JACARANDA PRIMARY SCHOOL

STANDARD 6, TERM 2 MATHEMATICS NOTES

TOPIC 1: DECIMALS
A decimal is another form of writing fractions. A decimal has two parts. Part one is for
whole numbers and part two is for decimal places.
For example:
(i) 0.34
0 is a whole number and .34 is a decimal. It is read as zero point three four.
(ii) 12. 345
12 is a whole number and .345 is decimal places. It is read as twelve point three four
five.
Decimal place values
Show the place value of the following decimals.
1. 2. 05
2. 34. 567

2 . 0 5
Units Decimal point Tenth hundredth

3 4 . 5 6 7
tens units Decimal Tenth Hundredt thousand
point h th

Arranging decimals in ascending and descending order.

Just like other numbers, decimals can be arranged in their order of size. When arranging
decimals in order of size add zeros as place holders to make sure the decimals are
aligning.
For example: arrange these decimals below in order of size by starting with the smallest.
i. 0.2, 0.02, 0.12, 0.32
Add zeros to 0.2 = 0.20
Now arrange 0.20, 0.02, 0.12, 0.32

Answer= 0.02, 0.12, 0.20, 032

ii. 3.45, 3.4, 0.34, 3.43, 9
Add zeros to 3.4 = 3.40 and 9 = 9.00
Now arrange 3.45, 3.40,0.34, 3.43, 9.00
Answer= 0.34, 3.4, 3.43, 3.45, 9
Adding and subtracting decimals
When adding decimals make sure that all digits are aligned correctly according to their
place values. If one number has less digits than the other add zeros as place holders.
For example. Add the following decimal numbers.
1. 0.9 + 2.34 0 .9 0
+2 .3 4

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 3 . 24
2. 9 – 0. 891 9.000
-0.89 1
8. 1 1 9
Multiplying decimal numbers
When you are multiplying decimal numbers, ignore the decimal point first. After getting
the answer put back the decimal by counting how many decimal places were there.
Example: multiply the following decimal numbers.
1. 2. 34 x 2
2 . 34
x 2
3 . 68
There are 2 decimal places.
2. 2. 23 x 11
234
x11
2 23 4
2 3 40
4 5 74
Expressing decimals as fractions.

10 100 1000
Decimals can be expressed as fraction by multiplying the decimal by , ,or
10 100 1000
depending on the value of the decimal.

10
If the decimal being converted to fraction, has I decimal place multiply it by . If the
10
100
decimal being converted to fraction, has 2 decimal places multiply it by and If the
100
1000
decimal being converted to fraction, has 3 decimal places multiply it by .
1000
For example: express these decimals as fractions.

10 5 5 1
1. 0.5 0. 5 x = ÷ =
10 10 5 2

100 3
2. 0. 0 3 0. 0 3 x =
100 100

Expressing Decimals as percentage.

When you are converting decimals to percentage, you must convert decimals to fractions
first then convert fraction to percentage.
For example: convert the following decimals to percentage.

10 4 2 2
1. 0.4 0.4 x = ÷ =
10 10 2 5

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 2 100 200
x = = 40%
5 1 5

Revision questions.
Write these decimal numbers in words.
1. 0.36
2. 9.08
3. 0.009
4. 123. 099
Arrange these decimals by starting with the largest.
5. 0.09, 0.9, 0.99, 9.09
6. 7.1, 1.7, 5.7, 7
7. 8. 90, 9.08, 0.89, 8.008
Convert the following decimals to percentage.
8. 0.8
9. 00.8
10.0.45
Convert the following decimals to fractions.
11.11.1
12.23.0
13.0.9
14.0.5
Work out the following.
15.1.23 x 34
16.3. 09 x 19
17.3 – 0.009
18.9.09 – 0.9
19.23. 456 + 12
20.0. 09 + 100
Topic 2: Percentages
Percentages are fractions that have denominator of 100. All percentages are out of
100. Percentages do not exceed 100.

100 80 9
For example: 100% means , 80% means and 9% means .
100 100 100
Expressing percentages to fraction
When you are expressing fractions to percentages, put percentage over 100 and
simplify the fraction to its lowest form.
For example: convert the following percentages into fractions.

45 5 9
1. 45% = ÷ =
100 5 20
25 25 1
2. 25% = ÷ =
100 25 4

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 Expressing fractions to percentages.

100
When you are expressing fractions into percentages, multiply fraction by .
1
For example: convert the following fractions to percentages.

25 25 100 2500
1. = x = = 25%
100 100 1 100
1 1 100 100
2. = x = = 14.4%
7 7 1 7
Percentages of quantities.
A percentage of something refers to the number of hundredths of that thing.
For example:
1. Find 60% of 200.

60 200 12000
x = = 120
100 1 100
Therefore, 60% of 200 is 120.
2. A farmer has 50 goats. She sold 10% of them. How many goats did she sell? How
many is she left with?
What is 10% of 50 goats?
10 50 500
x = =5
100 1 100
Therefore, 10% of goats are 5 goats.
Topic 3: Ratios
Ratio is a comparison of two things of the same kind.
How to write ratios.
For example: ratio 2:3 which is read as ratio two to three.

2
It can be written as 2:3, or 2 to 3.
3
Writing ratios in their simplest form.
Ratios are fractions; hence they should always be written in their lowest form.
For example: Express these ratios in their lowest form.

12 12 1
1. 12:36 ¿ ÷ =
36 12 3

45 5 9
2. 45:75 = ÷ =
75 5 15

Dividing quantities into ratios

For example:
1. A father divides P100 into his son and daughter in the ratio 2:3. Find out how much
the son and daughter get.
Step 1: add ratios 2+3 = 5

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Step 2: for fraction of the son and for the daughter.

2 3
Son = daughter =
5 5
Step 3: multiply each fraction by P100.

2 P 100 200
x = =P40
5 1 5
3 P 100 300
x = = P60
5 1 5

2. In the class there are 24 girls and 18 boys.

i. What is the ratio of boys to girls?
18:24 in simplest form 3:4
ii. What is the ratio of girls to boys?
24:18 in simplest form 4:3
iii. What is the ratio of the whole class to girls?
24 + 18 = 42
The ratio of the whole class to girls = 42:24
Revision exercise
Write all ratios in the simplest form.
1. 3:9 7. 9:12
2. 9:3 8. 10:75
3. 6:2 9. 20:16
4. 9:27 10.18:27
5. 6:10 11.48:72
6. 12:8
12.50kg rice is divided in the ratio 7:3. What is the smaller quantity?

13.Alex and Thabo share P75.00 in the ratio 1:4. How much does each get?

14.Mooki and Khumo share P1.20 in the ratio 7:5. How much does each get?

15.Divide 20 in the ratio 2:3.

Topic 4: Money
Converting Pula to Thebe.
P1.00 = 100thebe
When you are converting Pula to thebe, multiply Pula by 100.
For example: convert the following amount from Pula to thebe.
1. P1.25
Form an equation then cross multiply.
Since,
P1.00 = 100thebe
P1.25 = x
1x= 1.25 x 100
x=125 thebe

2. P2.05
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 P1.00 = 100thebe
P2.05 = x

1x = 205
X = 205thebe

Converting Thebe to Pula

When you are converting from thebe to Pula, divide Thebes by 100.
For example: convert the following amount from thebe to Pula.
1. 705 thebe
100thebe = P1
705thebe = x
100x = 705
705 ÷ 100 = P7.05
705thebe = P7.05
The smallest possible number of notes and coins.
Botswana’s notes are P200.00, P100.00, P50.00, P20.00 and P10.00 only. The coins are
P5.00, P2.00, P1.00, 50t, 25t, 10t and 5t only.
It is always convenient to have number of notes and coins of a certain sum.
For example: what is the smallest number of coins needed to make 85thebe?
Some of the coins which make 85 thebe are listed below.
85= 5t, 5t, 5t, 5t, 5t, 5t, 5t, 5t, 5t, 5t, 5t, 5t, 5t, 5t, 5t, 5t, 5t (17coins)
85= 10t, 10t, 10t, 10t, 10t, 10t, 10t, 10t , 5t (9coins)
85= 25t, 25t, 25t, 10t (4coins)
85= 50t, 25t, 10t (3coins)
The smallest number of coins is 3 (50t, 25t and 10t)
Interpreting bills
When you pay for goods that you have bought at a grocery store you receive a bill before
you pay.
The slip printed out at the till is an example of a bill.
Example.
The following is an example of a till slip.

CHEDZA’S GROCERIES TEL: 75 67 87 34

Your cashier is cashier 4 03-03-23 1023 hours

Item Unit Quantit Total price

price y

Milk full cream P10.25 2 P20.50

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 Wheat brown P8.00 1 P8.00
bread

French polony P12.05 2 P24.10

Brown sugar P32.45 1 P32.45

2.5kg
VAT 14%
Total P85.05

Note the following:

1. The shop’s name and telephone number are usually at the top of the bill so that you
can phone if you have any problem.

2. The cashier’s name is on the bill if you got home and only found 4 items instead of
5.
3. The date and the time of your purchase is very important.
4. The total amount you have to pay is listed. This amount is usually automatically
added by the computer, but you may check it.

Revision questions:

1. Leatile saved P3.50 in four weeks. How much did he save every week if he was
saving same amount of money?
2. Write the following amounts in words.
a. P1 010.10
b. P2 323. 23
c. P7 007. 07
3. Convert the following amount from Pula to thebe.
a. P2.00
b. P2. 05
c. 0.75thebe
d. P1.55
4. Convert these amounts of money from thebe to Pula.
a. 125 thebe
b. 555 thebe
c. 105 thebe
d. 1025 thebe
5. Divide P 128. 55 equally among 3 people.
6. Make up the following with the smallest possible number of coins.
a. P.1 35
b. P2. 65
c. P6. 45

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 d. P9. 95
7. Can 3 coins make 25 thebe? If so, which ones?
8. Can 3 coins make 50 thebe? If so, which ones?
9. List 5 coins that make P1.75.
10.List 10 notes that form P150.00.

Topic 5: Angles

An angle is a space between two intersecting lines. To intersect means to meet. When
two straight lines meet, they form is space called an angle.

For examples.

Different types of angles.

Types of angles Size

Acute angle Between 00 – 890

Right angle Exactly 900

Obtuse angle Between 910 – 1790

Straight angle Exactly 1800

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 Reflex angle Between 1810 – 3590

Revolution Exactly 3600

Naming angles
There are three ways of naming angles.
a. Using three capital letters with a cap (^) over the middle letter. For example (DÊF).
b. Using a small letter without caps. For example, e.
c. Using a capital letter only, with a cap. For example, Ê.
Measuring Angles.
A protractor is an instrument used for measuring angles. A protractor has two scales: one
measuring anticlockwise and the other measuring clockwise.

Measure the angle (DÊF) Below.

To measure angle.
 Decide what kind of angle you are measuring (acute, obtuse or reflex). This will
help you in the choice of scale to use.
 Put the protractor along the arm EF.
 The middle point of the protractor (point P) must be on the vertex E.
 Use the scale which has00 along EF(inner scale).
 Take the reading on the second arm.

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Constructing angles
A ruler and a protractor are used to construct angles accurately. A ruler is used for
measuring length and drawing straight lines.
Example:

Sum of the interior angles.

Interior angles refer to the angles inside a given shape.
For example: in the shapes below find the missing angles.

all triangles have 3 interior angles which add up to 180 0.

800

All quadrilaterals have 4 interior angles which add up 360 0.

For example:

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Topic 6: Polygons.
Polygons are two dimensional shapes or plane shapes with the following characteristics.
1. All sides are made up of straight lines.
2. They are closed.
3. Each sides meets only two sides.
For example: the following shapes are polygons.

The following shapes are not polygons because.

1. They are not made up of straight lines.
2. They are not closed.
3. There are more than two-line segments meet at point.

Naming polygons.
Polygons are named according to the number of sides.

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Types of Polygons.
Polygons are divided into
a. Regular polygons
All sides of regular polygons are equal. Examples of regular polygons are listed on
the diagram above.
b. Irregular polygons
Examples of irregular polygons.

Line of symmetry.
Polygons have lines of symmetry.

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A line of symmetry is a line that divides a shape into two equal halves which when folded
can fit exactly on each other without overlapping.
For examples:

Three dimensional figures.

The shapes above are three dimensional because you can see the front, the top and the
side. Faces of three dimensional shapes are shapes that we have learnt before such as
triangle, rectangle and square.
Nets of 3 dimensional shapes.
If we were to open up the pyramid above along the edges, we will get the this shape.

This is a net of a cylinder. The net of the shape will differ depending on where you open
the shape.

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Pyramids and Prisms.
A prism is a three-dimensional shape with a regular cross-section. This means it has two
parallel faces at the two ends. The two end faces are the same shape and size.
A pyramid us a three-dimensional shape with the base a polygon and the other faces are
triangles meeting at one common point called apex.
Prisms are named according to the cross-section, while pyramids are named according to
the base polygon.
For example:

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Tessellations.
A tessellation is the arrangement of a particular shape repeatedly such that there are no
overlaps or gaps.
For example: the following are tessellations of a regular hexagon.

Revision Questions.
Copy the following statements and write if they are true or false.
1. An isosceles triangle is a polygon.
2. A rhombus is a regular polygon.
3. All quadrilaterals are polygon.
4. Some pentagons are not regular polygons.
5. A parallelogram is not a quadrilateral.
6. A circle is a regular polygon.

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Fill in the missing blank.
7. A polygon with 8 sides is called____
8. The shape of a P2 coin is a ____
9. One of the most important buildings in the United States is the Pentagon. How
many sides will this building have?
10.What is a polygon?
11.Why is the shape below not a polygon?

Copy and complete the table below.

Name of the Draw and plot lines of symmetry the shape have.
shape
12 Square

13 Parallelogram

14 Rectangle
15 Rhombus
16 Kite
17 Circle
18 Isosceles
trapezium
19 Right triangle
20 Equilateral
triangle

Topic 7: Transformation.
Transformation is the change of an object from one form to another form. Transformation
may involve change of position, shape or change of direction.
Types of transformation
There are four types of transformation.
1. Reflection
2. Translation
3. Rotation
4. Enlargement
Reflection
This is the type of reflection whereby an image is formed in a mirror.
Properties of reflection
 There is a line of reflection.
 The image is inverted (facing the opposite direction).
 The image is the same distance from the line of reflection as is the object.
 The line joining the corresponding points on the image and the object meets
the line of reflection at right angles.
 The image and the object are of the same size.
Example
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The image is the shaded shape, and the image is unshaded shape.

Translation
This is the type of reflection where the shape is moved from one place to another place
without change is size and direction.
Properties of translation.
 The object and the shape are of the same size.
 Object and image face the same direction.
 The image moves steps horizontally and vertically.
 All points move the same distance.
For example: the shape is shaded, and the image is unshaded.

Enlargement.
This is the type of transformation which involves change in size of the shape.
Enlargement does not change the direction of the shape. The angles of the shapes do not
change.
Properties of enlargement.
 There is a scale factor.
 There is Centre of enlargement.

Example: The shape is shaded, the image is unshaded.

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Topic 8: Coordinates
The X- axis and the Y-axis.
Coordinates are ordered pairs that fix a point on the plane. The plane is called Cartesian
plane after the mathematician Descartes who first started graphing.
The horizontal line through 0 is the x- axis, and the vertical line through 0 is the y- axis.
Any point is shown as (x, y), where x represents the number of units from 0 horizontally
and y represent the number of units from 0 vertically.
Where tow axes meet each other is 0, called the origin because we always start from
there.
Example. Coordinates of A, B, C and D.

Coordinates in everyday life.

Application of coordinates can be seen in several situations.
For example
1. Places on the map are located by lines of latitude and longitude. These work the
same as x-axis and y-axis.
2. Seats at the stadium or cinema are labelled as rows and columns. These are
applications of coordinates.
3. The growth of the child is plotted as months/years against weight.

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 4. In the classroom, one student can be located as sitting in row 1 column 4 which
can be shortened to (1, 4).

Topic 9: Length, width and height.

Measurements are done to determine the size of objects and to have an idea of how they
relate. It is through measurement that you can compare objects even if they are not
there.
Measuring objects.
Some of the units that are used to measure lengths and distances are millimeters,
centimeters, meters and kilometers.
The measurements for distance include length, width and height of an object.

height
width
length
The depth and thickness are sometimes used but the most part depth is the same as
height and the width is the same as the thickness.
Example 1.
In any shape which has two dimensions the length is longer than the width. In the shape
below AB and CD are the lengths while AD and BC are the widths.

A B

B D
Appropriate units of measurement.
In measurement you have to decide the most appropriate units for measuring distance. It
will not make sense to try and measure the length of your class using millimeters (mm),
you would choose meters (m). in the same way you would use (mm) to measure the
thickness of a pencil instead of meters.

What units would you use to measure:

1. The thickness of your ruler= millimeters
2. The thickness of your pencil. = millimeters
3. The length of your pencil = centimeters or millimeters
4. The height of a person = centimeters or meters
5. The distance from home to your school. = kilometers
Revision questions

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1. Use your ruler and measure the following on your math homework book.
a. Record the width of math homework book.
b. Record the height or thickness of your math homework book.
c. Record the length of your math homework book.
2. What would the appropriate units be for measuring.
a. Your height
b. The length of your forearm from elbow to the tip of your middle ear.
c. The width of your hand.
d. The width of your thumb nail.
3. Convert the following to meters.
a. 1 500mm
b. 750cm
c. 1.5km
4. Convert the following to centimeters.
a. 43mm
b. 8.6metres
c. 0.3km
5. Which is the closest length of a pencil? 15 mm or 15 cm.
6. Measure accurately the length in mm of each side of this figure and then write
down in your book.

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