Hi-Q

USER MANUAL

SAMPLING AND RECONSTRUCTION

T RAI NE R

Model No: HiQ 4201

Hi-Q TEST EQUIPMENT PVT.LTD.

Plot no.71 & 72, Phase – IV, IDA, Cherlapally, Hyderabad – 500 051.
Office: Ph : 040- 27123549,27124845,9848984906,9848135241. Works : Ph :27262622/23.
[email protected], [email protected], www.hiqindia.com
Hi-Q Test Equipment Pvt.Ltd. HiQ 4201

CONTENTS

Page No

01. Features 2
02. Technical Specifications 3
03. Theory 4
04. Circuit Description 6
05. Procedure 7
06. Waveforms 10
FEATURES

1. On board Sampling & Reconstruction circuits.

2. Crystal controlled Pulse generator.
3. Demonstrate sampling and reconstruction as per Nyquist criterion.
4. On –board Modulating Signal Generator (synchronized).
5. 2 Selectable modulating Signal frequencies.
6. 2 selectable Sampling frequencies.
7. Sampling Pulse Duty cycle variation.
8. Separate Sample, Sample& Hold outputs.
9. On board 2nd & 4th order Butter worth low pass filter & Amplifier.
10.Built in DC power supply.

SAMPLING AND RECONSTRUCTION 2 of 9

Hi-Q Test Equipment Pvt.Ltd. HiQ 4201

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

1. Crystal frequency: 4.096MHz

2. On board Pulse generator: 16KHz, 32 KHz (Switch Selectable).

3. On board Modulating Signal Generator: Synchronized (1KHz, 2KHz) sine

waves (switch selectable) & Variable amplitude (10Vpp).

4. Duty cycle: 10% to 50%. (Variable by pot)

5. Low Pass Filters: Butter worth 2nd & 4th order filter cut-off frequency

3.4KHz.

6. Inter connections: 4mm sockets.

7. Power: 230V  10%, 50 Hz.

8. Accessories included: Manual, patch cords.

SAMPLING AND RECONSTRUCTION 3 of 9

Hi-Q Test Equipment Pvt.Ltd. HiQ 4201

SAMPLING AND RECONSTRUCTION

Aim:-

1. To study the sampling theorem and its reconstruction.

2. To study the effect of amplitude and frequency variation of modulating
signal on the output.
3. To study the effect of variation of sampling frequency on the demodulated
output.
Equipment:-
1. Hi-Q Test Equipment Pvt.Ltd.
Sampling And Reconstruction Trainer.
2. Oscilloscope-20 MHz Dual Channel.
3. Patch Chords.
Theory:-
Pulse Modulation is used to Transmit analog information. In this system
continuous wave forms are sampled at regular intervals. Information regarding the
signal is transmitted only at the sampling times together with synchronizing signals.
At the receiving end, the original waveforms may be reconstituted from the
information regarding the samples.

Sampling Theorem Statement:-

A band limited signal of finite energy which has no frequency components
higher than fm Hz, is completely described by specifying the values of the signal at
instants of time separated by ½ fm seconds.
The sampling theorem states that, if the sampling rate in any Pulse
modulation system exceeds twice the maximum signal frequency, the original signal
can be reconstructed in the receiver with minimum distortion.
fs > 2fm is called Nyquist rate.
Where fs – sampling frequency
fm – Modulating signal frequency.
If we reduce the sampling frequency fs < fm, the side bands and the
information signal will overlap and we cannot recover the information signal simply
by low pass filter. This phenomenon is called fold over distortion or Alaising.
SAMPLING AND RECONSTRUCTION 4 of 9
Hi-Q Test Equipment Pvt.Ltd. HiQ 4201

There are two methods of sampling. (1) Natural sampling (2) Flat top sampling.
Sample & Hold circuit holds the sample value until the next sample is taken.
Sample & Hold technique is used to maintain reasonable pulse energy.
The duty cycle of a signal is defined as the ratio of Pulse duration to the Pulse
repetition period. The duty cycle of 50% is desirous taking the efficiency into
account.
Circuit Description:-
Pulse and Modulating Signal Generator:-
A 4.096 MHz clock is used to derive the modulating signal, which is
generated by an oscillator circuit comprising a 4.096 MHz crystal and three 74HC04
(U9) inverter gates. This 4.096 MHz clock is then divided down in frequency by a
factor of 4096, by binary counter 74HC4040 (U10), to produce 50% duty cycle, 1
KHz square wave on pin no. 1 of U10, and 2 KHz square wave on pin no. 15. The
frequency is selectable by means of SW1. This input of fourth order low pass filter
U11 (TL072) is used to produce sine wave from the square wave. The amplitude of
this sine wave can be varied.
The square wave which is generated by the oscillator is buffered by inverter
74HC04 (U9), to produce 32 KHz square wave at pin no. 4 of the 74HC4040. This
pulse is given to the Monostable multi (U4) to obtain the 16 KHz and 32 KHz
square wave at the output which are selected by the frequency pot.
Sampling Circuit:-
The IC DG211 (U3) is used as Analog switch which is used in Pulse
Amplitude Modulation in this circuit. The Modulation signal & Pulse signal are
given as the input to TL074 (U2), 7400(U1) IC’s respectively. These IC output are
fed to the inputs of the DG211.
The sampled output is available at the pin No 2 of DG211 and it is buffered
by using TL074 (U2).
Similarly the Sample & Hold output and the Flat Top output are available at
Pin No 15 & 10 of DG211 respectively. These are buffered by TL074 (U2).
Reconstruction Circuit:-
The Demodulation section comprises of a fourth order Low Pass Filter and an
AC amplifier. The TL074 (U5) is used as a Low Pass Filter and AC amplifier. The
output of the modulator is given as the input to the low pass filter.
The Low Pass Filter output is obviously less and it is fed to the A.C. amplifier
which comprises of a single Op amp and whose output is amplified.

SAMPLING AND RECONSTRUCTION 5 of 9

Hi-Q Test Equipment Pvt.Ltd. HiQ 4201

Procedure:-
Sampling:-
1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram 1.
a. Output of modulating signal generator to modulating signal input in
sampling circuit keeping the switch in 1 KHz position, and
amplitude pot to max position.
b. Output of pulse generator to sampling pulse input in sampling
circuit keeping the switch in 16 KHz position. ( Adjust the duty
cycle pot to mid position i.e., 50% ).
2. Switch ON the power supply
3. Observe the outputs of sampling, sampling and hold, output. By varying
the amplitude pot also observe the effect on outputs.
4. By varying Duty cycle pot observe the effect on sampling outputs (Duty
cycle is varying from 10-50%).
5. Vary the switch position in the pulse generator circuit to 32 KHz and now
observe the outputs. By varying the amplitude pot also observe the effect
on outputs.
6. Now, vary the switch position in modulating signal generator to 2 KHz
and repeat all the above steps 3 & 4.
7. Switch OFF the power supply.
Reconstruction:-
1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram 2.
a. Output of modulating signal generator to modulating signal input in
sampling circuit keeping the switch in 1 KHz position, amplitude
pot to max position.
b. Output of pulse generator circuit to sampling pulse input in the
sampling circuit, keeping the switch in 16 KHz position (Adjust the
duty cycle pot to mid position i.e., 50%).
c. Connect the sample output to the input of low pass filter.
d. Output of low pass filter to input of AC amplifier, keep the gain pot
in AC amplifier to max position.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Observe the output of AC amplifier. The output will be the replica of the
input. By varying the gain pot observe the demodulating signal
amplification.

SAMPLING AND RECONSTRUCTION 6 of 9

 Hi-Q Test Equipment Pvt.Ltd. HiQ 4201

4. Similarly connect the sample and hold output and observe reconstructed
the signal.
5. Vary the Switch position in the sampling frequency circuit to 32 KHz and
now repeat the steps 3&4.
6. Vary the Switch Position in the Modulating signal generator to 2 KHz and
repeat all the above steps 3 to 5.
7. Switch OFF the power supply.
SAPMLING AND RECONSTRUCTION WAVE FORMS:

Modulation Signal Input

Amplitude
V Sampling Input

Natural Sampling Output

SAMPLING AND RECONSTRUCTION 7 of 9

 Hi-Q Test Equipment Pvt.Ltd. HiQ 4201

Sample & Hold Output

Amplitude
V

Reconstructed Signal

Reference:-

1. Electronic Communications – DENNIS RODDY & JOHN COOLEN

SAMPLING AND RECONSTRUCTION 8 of 9