Application of Information and Communication Technologies

Course Code: GEC-523

What is ICT?
ICT, also known as Information and Communications Technology, is the
infrastructure that facilitates the communication of people and organizations
in the digital world. Generally, it includes applications, devices, systems,
and networking components that enable modern computing.

What is a Computer System?

A computer system is a comprehensive setup that includes all the hardware

and software required to perform computing tasks. It contains input devices,
output devices, a central processing unit (CPU), memory, bus
interconnections, and a motherboard, among other components. A computer
system can range from simple personal computers to complex
supercomputers, but the fundamental principles and components remain
consistent across different types of systems.

Key Components of a Computer System:

1. Input Devices:
2. Output Devices:
3. Central Processing Unit (CPU):
4. Memory:
5. Bus Interconnections:
6. Motherboard:

1. Input / Output Devices

1.1 Input Devices:

 Definition: Devices that allow users to input data and commands into
a computer system.
 Examples and Detailed Functions:
 Keyboard: Composed of keys that allow for the input of letters,
numbers, and symbols. It also includes special keys like function
keys (F1-F12), control keys (Ctrl, Alt), and navigation keys
(arrows).
  Mouse: A pointing device that detects two-dimensional motion.
It allows users to interact with the graphical user interface by
moving the cursor and performing actions with clicks.
 Scanner: Converts physical documents and images into digital
format. Different types of scanners include flatbed scanners,
sheet-fed scanners, and handheld scanners.
 Microphone: Captures sound waves and converts them into
digital audio signals. Used in various applications like voice
recognition, recording, and communication.
 Webcam: Captures video input for video conferencing,
streaming, and security purposes.

1.2 Output Devices:

 Definition: Devices that receive data from the computer and present
it to the user in a usable form.
 Examples and Detailed Functions:
 Monitor: Displays visual output from the computer. Monitors
vary in size, resolution, and technology (LCD, LED, OLED). They
connect via ports like HDMI, VGA, and DVI.
 Printer: Converts digital documents into physical copies. Types
include inkjet printers, laser printers, and 3D printers.
 Speakers: Output audio signals. They can be built into the
computer or external, and they vary in quality and power.
 Projector: Projects visual output onto a larger screen or surface,
commonly used in presentations and home theaters.

2. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

2.1 Definition:

 The CPU, or Central Processing Unit, is the primary component of a

computer that performs most of the processing inside the system. It
executes instructions from programs, performs calculations, and
manages data flow.

2.2 Components:

 Control Unit (CU):

 Manages the execution of instructions by directing the
coordinated operations of the CPU.
 Fetches instructions from memory, decodes them, and executes
them.
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):
  Performs all arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division) and logical operations (AND, OR, NOT,
XOR).
 Integral in data processing and decision-making processes within
the CPU.
 Registers:
 Small, fast storage locations within the CPU used to hold data
temporarily.
 Includes specific types like the accumulator, instruction register,
and stack pointer.

2.3 Function:

 The CPU processes data by fetching instructions from memory,

decoding them to understand what actions are required, and executing
these instructions.
 It manages the flow of data between the computer’s other components
and handles complex calculations, making it crucial for the overall
functioning of the system.

3. Memory

3.1 Types of Memory:

 Primary Memory (RAM):

 Definition: Volatile memory used for temporarily storing data
that the CPU needs while executing tasks.
 Function: Provides the CPU with fast access to data and
instructions currently in use, enhancing overall system
performance.
 Types: DDR (Double Data Rate), DDR2, DDR3, DDR4, and DDR5,
with each generation offering improved speed and efficiency.
 Secondary Memory:
 Definition: Non-volatile storage used for long-term data
retention.
 Examples: Hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs),
optical discs (CDs, DVDs), and USB flash drives.
 Function: Stores the operating system, applications, and user
data persistently, even when the computer is powered off.

3.2 RAM (Random Access Memory):

 Definition: A form of volatile memory that is erased when the

computer is turned off.
  Function: Stores data and instructions that the CPU needs while
performing tasks, allowing for quick read/write access.
 Importance: Critical for multitasking and system performance; more
RAM typically allows for smoother operation and the ability to run more
applications simultaneously.

3.3 ROM (Read-Only Memory):

 Definition: Non-volatile memory that is pre-programmed with data

and instructions that do not change.
 Function: Stores firmware, including the BIOS (Basic Input / Output
System), which is essential for booting the computer and performing
hardware initialization during the startup process.
 Characteristics: Data in ROM is permanently written during
manufacturing and cannot be easily modified.

4. Bus Interconnection

4.1 Definition:

 A bus is a communication system that transfers data between

components of a computer, such as between the CPU, memory, and
peripheral devices.

4.2 Types of Buses:

 Data Bus:
 Carries actual data being processed by the CPU or being
transferred to/from memory and peripherals.
 Typically a wide bus (e.g., 32-bit or 64-bit) to allow for fast data
transfer.
 Address Bus:
 Carries the addresses of the data (but not the data itself) to
specify where the data should be sent or retrieved.
 Determines the location in memory that the CPU will read from
or write to.
 Control Bus:
 Carries control signals from the CPU to coordinate and manage
the activities of all hardware components.
 Includes signals for read/write operations, interrupt requests, and
clock synchronization.

4.3 Function:
  Ensures that data is transmitted efficiently between the CPU, memory,
and other peripherals.
 The bus architecture allows for the expansion and scalability of the
computer system, accommodating additional components like extra
RAM or new peripheral devices.

5. Motherboard

5.1 Definition:

 The motherboard is the main circuit board in a computer, housing the

CPU, memory, and other essential components, and providing the
necessary connectors for peripheral devices.

5.2 Components:

 CPU Socket:
 A specific slot on the motherboard where the CPU is installed.
 Designed to fit a particular type and generation of CPU.
 Memory Slots (DIMM Slots):
 Slots for installing RAM modules.
 The number and type of slots determine the maximum amount
and type of RAM the motherboard can support.
 Chipsets:
 Includes the Northbridge and Southbridge (in older architectures)
or integrated single chip in newer designs.
 Manages communication between the CPU, RAM, storage, and
peripheral devices.
 Expansion Slots:
 Allow for additional cards like graphics cards (PCIe slots), sound
cards, network cards, and others to be added to the system.
 Common types include PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect),
PCI Express (PCIe), and AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port).
 Power Connectors:
 Provide power to the motherboard and its components.
 Includes the main ATX power connector and additional power
connectors for the CPU and other components.
 I/O Ports:
 Connect external devices to the computer.
 Includes USB ports, audio jacks, HDMI/DisplayPort, Ethernet
ports, and others.

5.3 Function:
 Acts as the central hub for all components and peripherals, ensuring
that data and power are distributed appropriately.
 Facilitates communication between the CPU, memory, storage devices,
and other peripherals.
 The design and capabilities of the motherboard dictate the overall
performance and expandability of the computer system.