACE SHAPE OR
CHARACTER)
⇒ aspects of their dress: similar → how they wear it is different + SHOWS THEIR
INDIVIDUAL CHARACTER
174. QUẢNG CÁO ẢNH HƯỞNG LÊN DOANH THU HÀNG TIÊU DÙNG the high
sales of popular consumer goods reflect the power of advertising
= advertising has an impact on sales = advertising obviously INFLUENCES OUR BUYING
BEHAVIOR
● = Advertisements certainly TEMPT PEOPLE TO BUY PRODUCTS THAT THEY MIGHT
NOT OTHERWISE WANT (dụ dỗ mọi người mua những món đồ mà có thể họ không
muốn).
Ex. the mobile phone → people(have a perfectly good phone that does not need replacing) :
QUEUING TO BUY THE LATEST MODELS
→ THE HIGH SALES OF THE IPHONE: support this idea
● THE INFLUENCE OF MARKETING: that leads us to make these kinds of decisions →
STAY UP TO DATE WITH THE LATEST FASHIONS + OWN THE NEWEST HIGH-
STATUS DEVICE (sở hữu các thiết bị tân tiến nhất).
175. MỌI NGƯỜI MUA HÀNG KO PHẢI CHỈ VÌ QUẢNG CÁO people do not buy
products because of the advertising alone
= people: not make decisions that GO AGAINST THEIR REAL NEEDS (đi ngược lại nhu
cầu thực sự).
MAKES A PURCHASE
New versions of products almost always HAVE IMPROVED FEATURES
Ex: A new car: have greatly improved safety features/ be more economical to run/ pollute less
A new phone : allow the user to COMMUNICATE MORE QUICKLY OR
EFFECTIVELY → ENHANCING THEIR QUALITY OF LIFE
176. SỞ THÍCH THAY ĐỔI CÀNG NGÀY CÀNG NHANH
Popular hobbies and interests change over time are more a reflection of trends and fashions
= hobbies reflect changing fashions rather than our true interests
= leisure activities BECOME FASHIONABLE (trở nên thịnh hành) for a short time and then
disappear when A NEW TREND COMES ALONG (một xu hướng mới xuất hiện)
= hobbies: ARE SIMPLY PASSING TRENDS (đơn giản là chạy theo xu hướng).
Children and teenagers: be attracted to whatever activity is currently popular among their
peers
Sb: HAVE A NEW INTEREST (có sở thích mới) every month ← sb JOINS IN WITH THE
LATEST CRAZE (tham gia vào một trào lưu mới) that sweeps through her primary school
BE OBSESSED WITH st
THERE HAVE BEEN SEVERAL DIFFERENT FITNESS TRENDS
Sb continued to enjoy st IN THE LONG TERM
>< st: SEEM TO BE PERENNIALLY POPULAR
177. KO CHẠY THEO TREND
do popular activities that ARE FAR FROM TRENDY
Sb be certainly NOT FOLLOWING A NEW FASHION
Sb FIND IT INHERENTLY FASCINATING AND ABSORBING
178. QUÁ NHIỀU SỰ LỰA CHỌN
modern life PRESENTS US WITH AN OVERWHELMING NUMBER OF CHOICES
= the Internet HAS LED TO A DRAMATIC EXPANSION IN THE NUMBER OF CHOICES
(dẫn đến số lựa chọn gia tăng đáng kể) that are available to us.
= The number of online media options is now almost endless
= There are countless websites offering ST
= we are faced with a huge number of options in most areas of life nowadays → make so many
decisions about THE CONTENT THAT WE CONSUME
=> THIS ABUNDANCE OF MEDIA (sự phong phú của các phương tiện truyền thông)
LEADS TO CONFUSION ON THE PART OF THE AVERAGE USER ( THIS IS OFTEN
MORE BEWILDERING THAN BENEFICIAL)
HAVE ACCESS TO THOUSANDS OF FILMS AND SERIES
179. ẢNH HƯỞNG TIÊU CỰC CỦA VIỆC SOCIALIZE TRÊN MẠNG
lead to ISOLATION (sự cô lập), POTENTIALLY HARMFUL SITUATIONS (các tình
huống có khả năng gây nguy hiểm) and also problems later on in life
● Isolation: spend the majority of their time alone → LEAD TO DEPRESSION / other
issues
● meeting people online: risky
→ people: ASSUME FAKE IDENTITIES ONLINE + HIDE THEIR TRUE
CHARACTERISTICS
=> is particularly concerning for teenagers ( IMPRESSIONABLE (nhạy cảm)) → be led into
dangerous situations
⇒ Interaction: online → parents HAVE NO WAY OF MONITORING + protecting their
children
● conversations and shared photos that had been forgotten reappear. → teenagers: not think
carefully before posting online
People: SHARE INTIMATE COMMUNICATIONS WITH close friends THESE WORDS:
CAN THEN RESURFACE LATER ON
=> too much embarrassment
180. TV ẢNH HƯỞNG HÀNH VI CỦA TRẺ
a.The young: imitate whatever captivates them [ attention-grabbing the nature of
television]
=> children: parrot catchphrases on their favorite shows/ lyrics/ catchy jingle ⇒ displays of
violence → instigate aggressive behaviors
Nudity → incite premature interest in the opposite sex
St: graphic/ jarring(gây sốc)
→ be ingrained in children’s minds (experience it momentarily)
B.shape their moral codes + belief system
Ex. Power Ranger or other superhero franchises → impart to their preteen audience lessons of
teamwork + altruism + the eventual triumph of good over evil Ex. Disney’s princess-
themed series:
C. Screen time → physical activity level
-> Studies have suggested a strong correlation between TV watching and a sedentary
lifestyle
<< newly invented distractions: smartphones, video games, social media>> ⇒ contribute to
their reluctance to participate in physical activities
TECHNOLOGY
181. XE TỰ LÁI
- Self-driving vehicle/ cars = unmanned automobile = driverless car = autonomous car
- Self-driving car industry
- Autopilot feature = autonomous driving feature
182. SỰ TIẾN BỘ VỀ CÔNG NGHỆ
- Fast-paced technological innovation
= momentous technological leap
= technological advancement
= technological breakthrough
183. LÝ DO CHO SỰ PHÁT TRIỂN XE TỰ LÁI (CÓ THỂ THAY THẾ = NHỮNG ĐỒ
CÔNG NGHỆ KHÁC)
- Mankind’s relentless pursuit of convenience → st: a nature progression - Fast-paced
technological innovations/ momentous technological leap in recent decades
Ex. initial success of Tesla/ Toyota/ among other powerhouses in trialing autopilot feature →
prove the prospect of self-driving vehicles being released and dominating highways
184. LỢI ÍCH CỦA XE TỰ LÁI
Vast majority of traffic accidents/ crashes and casualties: the results of human error →
eliminate reckless behaviors such as drunk driving/ road rage/ speeding → save thousands of
lives every year
185. LỢI ÍCH PHÁT TRIỂN KINH TẾ CỦA XE TỰ LÁI
Boost economic growth ← cut down operating cost (salary/ training/ liability/ insurance
associated with human drivers)
186. CÔNG NGHỆ CHẾ TẠO ROBOT
-Robotics engineering = robotics technologies = robotics (n) công nghệ robot : pervade/
permeate every aspect of life
The advancement of robotics technologies
187. ROBOT THÚC ĐẨY PHÁT TRIỂN KINH TẾ
Be key in driving economic productivity
→ automated machines + processes:
+ dispense with inconsistent and exhaustible physical toil
+ usher in an era of unprecedented output/ speed/ precision in manufacturing
188. ROBOT GIÚP CON NGƯỜI RẢNH RỖI HƠN
Help people take care of terious daily tasks + free up their time for more enjoyable activities
and more important priorities
Ex. machines (robot cleaners/ autonomous cars) → make human lives more stress-free
189. ROBOT GIÚP VỀ MẶT Y HỌC
Current medical applications of robots (bionic limbs/ robot-assisted surgeries) → further
human longevity
190. ẢNH HƯỞNG TIÊU CỰC CỦA ROBOT
- Job losses/ jeopardize job security ← innumerable manufacturing jobs: be eliminated
due to automation → leave the working classes paralyzed
- Inadvertently make people more sedentary ← have machines perform various labor-
intensive tasks in our stead: convenient
- Machines: outsmart their creators and enslave them
All technologies carry a certain degree of risk
Make huge strides
191. SỰ PHỔ BIẾN CỦA ĐIỆN THOẠI
The proliferation of mobile phones
= ubiquity of cell phones
= availability of mobile phones
= growing popularity of cell phones
Have mobile phone at sb’s disposal
192. ẢNH HƯỞNG XẤU CỦA ĐIỆN THOẠI DI ĐỘNG
Cause sheer disturbances to phone users
Explain: unplanned calls: distract people from the task they intend to accomplish → be likely
to decrease their work productivity
=> unsolicited telemarketing calls made by salespeople/ robocallers for the purpose of
promoting products → deprive many people of their privacy
Unwanted calls from anonymous salespeople
193. ẢNH HƯỞNG TÍCH CỰC CỦA ĐIỆN THOẠI
people regardless of geographic boundaries ⇒ significant savings
- The ready access to this high-tech gadget: facilitate instantaneous communication among

<< never the case in the past → it used to take days to deliver handwritten letters>>
- In cases of emergency → the condition of an ill person is critical→ imperative that sb BE
able to inform the hospital promptly
194. CÔNG NGHỆ THAY ĐỔI CÁCH CON NGƯỜI TƯƠNG TÁC
new technologie: had an influence on communication between people technology HAS
CERTAINLY REVOLUTIONIZED COMMUNICATION BETWEEN PEOPLE
195. CÔNG NGHỆ ẢNH HƯỞNG LÊN CÁC MỐI QUAN HỆ
● telephones and the Internet: allow business people in different countries to interact without
ever meeting each other
++++COOPERATION BETWEEN PEOPLE IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES: was much more
difficult when COMMUNICATION WAS LIMITED TO WRITTEN LETTERS or telegrams
interactions by email, phone or video: are almost as good as FACE-TO-FACE MEETINGs →
sb benefit from these interactions (either IN WORK OR SOCIAL CONTEXTS )
● services like Skype: create new possibilities for relationships between students and teachers
Ex. a student can now TAKE VIDEO LESSONS with a teacher in a different city or country
● SOCIAL NETWORKS: make new friends and find people who SHARE COMMON
INTERESTS + INTERACT THROUGH THEIR COMPUTERS RATHER THAN FACE TO
FACE
NEW COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES → ISOLATING PEOPLE AND
DISCOURAGING REAL INTERACTION
Ex. young people: CHOOSE TO MAKE FRIENDS ONLINE rather than MIXING WITH
THEIR PEERS (hòa mình với bạn bè) in the real world
→ THESE ‘VIRTUAL’ RELATIONSHIPS: A POOR SUBSTITUTE FOR REAL
FRIENDSHIPS
196. MẤT ĐI GIÁ TRỊ VĂN HÓA
LEAD TO THE LOSS OF TRADITIONAL CULTURES
= CONTRIBUTED TO THE DISAPPEARANCE OF TRADITIONAL
WAYS OF LIFE
= many traditional ways of life have been lost
communities HAD A STRONG SENSE OF IDENTITY (có tinh thần dân tộc to lớn), ←
THEIR SHARED CUSTOMS AND BELIEFS → THE DISPERSAL OF FAMILIES AND
VILLAGE COMMUNITIES as people MOVED TO THE CITIES IN SEARCH OF
WORK
>< TRADITIONAL COMMUNITIES HAVE SURVIVED AND EVEN FLOURISHED
197. CÔNG NGHỆ BẢO TỒN CÁC GIÁ TRỊ VĂN HÓA
SEEK TO PRESERVE SUCH TRADITIONS AS + …
= technology can positively contribute to THE KEEPING ALIVE OF TRADITIONAL
SKILLS AND WAYS OF LIFE
→ the Internet, and modern refrigeration techniques, are being used to KEEP ALIVE
THE TRADITIONAL SKILLS
198. CÔNG NGHỆ PHÁT TRIỂN
the advances in technology that HAVE DRIVEN INDUSTRIALISATION IN
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
technology and the modern world
developments in transport, communications and manufacturing
199. ÁP DỤNG CÔNG NGHỆ ĐỂ PHÁT TRIỂN
FARMING COMMUNITIES in parts of Africa: EMBRACE COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGIES → Mobile phones: GIVE FARMERS ACCESS TO INFORMATION,
FROM WEATHER PREDICTIONS TO MARKET PRICES → helps them to prosper and
therefore supports their culture.
200. KĨ THUẬT DI TRUYỀN GÂY RA NHIỀU HẬU QUẢ
● negative implications of genetic engineering: food production
GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS: be grown → damage whole ecosystems ← foods
BECOME RESISTANT TO DISEASES AND NATURAL PREDATORS
● THE CLONING OF HUMANS (sự nhân bản vô tính ở người)

HUMANS: are used to fight wars or to PROVIDE BODY PART REPLACEMENTS ⇒

= THE POSSIBILITY THAT HUMANS COULD BE MODIFIED OR CLONED CLONED

genetic engineering will have a positive impact on our lives

201. KĨ THUẬT DI TRUYỀN MANG LẠI NHIỀU LỢI ÍCH
humans will find ways to MITIGATE THE RISKS (giảm thiểu những rủi ro) and use genetic
technologies IN A RESPONSIBLE WAY
● FROM THE FOOD PRODUCTION PERSPECTIVE
→ genetic engineering could be THE SOLUTION TO FAMINE in developing countries Ex.
crops can BE GROWN MORE RELIABLY IN HARSH CONDITIONS
● FROM A MEDICAL PERSPECTIVE
+ scientists: use genetic engineering to produce vaccines / to cure diseases/ to CORRECT A
GENETIC DEFECT (sửa chữa những khiếm khuyết trong gen di truyền) before a child is
born
+ IF PROPERLY REGULATED→ cloning: be done in a way that improves lives
=> THE CLONING OF INDIVIDUAL ORGANS (a heart or kidney): BE PERMITTED
FOR TRANSPLANT PURPOSES
⇒ PEOPLE'S FEARS WILL BE UNWARRANTED
202. ẢNH HƯỞNG CỦA TRÍ TUỆ NHÂN TẠO
developments in the field of artificial intelligence will have a positive impact on our lives in the
near future
= the future impact of artificial intelligence = BE APPREHENSIVE ABOUT (lo ngại về) its
possible negative effects
DEVELOPMENTS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
203. LỢI ÍCH CỦA TRÍ TUỆ NHÂN TẠO
Machines are clearly able to do many jobs better than humans can = intelligent machines will
no doubt improve our lives in many ways
→ in areas: REQUIRE HIGH LEVELS OF ACCURACY OR CALCULATIONS using
large amounts of data
Ex. robots: are being developed to CARRY OUT SURGICAL PROCEDURES WITH
GREATER PRECISION (tiến hành các cuộc phẫu thuật với độ chính xác cao hơn) than a
human doctor
Ex. Cars: USE SENSORS AND CAMERAS TO DRIVE THEMSELVES → such
technologies: improve safety by REDUCING THE LIKELIHOOD OF HUMAN ERRORS

=> IMPROVE OUR QUALITY OF LIFE

204. TRÍ TUỆ NHÂN TẠO CÓ THỂ ẢNH HƯỞNG CHÚNG TA
artificial intelligence may harm us if we are not careful = THE POTENTIAL RISKS (những
nguy cơ tiềm ẩn) of such technologies should not be ignored.
● A RISE IN UNEMPLOYMENT ← workers in various industries are replaced by machines
or software programs
Ex. self-driving vehicles: CAUSE REDUNDANCIES IN DRIVING JOBS (such as lorry
drivers, taxi drivers and bus drivers)
● IN THE MEDIUM TERM (xét về mặt trung hạn):
intelligent technologies: gradually TAKE JOBS AWAY FROM HUMANS
→ people BECOME DESKILLED AND LOSE THEIR SENSE OF PURPOSE IN
LIFE (không còn đủ năng lực và đánh mất chí hướng)
● A LONGER TERM FEAR: computers become so intelligent that they begin to MAKE
DECISIONS
WITHOUT HUMAN OVERSIGHT (quyết định mà không có sự
giám sát của con người)
WITHOUT REGARD FOR OUR WELL-BEING
CRIME
205. PHẠM PHÁP
Commit/ offend a crime = commit an offense = Break/ violate the law <<minor/ petty/ lesser
crime >< serious/ major crime (n) tội nặng, tội nhẹ >>
206. CÁC HÌNH THỨC PHẠM TỘI - KẺ PHẠM TỘI (CRIMINALS) Burglary (n) tội ăn
trộm đột nhập vào nhà → burglar
Robbery (n) ăn cướp, có vũ khí → robber
Shoplifting → shoplifter
pickpocketing (n) móc túi → pickpocket
drug/ human dealing (n) buôn thuốc phiện/ người (nếu xuyên quốc gia thì: drug
smuggling/trafficking) → drug/ human + dealer/ smuggler
Murder (n) tội giết người → murderer
Tax evasion (n) tội trốn thuế → tax evader
207. TỘI PHẠM (chỉ người)
Criminal = offender = criminals ≈ offenders ≈ people who commit a crime ≈ people
who commit an offense ≈ people who engage in criminal activities ≈ people who take part
in illegal acts: người phạm tội/ tham gia vào các hoạt động phạm tội
Prisoner: tù nhân → inmate (n)
Suspect: kẻ tình nghi
Convict: người bị kết án
Felon: tên tội phạm thực hiện 1 cái serious crime
Repeat criminal: kẻ phạm tội nhiều lần
First criminal: kẻ phạm tội lần đầu
Juvenile delinquent: người phạm tội tuổi vị thành niên = juvenile crimes ≈ juvenile
delinquency ≈ juvenile offending ≈ youth crimes ≈ crimes among young adults: tội phạm vị
thành viên
Ex-prisoner = former-prisoner: cựu tù nhân
208. PUNISHMENT = PENALTY
Lenient punishment: phạt nhẹ —---—> harsh punishment : phạt nặng
● Non-custodial sentence: phạt ko nhốt tù
- Community services (n) lao động công ích
- (On the spot) fine (n) phạt (tại chỗ)
- Suspended sentence (n) phạt tù treo, bị quản lý (giống Fiona)
● Imprisonment (n) nhốt vào tù = incarceration (n) sự tống giam
Serve a prison sentence/ life sentence: chịu án tù
- to receive prison sentences ≈ to be sent to prison ≈ be put in prison: lãnh án tù, bị đi tù
- to face life imprisonment ≈ to serve a life sentence: lãnh án tù chung thân
● Death penalty: phạt tử hình = capital punishment
- to receive capital punishment ≈ to receive the death penalty ≈ to receive a death sentence ≈ to
face execution: lãnh án tử hình
● the increased use of drugs and alcohol ≈ alcohol and drug abuse: việc lạm dụng chất kích
thích
● to reoffend ≈ to commit crimes again ≈ to continue to commit crime after being punished: tái
phạm
● to pose a serious threat to society ≈ to threaten the safety of society ≈ put society in danger:
gây ra mối nguy hiểm cho xã hội/ đe dọa sự an toàn của xã hội
● crime rates ≈ crime levels: tỷ lệ/mức độ tội phạm
209. LỢI ÍCH CỦA VIỆC NHỐT TỘI PHẠM VÀO TÙ
- Criminals are incarcerated → not pose a threat to the society
- Deter crimes
- rehabilitation programmes: cải tạo → better citizens << vocational training>>

210. LỢI ÍCH CHỐNG LẠI NHÀ TÙ

- Criminals are incarcerated together —> make friends → make plans for future crime/
offenses/ wrongdoings
- Criminal record (n) bản tiền án, tiền sự → hindrance/ barrier → find a job → return to
criminal life/ reoffend (v) tái phạm phát