Chapter 4 Mathematical Functions,

Characters, and Strings

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
1
 Objectives
F To solve mathematics problems by using the methods in the Math class (§4.2).
F To represent characters using the char type (§4.3).
F To encode characters using ASCII and Unicode (§4.3.1).
F To represent special characters using the escape sequences (§4.4.2).
F To cast a numeric value to a character and cast a character to an integer (§4.3.3).
F To compare and test characters using the static methods in the Character class (§4.3.4).
F To introduce objects and instance methods (§4.4).
F To represent strings using the String objects (§4.4).
F To return the string length using the length() method (§4.4.1).
F To return a character in the string using the charAt(i) method (§4.4.2).
F To use the + operator to concatenate strings (§4.4.3).
F To read strings from the console (§4.4.4).
F To read a character from the console (§4.4.5).
F To compare strings using the equals method and the compareTo methods (§4.4.6).
F To obtain substrings (§4.4.7).
F To find a character or a substring in a string using the indexOf method (§4.4.8).
F To convert a hexadecimal character to a decimal value (HexDigit2Dec) (§4.5.2).
F To format output using the System.out.printf method (§4.6).

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
2
 Mathematical Functions
Java provides many useful methods in the Math
class for performing common mathematical
functions.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
3
 The Math Class
 Class constants:
PI
E
 Class methods:
– Trigonometric Methods
– Exponent Methods
– Rounding Methods
– min, max, abs, and random Methods

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
4
 Trigonometric Methods
 sin(double a) Examples:

 cos(double a)
Math.sin(0) returns 0.0
 tan(double a) Math.sin(Math.PI / 6)
returns 0.5
 acos(double a) Math.sin(Math.PI / 2)
returns 1.0
 asin(double a)
Math.cos(0) returns 1.0
 atan(double a) Math.cos(Math.PI / 6)
returns 0.866
Radians Math.cos(Math.PI / 2)
So Convert Degree to radians returns 0

toRadians(90)
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
5
 Exponent Methods
 exp(double a) Examples:
Returns e raised to the power of a.
Math.exp(1) returns 2.71
 log(double a)
Math.log(2.71) returns 1.0
Returns the natural logarithm of a.
Math.pow(2, 3) returns 8.0
 log10(double a) Math.pow(3, 2) returns 9.0
Returns the 10-based logarithm of Math.pow(3.5, 2.5) returns
a. 22.91765
Math.sqrt(4) returns 2.0
 pow(double a, double b)
Math.sqrt(10.5) returns 3.24
Returns a raised to the power of b.
 sqrt(double a)
Returns the square root of a.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
6
 Rounding Methods
 double ceil(double x)
x rounded up to its nearest integer. This integer is returned as a double
value.
 double floor(double x)
x is rounded down to its nearest integer. This integer is returned as a
double value.
 int round(float x)
Return (int)Math.floor(x+0.5).

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
7
 Rounding Methods Examples
Math.ceil(2.1) returns 3.0
Math.ceil(2.0) returns 2.0
Math.ceil(-2.0) returns –2.0
Math.ceil(-2.1) returns -2.0
Math.floor(2.1) returns 2.0
Math.floor(2.0) returns 2.0
Math.floor(-2.0) returns –2.0
Math.floor(-2.1) returns -3.0
Math.round(2.6f) returns 3
Math.round(-2.0f) returns -2

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
8
 min, max, and abs
 max(a, b)and min(a, b) Examples:
 Returns the maximum or
minimum of two parameters. Math.max(2, 3) returns 3
 abs(a) Math.max(2.5, 3) returns
 Returns the absolute value of 3.0
the parameter. Math.min(2.5, 3.6)
 random() returns 2.5
 Returns a random double Math.abs(-2) returns 2
value Math.abs(-2.1) returns
in the range [0.0, 1.0). 2.1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
9
 The random Method
Generates a random double value greater than or equal to 0.0 and less
than 1.0 (0 <= Math.random() < 1.0).

Examples:

Returns a random integer

(int)(Math.random() * 10)
between 0 and 9.

50 + (int)(Math.random() * 50) Returns a random integer

between 50 and 99.

In general,

a + Math.random() * b Returns a random number between

a and a + b, excluding a + b.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
10
 Character Data Type
Four hexadecimal digits.
char letter = 'A'; (ASCII)
char numChar = '4'; (ASCII)
char letter = '\u0041'; (Unicode)
char numChar = '\u0034'; (Unicode)

NOTE: The increment and decrement operators can also be used

on char variables to get the next or preceding Unicode character.
For example, the following statements display character b.
char ch = 'a';
System.out.println(++ch);
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
11
 ASCII Code for Commonly Used
Characters
Characters Code Value in Decimal Unicode Value

'0' to '9' 48 to 57 \u0030 to \u0039

'A' to 'Z' 65 to 90 \u0041 to \u005A
'a' to 'z' 97 to 122 \u0061 to \u007A

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
12
Escape Sequences for Special Characters

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
13
 Appendix B: ASCII Character Set
ASCII Character Set is a subset of the Unicode from \u0000 to \u007f

ASCII Code for letter A is 65

ASCII Code for letter a is 97
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
14
 Casting between char and
Numeric Types
int i = 'a'; // Same as int i = (int)'a';

char c = 97; // Same as char c = (char)97;

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
15
 Comparing and Testing
Characters
if (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z')
System.out.println(ch + " is an uppercase letter");
else if (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z')
System.out.println(ch + " is a lowercase letter");
else if (ch >= '0' && ch <= '9')
System.out.println(ch + " is a numeric character");

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
16
 Methods in the Character Class
isDigit(ch)
Method Returns true if the specified character
Description
is a digit.
isLetter(ch) Returns true if the specified character
is a letter.
.
isLowerCase(ch) Returns true if the specified character
is a lowercase letter.
isUpperCase(ch) Returns true if the specified character
is an uppercase letter.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
17
 The String Type
The char type only represents one character. To represent a string
of characters, use the data type called String. For example,

String message = "Welcome to Java";

String is actually a predefined class in the Java library just like the
System class and Scanner class. The String type is not a primitive
type. It is known as a reference type.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
18
Simple Methods for String Objects
length() Returns the number of characters in this string.
Method Description
charAt(index) Returns the character at the specified index from this string.
concat(s1) Returns a new string that concatenates this string with string s1.
toUpperCase() Returns a new string with all letters in uppercase.
toLowerCase() Returns a new string with all letters in lowercase.
trim() Returns a new string with whitespace characters trimmed on
both sides.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
19
Simple Methods for String Objects
The syntax to invoke an instance method is

referenceVariable.methodName(arguments).

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
20
 Getting String Length
String message = "Welcome to Java";
System.out.println("The length of " + message + " is "
+ message.length());

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
21
 Getting Characters from a String

String message = "Welcome to Java";

System.out.println("The first character in message is "
+ message.charAt(0));

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
22
 Converting Strings
"Welcome".toLowerCase() returns a new string, welcome.
"Welcome".toUpperCase() returns a new string,
WELCOME.
" Welcome ".trim() returns a new string, Welcome.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
23
 String Concatenation
String s3 = s1.concat(s2); or String s3 = s1 + s2;

// Three strings are concatenated

String message = "Welcome " + "to " + "Java";

// String Chapter is concatenated with number 2

String s = "Chapter" + 2; // s becomes Chapter2

// String Supplement is concatenated with character B

String s1 = "Supplement" + 'B'; // s1 becomes SupplementB

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
24
 Reading a String from the Console
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter three words separated by spaces: ");
String s1 = input.next();
String s2 = input.next();
String s3 = input.next();
System.out.println("s1 is " + s1);
System.out.println("s2 is " + s2);
System.out.println("s3 is " + s3);

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
25
 Reading a Character from the
Console
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter a character: ");
String s = input.nextLine();
char ch = s.charAt(0);
System.out.println("The character entered is " + ch);

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
26
 Comparing Strings
Method Description

equals(s1) Returns true if this string is equal to string s1 .

equalsIgnoreCase(s1) Returns true if this string is equal to string s1 ; it is case insensitive.
compareTo(s1) Returns an integer greater than 0 , equal to 0 , or less than 0 to indicate whether
this string is greater than, equal to, or less than s1 .
compareToIgnoreCase(s1) Same as compareTo except that the comparison is case insensitive.
startsWith(prefix) Returns true if this string starts with the specified prefix.
endsWith(suffix) Returns true if this string ends with the specified suffix.

OrderTwoCities Run

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
27
 Obtaining Substrings
Method Description

substring(beginIndex) Returns this string’s substring that begins with the character at the specified
beginIndex and extends to the end of the string, as shown in Figure 4.2.

substring(beginIndex, Returns this string’s substring that begins at the specified beginIndex and
endIndex) extends to the character at index endIndex – 1, as shown in Figure 9.6.
Note that the character at endIndex is not part of the substring.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
28
Finding a Character or a Substring
in a String
Method Description

indexOf(ch) Returns the index of the first occurrence of ch in the string. Returns -1 if not
matched.
indexOf(ch, fromIndex) Returns the index of the first occurrence of ch after fromIndex in the string.
Returns -1 if not matched.
indexOf(s) Returns the index of the first occurrence of string s in this string. Returns -1 if
not matched.
indexOf(s, fromIndex) Returns the index of the first occurrence of string s in this string after
fromIndex. Returns -1 if not matched.
lastIndexOf(ch) Returns the index of the last occurrence of ch in the string. Returns -1 if not
matched.
lastIndexOf(ch, Returns the index of the last occurrence of ch before fromIndex in this
fromIndex)
string. Returns -1 if not matched.
lastIndexOf(s)
Returns the index of the last occurrence of string s. Returns -1 if not matched.
lastIndexOf(s,
fromIndex) Returns the index of the last occurrence of string s before fromIndex.
Returns -1 if not matched.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
29
Finding a Character or a Substring
in a String
int k = s.indexOf(' ');
String firstName = s.substring(0, k);
String lastName = s.substring(k + 1);

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
30
 Conversion between Strings and
Numbers
int intValue = Integer.parseInt(intString);
double doubleValue = Double.parseDouble(doubleString);

String s = number + "";

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
31
 Formatting Output
Use the printf statement.
System.out.printf(format, items);
Where format is a string that may consist of substrings and
format specifiers. A format specifier specifies how an item
should be displayed. An item may be a numeric value,
character, boolean value, or a string. Each specifier begins
with a percent sign.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
32
 Frequently-Used Specifiers
Specifier Output Example
%b a boolean value true or false
%c a character 'a'
%d a decimal integer 200
%f a floating-point number 45.460000
%e a number in standard scientific notation 4.556000e+01
%s a string "Java is cool"

int count = 5;
items
double amount = 45.56;
System.out.printf("count is %d and amount is %f", count, amount);

display count is 5 and amount is 45.560000

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
33
 FormatDemo

The example gives a program that uses printf to display a

table.

FormatDemo Run

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
34