Introduction to .NET and .

NET Core Framework

.NET framework is developed by Microsoft, provides an environment to

run, debug and deploy code onto web services and applications by using
tools and functionalities like libraries, classes, and APIs. This framework
uses object-oriented programming .

You can use different languages like C#, Cobol, VB, F#, Perl, etc. for writing
.NET framework applications. This Framework supports services, websites,
desktop applications, and many more on Windows. It provides
functionalities such as generic types, automatic memory management,
reflection, concurrency, etc. These functionalities will help to make the
development easier and efficiently build high-quality web as well as client
applications.

.NET Core is a newer version of the .NET framework and it is a general-

purpose, cost-free, open-source development platform developed by
Microsoft. .NET Core is a cross-platform framework that runs an application
on different operating systems such as Windows, Linux, and macOS
operating systems. This framework can be used to develop various kinds of
applications like mobile, web, IoT, cloud, microservices, machine learning,
game, etc.

Characteristics of .NET Core:

 Free and open-source: .NET Core source code project can be

obtained from Github. It is free and licensed under the MIT and
Apache licenses.
 Cross-platform: .NET Core is supported by different operating
systems like Windows, macOS, and Linux.
 Sharable: A single consistent API model that is written in .NET
Standard will be used by .NET Core and is common for all the .NET
applications. The same library or API can be used on multiple
platforms with different languages.
 Friendly: The .NET Core is compatible with .NET Framework, Mono,
and Xamarin, through .NET Standard. It also supports working with
different Web frameworks and libraries such as Angular, React, and
JavaScript.
 Fast: .NET Core 3.0 is faster compared to the .NET Framework, .NET
Core 2.2 and previous versions. It is also much faster than other
server-side frameworks like Node.js and Java Servlet.

This article covers the most frequently asked .NET and .NET Core questions
asked in interviews.

We have classified them into the following sections:

  .NET Interview Questions: Freshers and Experienced
 .NET Core Interview Questions: Freshers and Experienced

.NET Interview Questions

1. How does the .NET framework work?

 .NET framework-based applications that are written in supportive

languages like C#, F#, or Visual basic are compiled to Common
Intermediate Language (CIL).
 Compiled code is stored in the form of an assembly file that has a .dll
or .exe file extension.
 When the .NET application runs, Common Language Runtime (CLR)
takes the assembly file and converts the CIL into machine code with
the help of the Just In Time(JIT) compiler.
 Now, this machine code can execute on the specific architecture of
the computer it is running on.
How .NET works?

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2. Explain about major components of the .NET framework.

The major components .NET framework are given below:

 Common Language Runtime(CLR):

o It is an execution engine that runs the code and provides
services that make the development process easier.
o Services provided by CLR are memory management, garbage
collection, type safety, exception handling, security, and thread
management. It also makes it easier for designing the
applications and components whose objects interact across the
languages.
o The programs written for the .NET Framework are executed by
the CLR regardless of programming language. Every .NET
Framework version is having CLR.
 Framework Class Library(FCL):
o It has pre-defined methods and properties to implement
common and complex functions that can be used by .NET
applications. It will also provide types for dates, strings,
numbers, etc.
o This class library includes APIs for database connection, file
reading and writing, drawing, etc.
 Base Class Library(BCL):
o The Base Class Library(BCL) has a huge collection of libraries
features and functions that are helpful in implementing various
programming languages such as C#, F#, Visual C++, etc., in
the .NET Framework.
o BCL is divided into two parts. They are:
 User-defined class library: It includes Assemblies.
 Assembly: A .NET assembly is considered as the
major building block of the .NET Framework. An
assembly in the CLI(Common Language
 Infrastructure) is a logical unit of code, which is used
for security, deployment, and versioning. Assembly
can be defined in two forms namely Dynamic Link
Library(.dll) and executable(.exe) files.
When compilation of the .NET program takes place,
metadata with Microsoft Intermediate
Language(MSIL) will be generated and will be stored
in a file called Assembly.
 Predefined class library: It contains namespace.
 Namespace: It is the collection of pre-defined
methods and classes that are present in the .Net
Framework. A namespace can be added to a .NET
program with the help of “using system”, where
using represents a keyword and system represents
a namespace.
 Common Type System(CTS):
o CTS specifies a standard that will mention which type of data
and value can be defined and managed in memory during
runtime.
o It will make sure that programming data defined in different
languages should interact with each other for sharing the
information. For example, in VB.NET we define datatype as
integer, while in C# we define int as a data type.
o It can be used to prevent data loss when you are trying to
transfer data from a type in one language to its equivalent type
in another language.
 Common Language Specification (CLS):
o Common Language Specification (CLS) is a subset of CTS and
defines a set of rules and regulations to be followed by
every .NET Framework’s language.
o A CLS will support inter-operability or cross-language
integration, which means it provides a common platform for
interacting and sharing information. For example, every
programming language(C#, F#, VB .Net, etc.) under the .NET
framework has its own syntax. So when statements belonging
to different languages get executed, a common platform will be
provided by the CLS to interact and share the information.
3. What is an EXE and a DLL?

EXE and DLLs are assembly executable modules.

EXE is an executable file that runs the application for which it is designed.
An EXE is produced when we build an application. Therefore the assemblies
are loaded directly when we run an EXE. However, an EXE cannot be shared
with the other applications.

Dynamic Link Library (DLL) is a library that consists of code that needs
to be hidden. The code is encapsulated inside this library. An application
can consist of many DLLs which can be shared with the other programs and
applications.

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4. What is CTS?

CTS stands for Common Type System. It follows a set of structured rules
according to which a data type should be declared and used in the program
code. It is used to describe all the data types that are going to be used in
the application.

We can create our own classes and functions by following the rules in the
CTS. It helps in calling the data type declared in one programming language
by other programming languages.

5. Explain CLS

Common Language Specification (CLS) helps the application developers

to use the components that are inter-language compatible with certain
rules that come with CLS. It also helps in reusing the code among all of
the .NET-compatible languages.

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6. What is JIT?

JIT stands for Just In Time. It is a compiler that converts the intermediate
code into the native language during the execution.

7. What is the difference between int and Int32?

There is no difference between int and Int32. Int32 is a type provided by

the .NET framework class whereas int is an alias name for Int32 in the C#
programming language.

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8. Explain the differences between value type and reference

type.

The main differences between value type and reference type are given
below:

 A Value Type holds the actual data directly within the memory
location and a reference type contains a pointer which consists of the
address of another memory location that holds the actual data.
  Value type stores its contents on the stack memory and reference
type stores its contents on the heap memory.
 Assigning a value type variable to another variable will copy the value
directly and assigning a reference variable to another doesn’t copy
the value, instead, it creates a second copy of the reference.
 Predefined data types, structures, enums are examples of value
types. Classes, Objects, Arrays, Indexers, Interfaces, etc are examples
of reference types.

9. What is the difference between managed and unmanaged

code?

The main difference between managed and unmanaged code is listed

below:

Managed Code Unmanaged Code

It is managed by CLR. It is not managed by CLR.
.NET framework is a must for Does not require a .NET framework for
execution. the execution.
Memory management is done Runtime environment takes care of
through garbage collection. memory management.

10. Explain Microsoft Intermediate Language

MSIL is the Microsoft Intermediate Language, which provides instructions

for calling methods, memory handling, storing and initializing values,
exception handling, and so on.

The instructions provided by MSIL are platform-independent and are

generated by the language-specific compiler from the source code. JIT
compiler compiles the MSIL into machine code based on the requirement.

11. What is an assembly?

An assembly is a file that is automatically generated by the compiler which

consists of a collection of types and resources that are built to work
together and form a logical unit of functionality. We can also say, assembly
is a compiled code and logical unit of code.

Assemblies are implemented in the form of executable (.exe) or dynamic

link library (.dll) files.

12. Is ASP.NET different from ASP? If yes, explain how?

Yes, ASP.NET and ASP(Active Server Pages) both are different. Let’s check
how they are different from each other.

 ASP.NET uses .NET languages such as C# and VB.NET, which are

compiled to Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL). ASP uses
VBScript. ASP code is interpreted during the execution.
 ASP.NET which is developed by Microsoft is used to create dynamic
web applications while ASP is Microsoft’s server-side technology used
to create web pages.
 ASP.NET is fully object-oriented but ASP is partially object-oriented.
 ASP.NET has full XML Support for easy data exchange whereas ASP
has no built-in support for XML.
 ASP.NET uses the ADO.NET technology to connect and work with
databases. ASP uses ADO technology.

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13. Explain role-based security in .NET

Role-based security is used to implement security measures in .NET, based

on the roles assigned to the users in the organization. In the organization,
authorization of users is done based on their roles.

For example, windows have role-based access like administrators, users,

and guests.

14. Explain the different types of assembly.

Assemblies are classified into 2 types. They are:

Private Assembly:

 It is accessible only to the application.

  We need to copy this private assembly, separately in all application
folders where we want to use that assembly. Without copying, we
cannot access the private assembly.
 It requires to be installed in the installation directory of the
application.

Shared or Public Assembly:

 It can be shared by multiple applications.

 Public assembly does not require copying separately into all
application folders. Only one copy of public assembly is required at
the system level, we can use the same copy by multiple applications.
 It is installed in the Global Assembly Cache(GAC).

15. What is the order of the events in a page life cycle?

There are eight events as given below that take place in an order to
successfully render a page:

 Page_PreInit
 Page_Init
 Page_InitComplete
 Page_PreLoad
 Page_Load
 Page_LoadComplete
 Page_PreRender
 Render

16. What is a garbage collector?

Garbage collector frees the unused code objects in the memory. The
memory heap is partitioned into 3 generations:

 Generation 0: It holds short-lived objects.

 Generation 1: It stores medium-lived objects.
 Generation 2: This is for long-lived objects.

Collection of garbage refers to checking for objects in the generations of

the managed heap that are no longer being used by the application. It also
performs the necessary operations to reclaim their memory. The garbage
collector must perform a collection in order to free some memory space.

During the garbage collection process:

 The list of live objects is recognized.

 References are updated for the compacted objects.
  The memory space occupied by dead objects is recollected. The
remaining objects are moved to an older segment.

System.GC.Collect() method is used to perform garbage collection in .NET.

17. What is caching?

Caching means storing the data temporarily in the memory so that the data
can be easily accessed from the memory by an application instead of
searching for it in the original location. It increases the speed and
performance efficiency of an application.

There are three types of caching:

 Page caching
 Data caching
 Fragment caching

18. Can we apply themes to ASP.NET applications?

Yes. By modifying the following code in the web.config file, we can apply
themes to ASP.NET applications:

<configuration>
<system.web>
<pages theme="windows"/>
</system.web>
</configuration>

19. Explain MVC.

MVC stands for Model View Controller. It is an architecture to build .NET

applications. Following are three main logical components of MVC: the
model, the view, and the controller.

Components of MVC

Model: They hold data and its related logic. It handles the object storage
and retrieval from the databases for an application. For example:
A Controller object will retrieve the employee information from the
database.
It manipulates employee data and sends back to the database or uses it to
render the same data.
View: View handles the UI part of an application. They get the information
from the models for their display. For example, any employee view will
include many components like text boxes, dropdowns, etc.

Controller: They handle the user interactions, figure out the responses for
the user input and also render the final output. For instance, the Employee
controller will handle all the interactions and inputs from the Employee
View and update the database using the Employee Model.

20. What is cross-page posting?

Whenever we click on a submit button on a webpage, the data is stored on

the same page. But if the data is stored on a different page and linked to
the current one, then it is known as a cross-page posting. Cross-page
posting is achieved by POSTBACKURL property.

To get the values that are posted on this page to which the page has been
posted, the FindControl method can be used.

21. What is a delegate in .NET?

A delegate is a .NET object which defines a method signature and it can

pass a function as a parameter.

Delegate always points to a method that matches its specific signature.

Users can encapsulate the reference of a method in a delegate object.

When we pass the delegate object in a program, it will call the referenced
method. To create a custom event in a class, we can make use of delegate.

22. What are security controls available on ASP.NET?

Following are the five security controls available on ASP.NET:

 <asp: Login> Provides a login capability that enables the users to enter
their credentials with ID and password fields.
 <asp: LoginName> Used to display the user name who has logged-in.
 <asp: LoginView> Provides a variety of views depending on the template
that has been selected.
 <asp: LoginStatus> Used to check whether the user is authenticated or
not.
 <asp: PasswordRecovery> Sends an email to a user while resetting the
password.

23. What is boxing and unboxing in .NET?

Boxing is the process of converting a value type into a reference type
directly. Boxing is implicit.

Unboxing is the process where reference type is converted back into a

value type. Unboxing is explicit.

An example is given below to demonstrate boxing and unboxing operations:

int a = 10; // a value type

object o = a; // boxing
int b = (int)o; // unboxing

24. What is MIME in .NET?

MIME stands for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions. It is the extension of

the e-mail protocol which lets users use the protocol to exchange files over
emails easily.

Servers insert the MIME header at the beginning of the web transmission to
denote that it is a MIME transaction.

Then the clients use this header to select an appropriate ‘player’ for the
type of data that the header indicates. Some of these players are built into
the web browser.

25. What is the use of manifest in the .NET framework?

Manifest stores the metadata of the assembly. It contains metadata which

is required for many things as given below:

 Assembly version information.

 Scope checking of the assembly.
 Reference validation to classes.
 Security identification.

26. Explain different types of cookies available in ASP.NET?

Two types of cookies are available in ASP.NET. They are:

 Session Cookie: It resides on the client machine for a single session

and is valid until the user logs out.
 Persistent Cookie: It resides on the user machine for a period
specified for its expiry. It may be an hour, a day, a month, or never.

27. What is the meaning of CAS in .NET?

Code Access Security(CAS) is necessary to prevent unauthorized access to
programs and resources in the runtime. It is designed to solve the issues
faced when obtaining code from external sources, which may contain bugs
and vulnerabilities that make the user’s system vulnerable.

CAS gives limited access to code to perform only certain operations instead
of providing all at a given point in time. CAS constructs a part of the
native .NET security architecture.

28. What is the appSettings section in the web.config file?

We can use the appSettings block in the web.config file, if we want to set
the user-defined values for the whole application. Example code given
below will make use of ConnectionString for the database connection
throughout the project:

<em>
<configuration>
<appSettings>
<add key= "ConnectionString" value="server=local; pwd=password;
database=default" />
</appSettings>
</configuration>
</em>

29. What is the difference between an abstract class and an

interface?

The main difference between an abstract class and an interface are listed
below:

Abstract Class Interface

Used to declare properties, events, methods, Fields cannot be declared
and fields as well. using interfaces.
Provides the partial implementation of Used to declare the
functionalities that must be implemented by behavior of an
inheriting classes. implementing class.
Different kinds of access modifiers like private, Only public access modifier
public, protected, etc. are supported. is supported.
It does not contain static
It can contain static members.
members.
Multiple inheritances are
Multiple inheritances cannot be achieved.
achieved.

30. What are the types of memories supported in the .NET

framework?
Two types of memories are present in .NET. They are:

Stack: Stack is a stored-value type that keeps track of each executing

thread and its location. It is used for static memory allocation.

Heap: Heap is a stored reference type that keeps track of the more precise
objects or data. It is used for dynamic memory allocation.

31. Explain localization and globalization.

Localization is the process of customizing our application to behave as per

the current culture and locale.

Globalization is the process of designing the application so that it can be

used by users from across the globe by supporting multiple languages.

32. What are the parameters that control the connection

pooling behaviors?

There are 4 parameters that control the connection pooling behaviours.

They are:

 Connect Timeout
 Min Pool Size
 Max Pool Size
 Pooling

33. What are MDI and SDI?

MDI (Multiple Document Interface): An MDI allows you to open multiple

windows, it will have one parent window and as many child windows. The
components are shared from the parent window like toolbar, menubar, etc.

SDI (Single Document Interface): SDI opens each document in a

separate window. Each window has its own components like a toolbar,
menubar, etc. Therefore it is not constrained to the parent window.

34. Explain the different parts of an Assembly.

The different parts of an assembly are:

The different parts of an assembly are:
  Manifest – Every static or dynamic assembly holds a data collection
that gives details about how the elements in the assembly relate to
each other. An assembly manifest consists of complete metadata
required to specify version requirements and security identity of an
assembly, and also the metadata required for defining the assembly
scope and resolving references to classes and resources.
The assembly manifest will be stored in either a standalone
PE(Portable Executable) file that holds only assembly manifest
information, or in a PE file (a .exe or .dll) with MSIL(Microsoft
intermediate language) code.
 Type Metadata – Metadata gives you additional information such as
types, type names, method names, etc about the contents of an
assembly. Metadata will be automatically generated by the Compilers
from the source files and the compiler will embed this metadata
within target output files like .exe, .dll, or a .netmodule(in the case of
multi-module assembly).
 MSIL – Microsoft Intermediate Language(MSIL) is a code that
implements the types. It includes instructions to load, store, initialize,
and call the methods on objects. Along with this, it also includes
instructions for control flow, direct memory access, arithmetic and
logical operations, exception handling, etc. This is generated by the
compiler using one or more source code files. During the runtime, the
JIT(Just In Time) compiler of CLR(Common Language Runtime)
converts the MSIL code into native code to the Operating System.
 Resources – Resources can be a list of related files such as .bmp
or .jpg files. These resources are static, which means they do not
change during run time. Resources are not executable items.

.NET Core Interview Questions

1. What are Universal Windows Platform(UWP) Apps in .Net
Core?

Universal Windows Platform(UWP) is one of the methods used to create

client applications for Windows. UWP apps will make use of WinRT APIs for
providing powerful UI as well as features of advanced asynchronous that
are ideal for devices with internet connections.

Features of UWP apps:

 Secure: UWP apps will specify which resources of device and data are
accessed by them.
 It is possible to use a common API on all devices(that run on Windows
10).
  It enables us to use the specific capabilities of the device and adapt
the user interface(UI) to different device screen sizes, DPI(Dots Per
Inches), and resolutions.
 It is available on the Microsoft Store on all or specified devices that
run on Windows 10.
 We can install and uninstall these apps without any risk to the
machine/incurring “machine rot”.
 Engaging: It uses live tiles, user activities, and push notifications, that
interact with the Timeline of Windows as well as with Cortana’s Pick
Up Where I Left Off, for engaging users.
 It can be programmable in C++, C#, Javascript, and Visual Basic. For
UI, you can make use of WinUI, HTML, XAML, or DirectX.

2. Write a program to calculate the addition of two

numbers.

The steps are as follows:

1. You need to create a new ASP.NET Core Project “CalculateSum”. Open

Visual Studio 2015, goto File–> New–> Project. Select the option Web in
Left Pane and go for the option ASP.NET Core Web Application (.NET
Core) under the central pane. Edit the project name as “CalculateSum” and
click on OK.

2. In the template window, select Web Application and set the

Authentication into “No Authentication” and click on OK.

3. Open “Solution Explorer” and right-click on the folder “Home” (It is Under
Views), then click on Add New Item. You need to select MVC View Page
Template under ASP.NET Section and rename it as “addition.cshtml” and
then click on the Add button.

4. Open addition.cshtml and write the following code:

@{
ViewBag.Title = "Addition Page";
}

<h1>Welcome to Addition Page</h1>

<form asp-controller="Home" asp-action="add" method="post">

<span>Enter First Number : </span> <input id="Text1" type="text"

name="txtFirstNum" /> <br /><br />
<span>Enter Second Number : </span> <input id="Text2" type="text"
name="txtSecondNum" /> <br /><br />
<input id="Submit1" type="submit" value="Add" />
</form>
<h2>@ViewBag.Result</h2>

Here, we have created a simple form that is having two text boxes and a
single Add Button. The text boxes are named
as txtFirstNum and txtSecondNum. On the controller page, we can access these
textboxes using:
<form asp-controller="Home" asp-action="add" method="post">

This form will indicate all the submissions will be moved to HomeController
and the method add action will be executed.

5. Open the HomeController.cs and write the following code onto it:

using System;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;

namespace CalculateSum.Controllers
{
public class HomeController : Controller
{
public IActionResult Index()
{
return View();
}

public IActionResult About()

{
ViewData["Message"] = "Application description page.";
return View();
}

public IActionResult Contact()

{
ViewData["Message"] = "Contact page.";
return View();
}

public IActionResult Error()

{
return View();
}

public IActionResult addition()

{
return View();
}

[HttpPost]
public IActionResult add()
{
int number1 =
Convert.ToInt32(HttpContext.Request.Form["txtFirstNum"].ToString());
 int number2 =
Convert.ToInt32(HttpContext.Request.Form["txtSecondNum"].ToString());
int res = number1 + number2;
ViewBag.Result = res.ToString();
return View("addition");
}
}
}

In this program, we have added two IAction Methods addition() and add().
Addition() method will return the addition view page and add() method
obtains input from the browser, processes it, and results will be kept in
ViewBag.Result and then returned to the browser.

Now, press Ctrl+F5 for running your program. This will launch
an ASP.NET Core website into the browser. Add /Home/addition at the end of
the link and then hit on enter. The output format is given below:

Conclusion
The .NET is a full-stack software development framework, which is
essentially used to build large enterprise-scale and scalable software
applications. The .NET framework has wide scope in the market. It is a
flexible and user-friendly framework, that goes well along with other
technologies.

The .NET Core was developed in response to the surge in Java popularity.
The .NET Core is normally used in low-risk projects. Some of the .NET
components can be used in .NET core applications (but not the other way
around). This article mainly concentrates on the framework concepts of .Net
and .NET Core. We are sure that it would give you sufficient information and
a fair knowledge of the common questions that will be asked during an
interview.

Useful Resources:

.Net Developer: Career Guide

ASP. NET Interview

C# Interview

3. Explain about .NET Core Components.

The .NET Core Framework is composed of the following components:

  CLI Tools: Command Line Interface(CLI) tools is a cross-platform tool
for developing, building, executing, restoring packages, and
publishing. It is also capable of building Console applications and
class libraries that can run on the entire .NET framework. It is
installed along with .NET Core SDK for the selected platforms. So it
does not require separate installation on the development machine.
We can verify for the proper CLI installation by typing dotnet on the
command prompt of Windows and then pressing Enter. If usage and
help-related texts are displayed, then we can conclude that CLI is
installed properly.
 Roslyn(.NET Compiler platform): It is a set of an open-source
language compiler and also has code analysis API for the C# and
Visual Basic (VB.NET) programming languages. Roslyn exposes
modules for dynamic compilation to Common Intermediate
Language(CLI), syntactic (lexical) and semantic code analysis, and
also code emission.
 CoreFX: CoreFX is a set of framework libraries. It consists of the new
BCL(Base Class Library) i.e. System.* things
like System.Xml, System.Collections, etc.
 CoreCLR: A JIT(Just In Time) based CLR (Command Language
Runtime). CoreCLR is the runtime implementation that runs on cross-
platform and has the GC, RyuJIT, native interop, etc.

4. What is middleware in .NET core?

 Middleware is software assembled into an application pipeline for

request and response handling. Each component will choose whether
the request should be passed to the next component within the
pipeline, also it can carry out work before and after the next
component within the pipeline.
 For example, we can have a middleware component for user
authentication, another middleware for handling errors, and one more
middleware for serving static files like JavaScript files, images, CSS
files, etc.
 It can be built-in into the .NET Core framework, which can be added
through NuGet packages. These middleware components are built as
part of the configure method’s application startup class. In
the ASP.NET Core application, these Configure methods will set up a
request processing pipeline. It contains a sequence of request
delegates that are called one after another.
 Normally, each middleware will handle the incoming requests and
passes the response to the next middleware for processing. A
middleware component can take the decision of not calling the next
middleware in the pipeline. This process is known as short-circuiting
the pipeline or terminating the request pipeline. This process is very
helpful as it avoids unnecessary work. For example, if the request is
made for a static file such as a CSS file, image, or JavaScript file, etc.,
these static files middleware can process and serve the request and
thus short-circuit the remaining pipeline.
Here, there are three middlewares are associated with an ASP.NET Core
web application. They can be either middleware provided by the framework,
added through NuGet, or your own custom middleware. The HTTP request
will be added or modified by each middleware and control will be optionally
passed to the next middleware and a final response will be generated on
the execution of all middleware components.

5. Differentiate .NET Core vs .NET framework.

Features .NET Core .NET framework

Compatibility This framework is
It works based on the principle of compatible with the
“build once, run anywhere”. It is Windows operating
cross-platform, so it is compatible system only. Even though,
with different operating systems it was developed for
such as Linux, Windows, and Mac supporting software and
OS. applications on all
operating systems.
Installation Since it is cross-platform, it is It is installed in the form of
packaged and installed a single package for
independently of the OS. Windows OS.
Application It is used for developing
Models It does not support developing the both desktop and web
desktop application and it focuses applications, along with
mainly on the windows mobile, that it also supports
web, and windows store. windows forms and WPF
applications.
Performance It is less effective
and compared to .Net Core in
It provides high performance and
Scalability terms of performance as
scalability.
well as scalability of
applications.
Support for It does not support the
Micro- It supports developing and microservices’
Services and implementing the micro-services development and
REST and the user is required to create implementation, but it
Services a REST API for its implementation. supports REST API
services.
Packaging All the libraries that
and Shipping It is shipped as a collection of belong to the .Net
Nugget packages. Framework are packaged
and shipped all at once.
Android It is compatible with open-source It does not support the
Development mobile app platforms like development of mobile
Xamarin, via .NET Standard applications.
Features .NET Core .NET framework
Library. Developers can make use
of tools of Xamarin for configuring
the mobile application for
particular mobile devices like
Android, iOS, and Windows
phones.
CLI Tools This framework is heavy
For all supported platforms, it for CLI(Command Line
provides lightweight editors along Interface) and developers
with command-line tools. usually prefer to work on
the lightweight CLI.
Deployment Updated version of the .NET Core
Model gets initiated on one machine at a
time, which means it gets updated When the updated version
in new folders/directories in the is released, it is deployed
existing application without only on the Internet
affecting it. Thus, we can say Information Server at first.
that .NET Core has a very good
flexible deployment model.

6. Explain Explicit Compilation (Ahead Of Time compilation).

 Ahead-of-time(AOT) compilation is the process of compiling a high-

level language into a low-level language during build-time, i.e., before
program execution. AOT compilation reduces the workload during run
time.
 AOT provides faster start-up time, in larger applications where most
of the code executes on startup. But it needs more amount of disk
space and memory or virtual address space to hold both
IL(Intermediate Language) and precompiled images. In this case, the
JIT(Just In Time) Compiler will do a lot of work like disk I/O actions,
which are expensive.
 The explicit compilation will convert the upper-level language into
object code on the execution of the program. Ahead of time(AOT)
compilers are designed for ensuring whether the CPU will understand
line-by-line code before doing any interaction with it.
 Ahead-of-Time (AOT) compilation happens only once during build time
and it does not require shipping the HTML templates and the Angular
compiler into the bundle. The source code generated can begin
running immediately after it has been downloaded into the browser,
earlier steps are not required. The AOT compilation will turn the HTML
template into the runnable code fragment. AOT will analyze and
compile our templates statically during build time.
Benefits of AOT Compilation:

 Application size is smaller because the Compiler itself isn’t shipped

and unused features can be removed.
 Template the parse errors that are detected previously(during build
time)
 Security is high (not required to dynamically evaluate templates)
 Rendering of a component is faster (pre-compiled templates)
 For AOT compilation, some tools are required to accomplish it
automatically in the build process.

7. What is MEF?

The MEF(Managed Extensibility Framework) is a library that is useful for

developing extensible and lightweight applications. It permits application
developers for using extensions without the need for configuration. It also
allows extension developers for easier code encapsulation and thus
avoiding fragile hard dependencies. MEF will let you reuse the extensions
within applications, as well as across the applications. It is an integral part
of the .NET Framework 4. It improves the maintainability, flexibility, and
testability of large applications.

8. In what situations .NET Core and .NET Standard Class

Library project types will be used?

.NET Core library is used if there is a requirement to increase the surface

area of the .NET API which your library will access, and permit only
applications of .NET Core to be compatible with your library if you are okay
with it.

.NET Standard library will be used in case you need to increase the count
of applications that are compatible with your library and reduce surface
area(a piece of code that a user can interact with) of the .NET API which
your library can access if you are okay with it.

9. What is CoreRT?

 CoreRT is the native runtime for the compilation of .NET natively

ahead of time and it is a part of the new .NET Native (as announced in
April 2014).
 It is not a virtual machine and it does not have the facility of
generating and running the code on the fly as it doesn’t include a JIT.
It has the ability for RTTI(run-time type identification) and reflection,
along with that it has GC(Garbage Collector).
  The type system of the CoreRT is designed in such a way that
metadata for reflection is not at all required. This feature enables to
have an AOT toolchain that can link away unused metadata and can
identify unused application code.

10. What is .NET Core SDK?

.NET Core SDK is a set of tools and libraries that allows the developer to
create a .NET application and library for .NET 5 (also .NET Core) and later
versions. It includes the .NET CLI for building applications, .NET libraries and
runtime for the purpose of building and running apps, and the
dotnet.exe(dotnet executable) that runs CLI commands and runs an
application. Here's the link to download.

11. What is Docker?

 Docker is an open-source platform for the development of

applications, and also for shipping and running them. It allows for
separating the application from the infrastructure using containers so
that software can be delivered quickly. With Docker, you will be able
to manage the infrastructure in the same ways you used to manage
your applications.
 It supports shipping, testing, and deploying application code quickly,
thus reducing the delay between code writing and running it in
production.
 The Docker platform provides the ability of packaging and application
execution in a loosely isolated environment namely container. The
isolation and security permit you for running multiple containers at
the same time on a given host. Containers are lightweight and they
include every necessary thing required for running an application, so
you need not depend on what is currently installed within the host.

12. What is Xamarin?

 Xamarin is an open-source platform useful in developing a modern

and efficient application for iOS, Android, and Windows with .NET. It is
an abstraction layer used to manage the communication of shared
code with fundamental platform code.
 Xamarin runs in a managed environment that gives benefits like
garbage collection and memory allocation.
 Developers can share about 90% of their applications over platforms
using Xamarin. This pattern permits developers for writing entire
business logic in a single language (or reusing existing app code) but
accomplish native performance, look and feel on each platform. The
Xamarin applications can be written on Mac or PC and then they will
 be compiled into native application packages, like a .ipa file on iOS, or
.apk file on Android.

13. How can you differentiate ASP.NET Core from .NET

Core?

.NET Core is a runtime and is used for the execution of an application that is
built for it. Whereas ASP.NET Core is a collection of libraries that will form a
framework for developing web applications. ASP.NET Core libraries can be
used on .NET Core as well as on the “Full .NET Framework”.

An application using the tools and libraries of ASP.NET Core is normally

referred to as “ASP.NET Core Application”, which in theory doesn’t say
whether it is built for .NET Framework or .NET Core. So an application of
“ASP.NET Core” can be considered as a “.NET Core Application” or a “.NET
Framework Application”.

14. What is MSBuild in the .NET Core?

MSBuild is the free and open-source development platform for Visual Studio
and Microsoft. It is a build tool that is helpful in automating the software
product creation process, along with source code compilation, packaging,
testing, deployment, and documentation creation. Using MSBuild, we can
build Visual Studio projects and solutions without the need of installing the
Visual Studio IDE.

In the Universal Windows Platform(UWP) app, if you open the folder named
project, you will get to see both files namely project.json and *.csproj. But if
you open our previous Console application in .NET Core, you will get to
see project.json and *.xproj files.

15. Whether ‘debug’ and ‘trace’ are the same?

No. The Trace class is used for debugging as well as for certain build
releases. It gives execution plan and process timing details. While debug is
used mainly for debugging. Debug means going through the program code
flow during execution time.

Debug and trace allow for monitoring of the application for errors and
exceptions without VS.NET IDE.

16. What is Transfer-encoding?

Transfer-encoding is used for transferring the payload body(information

part of the data sent in the HTTP message body) to the user. It is a hop-by-
hop header, that is applied not to a resource itself, but to a message
between two nodes. Each multi-node connection segment can make use of
various Transfer-encoding values.

Transfer-encoding is set to “Chunked” specifying that Hypertext Transfer

Protocol’s mechanism of Chunked encoding data transfer is initiated in
which data will be sent in a form of a series of “chunks”. This is helpful
when the amount of data sent to the client is larger and the total size of the
response will not be known until the completion of request processing.

17. Give the differences between .NET Core and Mono?

.NET Core Mono

.Net Core is the subset of Mono is the complete implementation
implementation for the .NET of the .Net Framework for Linux,
framework by Microsoft itself. Android, and iOS by Xamarin.
Mono permits you to build different
.NET Core only permits you to build application types available in .NET
web applications and console Framework, including mobile
applications. applications, GUI-enabled desktop
apps, etc.
.NET Core does not have the built-in Mono has the built-in capability to be
capability to be compiled into compiled into WebAssembly-
WebAssembly-compatible packages. compatible packages.
.NET Core is never intended for Mono is intended for the development
gaming. You can only develop a text- of Games. Games can be developed
based adventure or relatively basic using the Unity gaming engine that
browser-based game using .NET Core. supports Mono.

18. Explain about types of Common Type System(CTS).

Common Type System(CTS) standardizes all the datatypes that can be used
by different programming languages under the .NET framework.

CTS has two types. They are:

1. Value Types: They contain the values that are stored on a stack or
allocated inline within a structure. They are divided into :
 Built-in Value Types - It includes primitive data types such as
Boolean, Byte, Char, Int32, etc.
 User-defined Value Types - These are defined by the user in the
source code. It can be enumeration or structure.
 Enumerations - It is a set of enumerated values stored in the
form of numeric type and are represented by labels.
  Structures - It defines both data(fields of the structure) and the
methods(operations performed on that data) of the structure. In
.NET, all primitive data types like Boolean, Byte, Char,
DateTime, Decimal, etc., are defined as structures.
2. Reference Types: It Stores a reference to the memory address of a
value and is stored on the heap. They are divided into :
 Interface types - It is used to implement functionalities such as
testing for equality, comparing and sorting, etc.
 Pointer types - It is a variable that holds the address of another
variable.
 Self-describing types - It is a data type that gives information
about themselves for the sake of garbage collectors. It includes
arrays(collection of variables with the same datatype stored
under a single name) and class types(they define the operations
like methods, properties, or events that are performed by an
object and the data that the object contains) like user-defined
classes, boxed value types, and delegates(used for event
handlers and callback functions).

19. What is the use of generating SQL scripts in the .NET

core?

It’s useful to generate a SQL script, whenever you are trying to debug or
deploy your migrations to a production database. The SQL script can be
used in the future for reviewing the accuracy of data and tuned to fit the
production database requirement.

20. What is the IGCToCLR interface?

IGCToCLR interface will be passed as an argument to the

InitializeGarbageCollector() function and it is used for runtime
communication. It consists of a lot of built-in methods such as RestartEE(),
SuspendEE(), etc.

21. What is CoreFx?

CoreFX is the set of class library implementations for .NET Core. It includes
collection types, console, file systems, XML, JSON, async, etc. It is platform-
neutral code, which means it can be shared across all platforms. Platform-
neutral code is implemented in the form of a single portable assembly that
can be used on all platforms.

22. What is Zero Garbage Collectors?

Zero Garbage Collectors allows you for object allocation as this is required
by the Execution Engine. Created objects will not get deleted automatically
and theoretically, no longer required memory is never reclaimed.

There are two main uses of Zero Garbage Collectors. They are:

 Using this, you can develop your own Garbage Collection mechanism.
It provides the necessary functionalities for properly doing the
runtime work.
 It can be used in special use cases like very short living applications
or almost no memory allocation(concepts such as No-alloc or Zero-
alloc programming). In these cases, Garbage Collection overhead is
not required and it is better to get rid of it.

23. What is the purpose of webHostBuilder()?

WebHostBuilder function is used for HTTP pipeline creation

through webHostBuilder.Use() chaining all at once with WebHostBuilder.Build() by
using the builder pattern. This function is provided by Microsoft.AspNet.Hosting
namespace. The Build() method’s purpose is building necessary services and
a Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting.IWebHost for hosting a web application.

24. What is CoreCLR?

CoreCLR is the run-time execution engine provided by the .NET Core. It

consists of a JIT compiler, garbage collector, low-level classes, and primitive
data types. .NET Core is a modular implementation of .NET, and can be
used as the base stack for large scenario types, ranging from console
utilities to web applications in the cloud.
Here, various programming languages will be compiled by respective
compilers(Roslyn can compile both C# and VB code as it includes C# and
VB compilers) and Common Intermediate Language(CIL) code will be
generated. When the application execution begins, this CIL code is
compiled into native machine code by using a JIT compiler included within
CoreCLR. This CoreCLR is supported by many operating systems such as
Windows, Linux, etc.

25. What are C# and F#?

C# is a general-purpose and object-oriented programming language from

Microsoft that runs on the .NET platform. It is designed for CLI(Common
Language Infrastructure), which has executable code and a runtime
environment that allows for the usage of different high-level languages on
various computer platforms and architectures. It is mainly used for
developing web applications, desktop applications, mobile applications,
database applications, games, etc.

F# is an open-source, functional-first, object-oriented and, cross-platform

programming language that runs on a .NET platform and is used for writing
robust, succinct, and performant code. We can say that F# is data-oriented
because here code involves transforming data with functions. It is mainly
used in making scientific models, artificial intelligence research work,
mathematical problem solving, financial modelling, GUI games, CPU design,
compiler programming, etc.

26. What is Dot NET Core used for?

 .NET Core is useful in the server application creations, that run on

various operating systems like Windows, Mac, and Linux. Using this,
developers can write libraries as well as applications in C#, F#, and
VB.NET in both runtimes.
 Generally, it is used for cloud applications or for modifying large
enterprise applications into microservices.
 .NET Core 3.0 supports cross-development between WPF, UWP, and
Windows Forms.
 .NET Core supports microservices, which permits cross-platform
services to work with the .NET Core framework including services
developed with .NET Framework, Ruby, Java, etc.
 .NET Core’s features like lightweight, modularity, and flexibility make
it easier to deploy .NET Core applications in containers. These
containers can be deployed on any platform, Linux, cloud, and
Windows.

27. What is .NET core?

.NET Core can be said as the newer version of the .NET Framework. It is a
cost-free, general-purpose, open-source application development platform
provided by Microsoft. It is a cross-platform framework because it runs on
various operating systems such as Windows, Linux, and macOS. This
Framework can be used to develop applications like mobile, web, IoT,
machine learning, game, cloud, microservices, etc.

It consists of important features like a cross-platform, sharable library, etc.,

that are necessary for running a basic .NET Core application. The remaining
features are supplied in the form of NuGet packages, that can be added to
your application according to your needs. Like this we can say, the .NET
Core will boost up the performance of an application, decreases the
memory footprint, and becomes easier for maintenance of an application. It
follows the modular approach, so instead of the entire .NET Framework
installation, your application can install or use only what is required.

.NET MCQ
1.

Boxing allows the user to convert what?

Integer type to double

Value type to a reference type
Reference type to a value type
Double type to integer
2.

Runtime environment provided by .NET is called as _______

RMT
CLR
RC
RCT
3.

Specify root namespace used for fundamental types in .Net framework.

System.Web
System.IO
System.Object
System.File
4.

An Event has ____ as the default return type.

No return type for events

Integer
String
Double
5.

What is the functionality of Response.Output.Write()?

Response.Output.Write() allows you to buffer output

Response.Output.Write() allows you to flush output
Response.Output.Write() allows you to write formatted output
Response.Output.Write() allows you to stream output
6.

Common Type System (CTS) can manage _______

Value types
All data types in .net
Reference types
Communication between multiple languages
7.

int keyword refers to which .NET type?

System.Int32
System.Int8
System.Int16
System.Int64
8.

Which method is used to force garbage collection to run?

GC.Run() method
GC.Collection() method
GC.Finalize() method
GC.Collect() method
9.

In which file .Net assembly’s metadata is stored?

manifest
.dll
.exe
core
10.

If the exception does not occur, will the final block get executed?

There is no such block as finally

Yes
No
Both catch and finally block will be executed.
11.

If a variable is declared inside a method, then it is called as _______

Static
Serial
Local
Private
12.

What is the use of microservices?

Mix technologies across the service boundary

Debugging
Creating and deploying a container
None of the above
13.

What is Roslyn?

.NET Compiler platform

Container
Library
None of the above
14.

Using which package we can share the libraries in .NET Core?

NuGet package
LINQ
System
Dapper
15.

What is included within CoreCLR?

Garbage Collector
JIT Compiler
Primitive data types
All of the above
16.

.NET core is ______.

Windows only
Cross-platform
Linux only
MacOS only
17.

__ is the latest version of .NET core as per 2021.

.NET Core 3.1
.NET Core 3.0
.NET 6
None of the above
18.

System.Linq namespace contains classes and interfaces that support ______.

use of a memory-mapped file

queries that use LINQ(Language-Integrated Query)
to configure an assembly
immutable collections
19.

Docker is used for ______.

Developing the applications

Shipping the applications
Running the applications
All of the above
20.

.NET Core framework is composed of ______.

CLI tools
Roslyn
CoreFX and CoreCLR
All of the above
21.

What is CoreFX?

Toolset for the development of applications

Compiler
Foundational class libraries for .NET Core
Docker container