CE 222

Fluid Mechanics
Fluid statics-Part2
Dr Döndü Sarışen
[email protected]
Room B326

05/03/2025 1
Hydrostatic forces on submerged plane surfaces
Summary
• Our analysis for liquids:
• Pressure distribution for incompressible fluids
𝑃 = 𝑃0 + 𝛾ℎ
• Pressure increases linearly with depth
• Pressure acts normal to bounding surface

• Goals of our analysis:

1. Integrate pressure distribution to get total resultant force
(F) on surface
2. Direction of the force
3. Locate the point of application of force, F (centre of
pressure)

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIK_ywo10Qc
05/03/2025 2
 Hydrostatic forces on submerged plane
surfaces- Summary
• For the more general case consider the top surface of a flat plate
of arbitrary shape completely submerged in a liquid (Figure)

• 3D view 𝑦
• Flat surface at angle 𝜃
• G : centre of area of gate

05/03/2025 Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIK_ywo10Qc 3

 Hydrostatic forces on submerged plane
surfaces- Summary
𝑑𝐹 = 𝑃 𝑑𝐴 = 𝛾ℎ𝑑𝐴
• To get the total force,

𝐹 = න 𝑃𝑑𝐴 = න 𝛾ℎ𝑑𝐴
𝐴 𝐴
• Volume of the pressure forces gives
total force value

𝐹 = 𝛾ℎഥ 𝐴

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 Hydrostatic forces on submerged plane
surfaces- Summary
y
𝐼𝑦𝑐
𝑥𝑜 = 𝑥ҧ +
𝐴𝑥ҧ

𝐼𝑦𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
ℎ𝑜 = ℎത +
𝐴ℎത 𝑦

𝐼𝑥𝑦𝑐
𝑦𝑜 = 𝑦ത +
𝐴𝑥ҧ

𝒚𝟎 C

CP

𝑥
05/03/2025 5
 Hydrostatic forces on submerged plane
surfaces: Pressure prism- Summary
• Pressure acts normal to the surface
• The hydrostatic forces acting on a flat plate of any shape form a
volume whose base is the plate area and whose length is the
linearly varying pressure
• This virtual pressure prism: its volume is equal to the magnitude
of the resultant hydrostatic force acting on the plate since

𝐹 = න 𝑃 𝑑𝐴
𝐴

• The projection of the centroid on the

plate is the pressure centre

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 Any questions?

14/02/2025 7
Tutorial _Fluid statics Part 1

1
05/03/2025
 Aims and objectives

• This lecture aims to:

1) Introduce further concepts in fluid statics.
2) Show how to calculate hydrostatic forces, such as the
buoyant force.
• At the end of this session, you should be able to:
1) Articulate your understanding of buoyancy and stability.
2) Calculate hydrostatic forces, such as the buoyant force.

05/03/2025 9
 [Source: Cengel & Cimbala, 2020 ]

Hydrostatic forces on submerged curved

surfaces
Procedure for determining F:
1) Specify the surface you are
interested in examining.
Figure 6.1 In many structures of practical
2) Isolate the body of fluid that is application, the submerged surfaces
are not flat, but curved as here at Glen
adjacent to the surface by creating Canyon Dam in Utah and Arizona.
planar surfaces

Figure 6.2 Determination of the

hydrostatic force acting on a
submerged curved surface.

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 Hydrostatic forces on submerged curved
surfaces
3) Draw a free body diagram of
the fluid
Newton’s 3rd law: 𝐹
𝐹റ𝑅 = −𝐹
If we find FR , we know F

Figure 6.3 Free body diagram of the enclosed liquid block

05/03/2025 11
 Hydrostatic forces on submerged curved
surfaces
4) Use Newton’s second law to
find the components of FR
෍ 𝐹റ = 𝑚𝑎 = 0 𝐹റ𝑅 = 𝐹𝐻 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐹𝑉 𝑗Ƹ
In the horizontal direction, 𝐹

෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 ; 𝐹𝐻 = 𝐹𝑥

෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ; 𝐹𝑉 = 𝐹𝑦 + 𝑊

𝐹𝑅 = 𝐹𝐻2 + 𝐹𝑉2

𝐹𝑉 𝐹𝑉
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 = ; α = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝐹𝐻 𝐹𝐻

05/03/2025 12
 Hydrostatic forces on submerged curved
surfaces

• To determine the line of action—Moment

• Valid for all curved surfaces – below or above
liquid
• When a curved surface above a liquid, the
weight of the liquid is subtracted from the
vertical component of the hydrostatic force

Figure 6.4 When a curved surface is above

the liquid, the weight of the liquid and the
vertical component of the hydrostatic force
act in the opposite directions

05/03/2025 [Source: Cengel & Cimbala, 2020 ] 13

 Hydrostatic forces on submerged curved
surfaces- Circular arch surface
• Circular arch surface– hydrostatic forces
pass through the centre of the circle
• Since the pressure forces are normal to
the surface
• Therefore, pressure forces can be
reduced to a single equivalent force

Figure 6.5 The hydrostatic force acting on a

Circular surface always passes through the
centre of the circle since the pressure
forces are normal to the surface and they
all pass through the centre.

05/03/2025 [Source: Cengel & Cimbala, 2020 ] 14

 Hydrostatic forces on submerged plane or
curved surfaces- Multi-layered fluid
• Find the force on each part
• Add them using vector addition
F1
𝐹 = ෍ 𝐹𝑖 = 𝑃𝑖 𝐴𝑖

F2
• To determine the line of action—
Moment

Figure 6.6 The hydrostatic force on a surface

submerged in a multilayered fluid can be
determined by considering parts of the surface in
different fluids as different surfaces.

05/03/2025 [Source: Cengel & Cimbala, 2020 ] 15

 Buoyancy

• What is the cause of the upward buoyancy

force on a submerged object? Think about it

05/03/2025 Source: https://youtu.be/MJnYZ6s-LsQ?si=Fsa_VZeuKD9u8rIl 16

Buoyancy -Buoyant force

• Archimedes’ Principle - Greek scientist

(287–212 b.c.)
• The principle of buoyancy states that
when a body is placed in a static fluid, it is
buoyed up by a force that is equal to the
weight of the fluid displaced by the body.

05/03/2025 [Source: Hibbeler, 2021 ] 17

 Buoyancy – Buoyant force

Eq.1
If the specific weight of the fluid is constant, then
Eq.2

Where A is the horizontal area of the upper (or

lower) surface of the parallelepiped, and Eq.2 can be
written as;
𝐖 = 𝜸𝑽

Simplifying, we arrive at the expression of the

buoyant force
ϒ ; specific weight of the fluid

∀ ; the volume of the body Figure 6.7 Buoyant force on submerged body
05/03/2025 [Source: Munson et al.,2012] 18
 Buoyancy- Buoyant force

The location of the line of action;

• Summing moments about an axis perpendicular to the paper
through point D;

And on substitution for the various forces

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 Buoyancy- Buoyant force

• These same results apply to floating

bodies that are only partially
submerged
• If the specific weight of the fluid
above the liquid surface is very
small compared with the liquid in
which the body floats.
• Since the fluid above the surface is
usually air, for practical purposes
this condition is satisfied.

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 Buoyancy- Buoyant force

• If a body is immersed in a fluid in which varies with depth, such as

in a layered fluid, the magnitude of the buoyant force remains
equal to the weight of the displaced fluid.
• However, the buoyant force does not pass through the centroid of
the displaced volume, but rather, it passes through the center of
gravity of the displaced volume.

05/03/2025 21
 Buoyancy

Figure 6.8 A solid body dropped into a fluid will sink, float, or remain at
rest at any point in the fluid, depending on its average density relative to
the density of the fluid

22
 Worked example 6.1

05/03/2025 [Source: Hibbeler, 2021 ] 23

 Any questions?

14/02/2025 25
 Summary

• Hydrostatic forces on submerged curved surfaces

• Hydrostatic forces on submerged plane or curved surfaces- Multi-
layered fluid
• Buoyancy force is the net result of hydrostatic pressure
distribution
• Archimedes’ Principle - when a body is placed in a static fluid, it is
buoyed up by a force that is equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced by the body

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 What is next?

05/03/2025 27
 References

1. Munson, B. R., et al.; Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics;

Hoboken: Wiley; 9th Edition; 2021; ISBN-13: 978-1119703266.
2. Hibbeler, R. C.; Fluid Mechanics; Harlow: Pearson; 2nd Edition,
2021; ISBN 13: 978-1-292-24739-7. 3.
3. Cengel, Y. A., & Cimbala, J.M.; Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals
and Applications; New York: McGraw Hill; 4th Edition; 2020;
ISBN: 978-981-4821-59-9.

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