Dixons Sixth Form Academy Page 1 of 10

Mark schemes
(a) (a monomer is a smaller / repeating) unit / molecule from which larger molecules / polymers
1. are made;
Reject atoms / elements / ’building blocks’ for units / molecules
Ignore examples
1

(b) Similarity
1. Both contain galactose / a glycosidic bond;
Ignore references to hydrolysis and / or condensation

Difference
2. Lactulose contains fructose, whereas lactose contains glucose;
Ignore alpha / beta prefix for glucose
Difference must be stated, not implied
2

(c) 1. (Lactulose) lowers the water potential of faeces / intestine / contents of the intestine;
Accept Ψ for water potential

2. Water retained / enters (due to osmosis) and softens the faeces;

Accept descriptions of soft faeces, eg faeces is less dry / less hard
2

(d) (-) 84.1(%);;

Accept (-) 84.15(%)
Allow 1 mark for
84
OR

OR

2
[7]

Dixons Sixth Form Academy Page 2 of 10

 (a) 1. Phosphate, deoxyribose and base correctly labelled;
2.
Accept P in a circle / Pi / PO43– for phosphate.
Do not accept phosphorus for phosphate.
Do not accept only pentose for deoxyribose.
Ignore references to sugar.
Accept a named base, (eg adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine).
Do not accept uracil or only letters (eg A, T, G or C).
Ignore labelled bonds

2. Correct shapes and bonds in the correct positions (as shown below);

Accept correct shapes with incorrect labels

Accept any orientation of diagram, eg inverted / mirror image
Accept any pentagon for deoxyribose
2

(b) 1. Weak / easily broken hydrogen bonds between bases allow two strands to separate /
unzip;
may appear in the same feature

2. Two strands, so both can act as templates;

may appear in the same feature

3. Complementary base pairing allows accurate replication;

Allow description of complementary base pairing and accurate
replication.
2 max

(c) C. 550 seconds;

1
[5]

(a) 1.1 (g);

3. 1

(b) 300(%);
1
[2]

Dixons Sixth Form Academy Page 3 of 10

 (i) 1. Maltose;
4. 2. Water;
Accept H2O
2

(ii) Condensation;
1
[3]

(a) 1. Allow equal (time for) diffusion of iodine into apple cells;
5.
2. For comparison between apples / between harvest dates;
1. Accept equal time for reaction / colour change to occur
2. For comparison alone is insufficient.
Ignore unqualified references to fair test, controlling a variable,
standardising the method.
2

(b) 1. Starch lost from the centre first / area with no starch gets
bigger as it ripens;

2. (Less starch / blue / black as the) starch is converted to

sugars / maltose;

3. (Less starch) as it is hydrolysed;

4. By amylase;
Less starch as it is hydrolysed into sugars scores MP2 and MP3.
3. For ‘ hydrolysed’ accept ‘as a result of hydrolysis’ or ‘broken down
by hydrolysis’.
3 max
[5]

(a) P – glycerol
6. Q – fatty acid (chains)
Accept phonetic spelling
2

(b) Ester (bond);

1

(c) 1. (Mix / shake sample) with ethanol, then water;

Sequence is important

2. White / milky (emulsion);

Ignore cloudy
Reject precipitate
2
[5]

Dixons Sixth Form Academy Page 4 of 10

 (a) Biuret;
7.
Ignore any other detail
Accept
• Copper sulfate and sodium hydroxide
• CuSO4 + NaOH
• Alkaline copper sulfate
• Copper sulphate and sodium hydroxide
• Alkaline copper sulphate
• Biurette
• Buiret
• Biruet
• Bieuret
Reject burette or Beirut
1

(b) Draw around

(c) Nitrogen;
Ignore N
1

(d) Choice: (Student’s) t-test;

Reason for choice: Looking for differences between two means;
Reason: Allow comparing contrasting two means

Explanation: Difference is significant / not due to chance because the P value is 0.04
/ is less than 0.05;
Explanation: Assume ‘it’ means difference
Explanation: Reject result / data is significant / not due to chance
Explanation: do not accept P value is less than 0.04
3
[6]

(a) 1. Cellulose is made up of β-glucose (monomers) and glycogen is made up of

8.
α-glucose (monomers);
2. Cellulose molecule has straight chain and glycogen is branched;
3. Cellulose molecule has straight chain and glycogen is coiled;
4. glycogen has 1,4- and 1,6- glycosidic bonds and cellulose has only 1,4-
glycosidic bonds;
Ignore ref. to H bonds / microfibrils
2 max

Dixons Sixth Form Academy Page 5 of 10

 (b) Any two from:
1. Insoluble (in water), so doesn’t affect water potential;
2. Branched / coiled / (α-)helix, so makes molecule compact;
OR
Branched / coiled / (α-)helix so can fit many (molecules) in small area;
3. Polymer of (α-)glucose so provides glucose for respiration;
4. Branched / more ends for fast breakdown / enzyme action;
5. Large (molecule), so can’t cross the cell membrane
Require feature and explanation for 1 mark
1. Accept Ψ or WP
1. Accept Insoluble so doesn’t affect osmosis
1. Do not allow ref to ‘doesn’t affect water leaving cells
4. Ignore ‘surface area’
4. Accept ‘branched so glucose readily released’
2 max

(c) Iodine/potassium iodide;

1

(d) For correct answer of 40 (μm) award 2 marks;

Evidence of division by 500: award 1 mark
Allow tolerance of 0.5mm i.e. 20±0.5mm
2

(e) 1. Scanning electron (microscope);

2. 3D (image);
Accept SE(M)
2. Ignore any other correct features
2
[9]

(a) 8;
9.
Accept eight
1

(b) Phosphodiester (bond);

Accept phonetic spellings
1

(c) 1. DNA helicase – (unwinding DNA and) breaking hydrogen

bonds / bonds between chains / bases / strands;
2. DNA polymerase – joins (adjacent) nucleotides OR forms
phosphodiester bond / sugar-phosphate backbone;
1. Accept H bonds.
1. Accept hydrolyses for breaks
2. Reject forms hydrogen bonds (between nucleotides / bases)
2

Dixons Sixth Form Academy Page 6 of 10

 (d) 1. ATP has ribose and DNA nucleotide has deoxyribose;
2. ATP has 3 phosphate (groups) and DNA nucleotide has 1
phosphate (group);
3. ATP – base always adenine and in DNA nucleotide base can
be different / varies;
Both parts of each MP needed
3. Reject Uracil / U
3. Accept C, T or G for different bases
Accept annotated diagram for any of the three marks
2 max
[6]

(a) 1. Condensation (reaction) / loss of water;

10.
Accept each marking point if shown clearly in diagram.

2. Between amine / NH2 and carboxyl / COOH;

Accept between amino (group) and carboxylic / acid (group)
2

(b) 1. Hydrogen bonds;

Accept as a diagram
Reject N - - - C / ionic / disulfide bridge / peptide bond

2. Between NH (group of one amino acid) and C=O (group);

OR
Forming β pleated sheets / α helix;
2

(c) 1. Different sequence of amino acids

OR
Different primary structure;
If candidate assumes proteins are the same, accept effect of
different pH/ temperature

2. Forms ionic / hydrogen / disulfide bonds in different places;

2
[6]

(a) 1. Hydrolysis (of);

11.
2. (Large / insoluble substances) to small(er) / soluble substances;
Ignored named examples
Accept polymer to monomer
2

(b) 1. Active sites are different shapes;

2. So different enzyme-substrate complexes (are formed);

OR
So complementary to different parts of cellulose / substrate;
2

Dixons Sixth Form Academy Page 7 of 10

 (c) 2 × 10–3 / 2.0 × 10–3 / 2.01 × 10–3;;
If the answer includes additional decimal places, award the marks if
it would round to a correct answer
Accept for 1 mark, correct answer not in standard form 0.002 /
0.00201 / 0.002014;
OR
Correct calculation using incorrect figure from table (9.2) 0.003 /
0.0031 / 0.00319 / 3 × 10–3 / 3.0 × 10–3 / 3.19 × 10–3 / 3.2 × 10–3
OR
Correct calculation with answer expressed as g hr–1, 0.12 / 0.121 /
1.2x10–1
2

(d) 1. Endocellulase create more ends / increases surface area;

2. For exocellulase to act on / hydrolyse / digest;

2

(e)

Accept
((final mass – initial mass) ÷ initial mass) × 100
OR
((change in mass) ÷ initial mass) × 100
OR
100 – ( × 100)
OR
(1 – (F/I)) × 100
OR
((I – F) ÷ I) × 100 / ((F – I) ÷ I) × 100
OR
((15 – final mass) ÷ 15) × 100 / ((final mass - 15) ÷ 15) × 100
1
[9]

(a) 1. (water has a relatively) high (specific) heat capacity;

12.
Ignore numbers relating to heat capacity

2. Can gain / lose a lot of heat / energy without changing temperature;

OR
Takes a lot of heat / energy to change temperature;
Accept due to H bonding between water molecules
2

Dixons Sixth Form Academy Page 8 of 10

(b) Adenosine diphosphate and (inorganic) phosphate;
Accept ADP for adenosine diphosphate
Accept Pi / PO43– / P in a circle for inorganic phosphate
Reject adenine diphosphate
Reject phosphorus / P for phosphate
1

(c) 1. Species / organism the muscle tissue came from;

OR
Thickness / type / source of the muscle tissue;
Ignore surface area of muscle tissue

2. Temperature of the muscle tissue / ATP solution / slides;

Need to be qualified

3. pH of the ATP solution;

Need to be qualified
Reject concentration / volume of ATP hydrolase
2 max

(d) Description
1. As concentration of ATP increases, length of muscle decreases;
Accept negative correlation

Explanation
2. More ATP (hydrolysed by ATP hydrolase), so more energy released, so more
muscle contraction / shortening of muscle;
Accept more ATP available for correct/named aspect of muscle
contraction
Idea of more is required once.
Reject energy produced
2

(e) 4.88 × 10–6 ;;;

If answer incorrect

EITHER

Allow 1 mark for 0.244

Allow 1 mark for 1.22 × 10–5

Dixons Sixth Form Academy Page 9 of 10

OR

Allow 1mark for 12200 / 1.525

Allow 1 mark for 0.61

Accept 5 × 10–6
Accept correct answer however expressed
Max 2 for incorrect final answer
3
[10]

Dixons Sixth Form Academy Page 10 of 10