IJE TRANSACTIONS C: Aspects Vol. 34, No.

9, (September 2021) 2070-2076

International Journal of Engineering

Journal Homepage: www.ije.ir

A New Simple Method to Avoid Maloperation of Transformer Restricted Earth Fault

Relay during External Fault Events
A. Ebadi, S. M. Hosseini*, A. A. Abdoos

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Babol Noshirvani, University of Technology, Babol, Iran

PAPER INFO A B S T R A C T

Paper history: The restricted earth fault (REF) protection is provided for electrical power transformer in order to sense
Received 28 April 2021 internal earth faults, mainly because it is more sensitive than the main differential protection. However,
Received in revised form 09 June 2021
Accepted 28 July 2021
The REF relay may maloperate when current transformer (CT) saturation happens following a severe
external fault. In this paper, a new simple algorithm is proposed for REF protection scheme which is
realized by considering four fundamental conditions. These conditions are defined based on the
Keywords: differential and neutral currents as well as sum of phase currents. When these conditions are
Power Transformer Protection simultaneously satisfied, the relay detects the internal ground fault. This algorithm is implemented and
Restricted Earth Fault evaluated by MATLAB program based on obtained result data from simulation of a real power system
Jiles-Atherton Model using PSCAD/EMTDC software package. The well-known Jiles-Atherton (JA) model is used to simulate
Current Transformer Saturation the transient behavior of CTs. The satisfactory results obtained from exhaustive investigation justify the
high security of the proposed protection scheme.
doi: 10.5829/ije.2021.34.09c.04

NOMENCLATURE
𝐼𝑑 Differential current 𝐼𝑠𝑢𝑚 Residual current
𝐼𝑛 Neutral current IdTH Threshold value of differential current
𝐼𝑎 , 𝐼𝑏 , 𝐼𝑐 Phase currents InTH Threshold value of neutral current

1. INTRODUCTION1 maloperate [3-5]. It should be noted that the strictly CT

dimensioning can improve the protection system
Power transformers are the most important and expensive immunity against CT saturation; however, the issue is not
equipment of high voltage substations. Thus, they should solved completely [6]. Hence, some methods have been
be protected against any internal faults by sensitive proposed to make this protection scheme stable during
protective relays. Differential protection is the most inrush current and external faults. The first alternative
commonly used transformer protection scheme. It can was a high-impedance REF prtection scheme, but this
cover most of short circuits inside the transformer method needs phase and neutral CTs with exactly the
protection zone including terminal and winding faults same magnetizing characteristic as well as a high knee-
[1]. However, when an earth fault happens close to point voltage [7, 8]. Nowadays, numerical low-
neutral point of the transformer Y winding or the fault impedance REF relays have received more attention
impedance is high, the fault current may not be sufficient because they do not need the rigid CT requirements of
to drive the differential protection scheme. The restricted the high-impedance type [9]. However, during CT
earth fault (REF) protection scheme is designed to saturation, a false differential current appears in the low-
respond to such earth faults [2]. But, current transformer impedance REF relay and this may cause the relay
(CT) saturation caused by either the magnetizing inrush maloperation [10-12]. Adaptive restraint currents and
currents or severe external faults may make the REF relay directional supervision methods can improve this relay

*Corresponding Author Institutional Email: [email protected]

(S. M. Hosseini)

Please cite this article as: A. Ebadi, S. M. Hosseini, A. A. Abdoos, A New Simple Method to Avoid Maloperation of Transformer Restricted Earth
Fault Relay during External Fault Events, International Journal of Engineering, Transactions C: Aspects, Vol. 34, No. 09, (2021) 2070-2076
 A. Ebadi et al. / IJE TRANSACTIONS C: Aspects Vol. 34, No. 9, (September 2021) 2070-2076 2071

performance but even with these methods, the External Fault

Internal Faults
External Fault
maloperation issue remains in many cases [13]. A F1 F2
F3 F4
research shows that by combining the REF and earth fault ia, ib, ic iA, iB, iC
(EF) units, the protection stability against maloperation
improves to some extent [14]. However, if the neutral CT 1 CT 3
current is enough high during a potential case of 230 kV 63 kV
CT 2 in iN Grounding
maloperation, this method will not be helpful. The CT 4
Transformer
Krstivojevic and Djurić [15, 16] proposed a new REF
Figure 1. The single line diagram of power system under
algorithm based on a time domain phase comparator that
study
yields desirable results for inrush current condition and
only single phase to ground type of external fault. Ebadi
et al. [17] have designed a new REF relay based on
3. PROPOSED METHOD
artificial intelligence which is slower than conventional
method. They also employed time-frequency analysis to
A typical differential (operating) current of low-
create an effective supervision method for conventional
impedance REF relays is given by Equation (1):
REF relays [18].
Based on above descriptions, more efforts must be 𝐼𝑑 = (𝐼𝑎 + 𝐼𝑏 + 𝐼𝑐 ) − 𝐼𝑛 = 𝐼𝑠𝑢𝑚 − 𝐼𝑛 (1)
done to tackle this issue. In this paper, a new algorithm is
where 𝐼𝑎 , 𝐼𝑏 and 𝐼𝑐 denote phase currents, and 𝐼𝑛 is the
proposed that significantly improves the REF protection
neutral current. 𝐼𝑠𝑢𝑚 Indicates the sum of phase currents
immunity during external faults. Furthermore, during an
that is called “residual current”.
internal fault event, the neutral current vector is in
Figure 2(a) shows that the neutral and residual
opposite direction of the residual current vector. On the
currents flow in the same direction (according to the
other hand, they have the same direction during an
assumed direction of the currents) during external fault.
external fault event. So, the magnitude of differential
Thus, the magnitude of differential current vector can be
vector of these two currents is calculated using different
calculated using Equation (2):
formulas for internal and external faults. In this study,
four different conditions are defined based on the |𝐼𝑑 | = ||𝐼𝑠𝑢𝑚 | − |𝐼𝑛 || (2)
calculated differential current vector. The proposed REF
protection scheme issues the trip signal when all defined On the other hand, the neutral and residual currents
conditions are simultaneously satisfied. The logic behind flow in opposite direction during internal fault as can be
the algorithm is very simple and it can be easily seen in Figure 2(b). Thus, according to expression
implemented in practical applications. Moreover, it is Equation (3), the magnitude of differential current vector
very fast to detect internal faults. is equal to the sum of magnitudes of the neutral and
The rest of this paper is organized as follows: In residual current vectors, in this case. It must be noted that
section 2, the test study is introduced. Section 3 presents if the circuit of faulty side of power transformer is opened
the proposed method. Simulation results are presented in and it is energized from other side, the magnitude of
section 4. Finally, the conclusion is made at the end of differential current will be equal to neutral current (see
the paper in section 5. Figure 3(c)).
|Id | = |Isum | + |In | (3)

2. TEST STUDY From the comparison of expressions Equations (2)

and (3), it can be concluded that the following constrains
For performance evaluation of the proposed method in are met only in internal fault condition. Thus, these
internal and external fault events, a part of the Iranian constraints can be used to detect internal fault from
high voltage substation depicted in Figure 1 is simulated external fault.
using PSCAD/EMTDC software package. This 50 Hz |Id | > |Isum | and |Id | ≥ |In | (4)
power system includes a 230/63 kV power transformer
with nominal power of 160 MVA, a grounding Therefore, to diagnose an abnormal condition that
transformer and CTs with turns ratios of 600:1 and may origin from an internal ground fault, the differential
2000:1 installed at the Y and ∆ sides of the power and neutral currents can be compared to predetermined
transformer, respectively. More details about the power threshold values as follow expression. Then, the internal
system under study have been presented by Ebadi et al. ground fault can be detected using Equation (4).
[18]. It is notable that the precise Jiles–Atherton model is Consequently, the new detection mechanism of REF
applied to simulate CTs. The parameters of Jiles– relay is designed as shown in Figure 3.
Atherton model according to magnetization
|Id | ≥ IdTH and |In | ≥ InTH (5)
characteristics of CTs can be found in literature [19].
2072 A. Ebadi et al. / IJE TRANSACTIONS C: Aspects Vol. 34, No. 9, (September 2021) 2070-2076

applying these settings, a strict evaluation of the

ia+ib+ic in proposed method performance is achieved. Then, the
Fault detection accuracy of the proposed method is evaluated
CT CT
Bus
for a wide range of internal and external fault events in
IN comparison with the conventional method and an
Isum intelligent method [17]. It must be noted that two
(a) methods are simulated using MATLAB program but
there is no interface between this program and PSCAD.
Fault Furthermore, MATLAB processes only saved simulation
ia+ib+ic in data obtianed using PSCAD.
CT CT
4. 1. Performance Evaluation during Some Sample
Bus IN Isum
Fault Events In this subsection, three different fault
scenarios are considered to study the performance of the
(b) proposed and conventional methods. The first scenario is
a severe double line to ground external fault with zero
Fault fault resistance which occurs on the ∆ side of the power
ia+ib+ic=0 in transformer at time=100 ms, while it is connected to the
CT CT voltage source from the Y side and supplies a full-load
Bus IN Isum=0 power. The second scenario is a severe single line to
Real Direction ground internal fault with zero fault resistance which
Assumed Direction occurs on the Y side terminal of the power transformer at
(c) time=100 ms. The third scenario is a light internal fault
Figure 2. The Y side of power transformer during external similar to second scenario with 3 kΩ of fault resistance.
fault (a), internal fault with non-zero phase currents (b) and Also, the voltage source and load of two last scenarios
internal fault with zero phase currents (c) are similar as the first scenario.
Figure 4 shows that despite that the differential
current is zero during the external fault assuming use of
unsaturable (ideal) CTs; however, a high magnitude
Star
t
spurious differential current appears using real CTs.
Thus, according to Figure 5, the current trajectory
calculated based on the conventional method inserts into
operation region (see Figure 5) and it maloperates 47.8
Internal ms after fault inception, but the new method remains
Receiving
Fault
CTs Current stable (see Figure 6)
Yes The differential current for the severe internal fault is
No No depicted in Figure 7. It is seen that the differential current
|𝐼𝑛 | ≥ 𝐼𝑛𝑇𝐻 |𝐼𝑑 | ≥ |𝐼𝑛 | waveform obtained from real CTs is deeply distorted as
compared to real CTs. According to Figure 8, the current
Yes Yes trajectory of the conventional method inserts quickly into
No No |𝐼𝑑 | > |𝐼𝑠𝑢𝑚 |
|𝐼𝑑 | ≥ 𝐼𝑑𝑇𝐻

0
Yes
Figure 3. The proposed algorithm for detecting internal -2
ground fault from external faults
-4
id (t)

4. SIMULATION RESULTS
-6
In this section, initially, the performance of the proposed
method is compared to a conventional method with -8
With Satuarable CTs
recommended setting [20] for a number of fault events. It With Ideal CTs
must be noted, IdTH is set to 10% which is the minimum -10
100 150 200 250 300
value for differential current in REF relay setting [20]. Time (ms)
Also, 1% as a very small value is chosen for InTH . By Figure 4. Differential current during the external fault
 A. Ebadi et al. / IJE TRANSACTIONS C: Aspects Vol. 34, No. 9, (September 2021) 2070-2076 2073

35
4

Differential Current (PU)

30
Differential Current (PU)

Operation Region 25
3
20 Operation Region

2 15
10
1 5
0
0 0 5 10 15
2 3 0 4 1 Restrain Current (PU)
Restraint Current (PU)
Figure 5. Caculated current trajectory for the external fault Figure 8. Calculated current trajectory for the severe internal
based on the conventional method fault based on the conventional method

New Method 1 New Method

Conventional Method Conventional Method
0.8
1
Trip Signal

Trip Signal
0.6

Fault 0.4 Fault 101.9 ms

0.5 147.8 ms
0.2

0 0
150 0
200 250 50
300 100 9580 100 105 85 11090
Time (ms) Time (ms)
Figure 6. Trip signals of the proposed and conventional Figure 9. Trip signals of the proposed and conventional
methods for the external fault methods for the severe internal fault

With Saturable CTs

conventional method inserts into the operation region.
60
With Ideal CTs
The time taken by the conventional and the new method
for detection of the fault is 17 ms (see Figure 12) that is
40 still less than one cycle.
id (t)

20 4. 2. A Comprehensive Comparative Accuracy

Assessment To obtain a comprehensive and
0 comparative assessment of the proposed method

-20
0.15
100 150 200 250 300
Time (ms) 0.1
Figure 7. Differential current during the severe internal fault
0.05
id (t)

0
the operation without any issue. The conventional
method needs only 1.9 ms to detect the fault, exactly -0.05
similar to new method (see Figure 9). It means that the
fault detection time is less than one cycle, for this severe -0.1
fault case.
Figure 10 indicates the differential current during the 100 150 200 250 300
light internal fault. As can be seen in Figure 11, the Time (ms)
current trajectory computed based on the modeled Figure 10. Differential current during the light internal fault
2074 A. Ebadi et al. / IJE TRANSACTIONS C: Aspects Vol. 34, No. 9, (September 2021) 2070-2076

Besides, 880 cases of external faults are simulated by

0.15 considering a large number of single line-to-ground
Differential Current (PU)

Operation faults, line-to-line faults, double line-to-ground faults and

Region
three-phase faults. In order to precisely evaluate the
0.1 proposed method performance, very severe faults are
simulated by considering low values for fault resistances.
On the other hand, external faults can be categorized into
0.05
two scenarios. In the first scenario, the faults occur on the
Y side (F3) while the voltage source is connected to the
∆ winding of the power transformer at full load condition.
0
0.4 0
0.6 0.2 0.8 1 In the next scenario, the faults occur on the ∆ side (F4)
Restrain Current (PU) while the power transformer is fully loaded and the Y
Figure 11. Calculated current trajectory for the light internal winding is connected to the voltage supply. It is worth
fault based on the conventional method noting that various values for fault inception time and
residual flux of CTs are considered in the simulations,
like as internal fault cases.
1 Based on obtained results from simulated test case in
the PSCAD/EMTDC software, three mentioned methods
0.8 New Method have been implemented and evaluated in the MATLAB
Trip Signal

Conventional Method environment. As given in Tabel 1, it can be seen that all

0.6 internal faults have been detected by three methods
without any issue. However, the conventional and
0.4
Fault
117 ms intelligent methods could not remain stable during 203
0.2 and 13 external fault cases, respectively. Besides, the
proposed method has maloperation for only 9 external
0 faults. It means that the proposed method with total
80140 100
160 180 120 200 accuracy of 99.53% has the best performance compared
Time (ms) to the conventional and intelligent methods with
Figure 12. Trip signals of the proposed and conventional accuracy of 88.1% and 99.32%, respectively. It can be
methods for the light internal fault concluded that that the high accuracy of the proposed
method as well as its simplicity make it possible for
detection accuracy, its performance is evaluated for a practical implementation.
wide range of internal and external faults in comparison
with the conventional method [20] and the intelligent
method [17]. TABLE 1. Comparison results of different methods
To simulate internal fault events, voltage source is # of # of
Total
misoperation for maloperation
connected to the Y winding of power transformer under Method Accuracy
1053 cases of for 880 cases of
study and it supplies full-load power. For fault locations, (%)
internal fault external fault
10 points on the one phase of Y winding and 11 points on
Conventional
the one phase of ∆ winding are chosen. These 10 points Method [20]
0 203 88.10
is placed at distances equal to 0%, 10%, …, 90% of
winding length from the terminal end. Also, the Intelligent
0 13 99.32
Method [17]
mentioned 11 points are distributed uniformly on the
winding so that the first is at the middle of the winding Proposed
0 9 99.53
and the last is at the end of winding connecting to the Method
output terminal. Besides, three different values are
considered for the fault resistance. The lowest value is 0
Ω, the highest is set so that to obtain the lightest fault 5. CONCLUSION
which is detectable by the conventional method (𝐼𝑑 =10
%) and the third value is set to a value between them. A restricted earth fault relay may maloperate during
Also, to take into account the fault inception angle severe external fault events due to CT saturation. To
effects, 11 points distributed uniformly over a cycle are tackle this issue, this paper presents a new simple
chosen as fault occurrence time. On the other hand, the algorithm which has high stability in such situation. To
remnant flux of CTs are selected from -85%, 0% and evaluate the proposed protection scheme performance, a
+85% of rated flux. All in all, 1053 internal ground fault real power system has been simulated using
cases are simulated for this part of study. PSCAD/EMTDC program considering a huge number of
 A. Ebadi et al. / IJE TRANSACTIONS C: Aspects Vol. 34, No. 9, (September 2021) 2070-2076 2075

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‫‪Persian Abstract‬‬
‫چکیده‬
‫حفاظت خطای زمین محدود شده برای آشکارسازی خطاهای داخلی زمین ترانسفورماتور قدرت بکارگرفته میشود بطوریکه جهت این کار از حفاظت اصلی دیفرانسیل حساستر‬
‫می باشد‪ .‬با این حال‪ ،‬رله خطای زمین محدود شده ممکن است بدلیل اشباع ترانسفورماتورهای جریان حین خطای خارجی عملکرد کاذب داشته باشد‪ .‬در این مقاله‪ ،‬یک الگوریتم‬
‫ساده برای این طرح حفاظتی پیشنهاد میگردد که بر پایه چهار شرط اساسی استوار میباشد‪ .‬این شرایط بر مبنای جریانهای دیفرانسیل‪ ،‬نول و مجموع جریان فازها تعریف‬
‫می گردند‪ .‬هنگامیکه این شرایط بطور همزمان برقرارند‪ ،‬بمعنای خطای داخلی زمین میباشد‪ .‬این الگوریتم در محیط نرمافزار ‪ MATLAB‬پیادهسازی و ارزیابی شده و برای‬
‫این کار از نتایج شبیهسازی یک سیستم قدرت واقعی در نرمافزار ‪ PSCAD/EMTDC‬استفاده گردیده است‪ .‬مدل مشهور جیلز اثرتون برای شبیهسازی رفتار گذرای‬
‫ترانسفوورماتورهای جریان استفاده میشود‪ .‬نتایج حاصله امنیت باالی طرح پیشنهادی را تایید مینماید‪.‬‬