New

syllabus
2021-22

Chapter 2
Types of
software

Computer Science
Class XI ( As per CBSE Board)
 Types of software

Software is an organized instructions/code written by

programmers using any of various special computer
languages for specific purpose.
Types of software:
(1)System software: controls the basic functions of a computer &
hides complexity of computer system from user and application
software. E.g. Operating System, Compiler, Interpret etc.
(2)Application software: It handles specialized/ common tasks a user
wants to perform, such as banking, hotel management, any data
processing, word processing etc.
(3)Utility software: Which helps to manage, maintain and control
computer resources. E.g. are antivirus software, backup software
and disk tools.
 Types of software

(1) System software

OPERATING SYSTEM
An Operating System (OS) is a system
program that controls and manages the
computer resources(resource manager)
so that application software can run on
it.
Example: Microsoft Windows, Solaris,
Linux, MAC OS,Ubuntu, Apple’s i-Phone
OS etc.
 Types of software

HOW OPERATING SYSTEM WORKS

In any computer or mobile device, the operating system
can be termed as the back bone when it comes to
software. This is because it has to be there before other
programs can be run.It works as a middleman
(interface) between machine and user.
At the simplest level, an operating system does two
things:
• It manages the hardware resources of the computer
system. These resources include such things as the
processor, memory, disk space, etc.
• It provides a stable, consistent way for applications to
deal with the hardware without having to know all the
details of the hardware.
 Types of software

FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM

• Processor management
Loads, schedules and execute process/programs.
• Memory management
Allocates /De-allocation of memory for program execution.
• Device management
Communicate and controls various I/O devices.
• Storage management
Manages and controls the storage device to provide space to
program for execution & data save.
• Application interface
API/drivers provide a way for applications to make use of hardware
• User interface
structure for interaction between a user and the computer
 Process management

• Process a program in execution is known as process

• Handling of multiple processes at a time is known as process management.
• Process States
A process is typically in one of the three states
Running: has the CPU
Blocked: waiting for I/O or another thread
Ready to run: on the ready list, waiting for the CPU
 Types of software

TYPE OF OPERATING SYSTEM

* Single-User, Single Task Operating System:
These operating systems work on single task & single user at a time.E.g. DOS
* Single-User, Multi-Task Operating System:
These operating systems works on more than one task and process them concurrently at a
time.E.g. windows 95 or later version of windows
* Multiuser Operating System:
In these OS, multiple users are allowed to access the same data or information at a time via
a network. E.g. Unix,Linux,Windows7.
* Multiprocessing Operating System:
Here, a single process runs on two or more processors. All the processing and their
management takes place in a parallel way, hence this OS are also called as Parallel
Processing. E.g. Linux, UNIX and Windows 7.
* Embedded Operating System:
These are embedded in a device, which is located in ROM.E.g. OS of microwaves,washing
machine.
* Distributed Operating System:
In these OS, the computers work in co-operation with each other.
 Types of software
SYSTEM SOFTWARE/PROGRAMMING SOFTWARES
Language processor/Programming tool
As the computer understand machine language(0/1) where as Humans understand
High level/Human Lang.
Language Processors does the conversion task(high level to machine lang.)
These are of 3 types Language processors
1.Compilers-It convert high-level language code to machine code in one session. It
takes time because it have to translate high-level code to lower-level machine
language all at once and then save the executable object code to memory.
2. Interpreters-It translates code like a compiler but reads the code and immediately
executes that code, and therefore it is initially faster than a compiler.
3. Assemblers-It translates an assembly language program into machine language.
One-pass assemblers go through the source code once. Any symbol used before it is
defined will require "errata" at the end of the object telling the linker or the loader to
"go back" and overwrite a placeholder which had been left where the as yet
undefined symbol was used.
Multi-pass assemblers create a table with all symbols and their values in the first
passes, then use the table in later passes to generate code.
 Types of software

Difference between Compiler and Interpreter:

S.N
COMPILER INTERPRETER
O.
Scans the whole program in one Translates program one statement
1.
go. at a time.
the errors (if any) are shown at
2. errors are shown line by line.
the end together.
Due to interpreters being slow in
Main advantage of compilers is
3. executing the object code, it is
it’s execution time.
preferred less.
It doesn’t convert the instructions
It converts the the instructions
4. instead it directly works on source
into systematic code.
language.
5 E.g. C, C++, C# etc. E.g. Python, Ruby, Perl, MATLAB etc.
 Types of software
(2) Application software
* General Purpose application software
These are ready to use software for daily use purpose
e.g. word processor,spread sheet,presention,DBMS etc.
* Specific Purpose application software
Softwares which are designed for specific task
e.g. Payroll,Hotel Mgmt,Hospital Mgmt,Stock Mgmt etc.
(3) Utility software/System Utilities
that assist OS in carrying out certain specialized tasks are called
utility software.
▪ Antivirus - An anti-virus scans the system for any virus and if
detected, gets rid of it by deleting or isolating it.
▪ Compression tools - Compression tools are utilities that assist
operating systems in shortening files so that they take less
space.
 Types of software

(3) Utility software/System Utilities

▪ Disk Cleanup - Disk cleanup tools assist users in freeing up disk space.
▪ Disk Defragmenter - Disk defragmenter is a disk management utility that
increases file access speeds by rearranging fragmented files on contiguous
locations.
▪ Backup - Backup utility enables backing up of files, folders, databases or
complete disks.
▪ File management tools - Utility software providing regular file management
tasks like browse, search, update, preview, etc. are called file management
tools.
▪ Restore – This utility restores the backup earlier taken.
▪ Device driver or hardware driver is a group of files that enable one or more
hardware devices to communicate with the computer's operating system.
Without drivers, the computer would not be able to send and receive data
correctly to hardware devices, such as a printer