Narendra Damodardas Modi[a] (born 17 September 1950)[b] is an Indian politician

who has served as the prime minister of India since 2014. Modi was the chief
minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014 and is the member of parliament (MP) for
Varanasi. He is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and of the Rashtriya
Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a far-right Hindu nationalist paramilitary volunteer
organisation. He is the longest-serving prime minister outside the Indian National
Congress.[4]

Modi was born and raised in Vadnagar in northeastern Gujarat, where he completed
his secondary education. He was introduced to the RSS at the age of eight. At the
age of 18, he was married to Jashodaben Modi, whom he abandoned soon after,
only publicly acknowledging her four decades later when legally required to do so.
Modi became a full-time worker for the RSS in Gujarat in 1971. The RSS assigned
him to the BJP in 1985 and he rose through the party hierarchy, becoming general
secretary in 1998.[c] In 2001, Modi was appointed chief minister of Gujarat and
elected to the legislative assembly soon after. His administration is considered
complicit in the 2002 Gujarat riots,[d] and has been criticised for its management of
the crisis. According to o icial records, a little over 1,000 people were killed, three-
quarters of whom were Muslim; independent sources estimated 2,000 deaths,
mostly Muslim.[13] A Special Investigation Team appointed by the Supreme Court of
India in 2012 found no evidence to initiate prosecution proceedings against him.[e]
While his policies as chief minister were credited for encouraging economic
growth, his administration was criticised for failing to significantly improve health,
poverty and education indices in the state.[f]

In the 2014 Indian general election, Modi led the BJP to a parliamentary majority,
the first for a party since 1984. His administration increased direct foreign
investment, and reduced spending on healthcare, education, and social-welfare
programmes. Modi began a high-profile sanitation campaign, and weakened or
abolished environmental and labour laws. His demonetisation of banknotes in
2016 and introduction of the Goods and Services Tax in 2017 sparked controversy.
Modi's administration launched the 2019 Balakot airstrike against an alleged
terrorist training camp in Pakistan. The airstrike failed,[16][17] but the action had
nationalist appeal.[18] Modi's party won the 2019 general election which followed.[19]
In its second term, his administration revoked the special status of Jammu and
Kashmir,[20][21] and introduced the Citizenship Amendment Act, prompting
widespread protests, and spurring the 2020 Delhi riots in which Muslims were
brutalised and killed by Hindu mobs.[22][23][24] Three controversial farm laws led to
sit-ins by farmers across the country, eventually causing their formal repeal. Modi
oversaw India's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, during which, according to
the World Health Organization's estimates, 4.7 million Indians died.[25][26] In the 2024
general election, Modi's party lost its majority in the lower house of Parliament and
formed a government leading the National Democratic Alliance coalition.[27][28]

Under Modi's tenure, India has experienced democratic backsliding, or the

weakening of democratic institutions, individual rights, and freedom of
expression.[29][30][g] As prime minister, he has received consistently high approval
ratings.[36][37][38] Modi has been described as engineering a political realignment
towards right-wing politics. He remains a controversial figure domestically and
internationally, over his Hindu nationalist beliefs and handling of the Gujarat riots,
which have been cited as evidence of a majoritarian and exclusionary social
agenda.[h]

Early life and education

Narendra Damodardas Modi was born on 17 September 1950 to a Gujarati Hindu

family of Other Backward Class (OBC) background[i][46][47] in Vadnagar, Mehsana
district, Bombay State (present-day Gujarat). He was the third of six children born
to Damodardas Mulchand Modi (c. 1915–1989) and Hiraben Modi (1923–2022).[48][b][49]

Modi had infrequently worked as a child in his father's tea business on the
Vadnagar railway station platform, according to Modi and his neighbours. [50][51][52]

Modi completed his higher secondary education in Vadnagar in 1967; his teachers
described him as an average student and a keen, gifted debater with an interest in
theatre.[53] He preferred playing larger-than-life characters in theatrical
productions, which has influenced his political image.[54][55]

When Modi was eight years old, he was introduced to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak
Sangh (RSS) and began attending its local shakhas (training sessions). There, he
met Lakshmanrao Inamdar, who inducted Modi as a balswayamsevak (junior cadet)
in the RSS and became his political mentor.[56] While Modi was training with the
RSS, he also met Vasant Gajendragadkar and Nathalal Jaghda, Bharatiya Jana
Sangh leaders who in 1980 helped found the BJP's Gujarat unit. [57] As a teenager, he
was enrolled in the National Cadet Corps.[58]

In a custom traditional to Narendra Modi's caste, his family arranged a betrothal to

Jashodaben Chimanlal Modi, leading to their marriage when she was 17 and he was
18.[59][60] Soon afterwards, he abandoned his wife,[61] and left home. The couple
never divorced but the marriage was not in his public pronouncements for many
decades.[60] In April 2014, shortly before the national election in which he gained
power, Modi publicly a irmed he was married and that his spouse was
Jashodaben.[62] A Modi biographer wrote that Modi kept the marriage a secret
because he would not have been able to become a pracharak in the RSS, for which
celibacy had once been a requirement.[63][64]
Modi spent the following two years travelling across northern and north-eastern
India.[65] In interviews, he has described visiting Hindu ashrams founded by Swami
Vivekananda: the Belur Math near Kolkata, the Advaita Ashrama in Almora and the
Ramakrishna Mission in Rajkot. His stays at each ashram were brief because he
lacked the required college education.[66] Vivekananda has had a large influence in
Modi's life.[67]

In mid 1968, Modi reached Belur Math but was turned away, after which he visited
Calcutta, West Bengal and Assam, stopping in Siliguri and Guwahati. He then went
to the Ramakrishna Ashram in Almora, where he was again rejected, before
returning to Gujarat via Delhi and Rajasthan in 1968 to 1969. In either late 1969 or
early 1970, he returned to Vadnagar for a brief visit before leaving again for
Ahmedabad,[68][69] where he lived with his uncle and worked in his uncle's canteen
at Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation.[70]

In Ahmedabad, Modi renewed his acquaintance with Inamdar, who was based at
the Hedgewar Bhavan (RSS headquarters) in the city.[71][72][73] Modi's first-known
political activity as an adult was in 1971 when he joined a Jana Sangh Satyagraha in
Delhi led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee to enlist to fight in the Bangladesh Liberation
War.[74][75] The Indira Gandhi-led central government prohibited open support for the
Mukti Bahini; according to Modi, he was briefly held in Tihar Jail.[76][77][78] After the
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Modi left his uncle's employment and became a full-
time pracharak (campaigner) for the RSS,[79] working under Inamdar.[80] Shortly
before the war, Modi took part in a non-violent protest in New Delhi against the
Indian government, for which he was arrested; because of this arrest, Inamdar
decided to mentor Modi.[80] According to Modi, he was part of a Satyagraha that led
to a political war.[77][j]

In 1978, Modi received a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in political science from the
School of Open Learning[83] at the Delhi University.[63][84] In 1983, he received a
Master of Arts (MA) degree in political science from Gujarat University, graduating
with a first class[85][86] as an external distance learning student.[87] There is a
controversy surrounding the authenticity of his BA and MA degrees. [88][89][k]

Early political career

In June 1975, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared a state of emergency in India
that lasted until 1977. During this period, known as "the Emergency", many of her
political opponents were jailed and opposition groups were banned.[93][94] Modi was
appointed general secretary of the "Gujarat Lok Sangharsh Samiti", an RSS
committee coordinating opposition to the Emergency in Gujarat. Shortly
afterwards, the RSS was banned. [95] Modi was forced to go underground in Gujarat
and frequently travelled in disguise to avoid arrest, once dressing as a monk and
once as a Sikh.[96] He became involved in the printing of pamphlets opposing the
government, sending them to Delhi and organising demonstrations. [97][98] He was
also involved with creating a network of safe houses for individuals who were
wanted by the government, and in raising funds for political refugees and
activists.[99] During this period, Modi wrote a Gujarati-language book titled
Sangharsh Ma Gujarat (In the Struggles of Gujarat), which describes events during
the Emergency.[100][101] While in this role, Modi met trade unionist and socialist
activist George Fernandes and several other national political figures.[102]

Modi became an RSS sambhag pracharak (regional organiser) in 1978, overseeing

activities in Surat and Vadodara, and in 1979, he went to work for the RSS in Delhi,
where he researched and wrote the RSS's history of the Emergency. Shortly after,
he returned to Gujarat and in 1985, the RSS assigned him to the BJP. In 1987, Modi
helped organise the BJP's campaign in the Ahmedabad municipal election, which
the party won comfortably; according to biographers, Modi's planning was
responsible for the win.[103][104] After L. K. Advani became president of the BJP in
1986, the RSS decided to place its members in important positions within the party;
Modi's work during the Ahmedabad election led to his selection for this role. Modi
was elected organising secretary of the BJP's Gujarat unit later in 1987.[105]

Modi with Atal Bihari Vajpayee in c. 2001

Modi rose within the party and was named a member of its National Election
Committee in 1990, helping organise Advani's Ram Rath Yatra in 1990 and Murli
Manohar Joshi's 1991–1992 Ekta Yatra (Journey for Unity).[53][106][107] Modi took a brief
break from politics in 1992 to establish a school in Ahmedabad, and due to friction
with Shankersinh Vaghela, a BJP MP from Gujarat.[107] Modi returned to electoral
politics in 1994, partly at the insistence of Advani; as party secretary, Modi's
electoral strategy was considered central to the BJP victory in the 1995 state
assembly election.[108][109] In November of that year, Modi was appointed BJP
national secretary and transferred to New Delhi, where he assumed responsibility
for party activities in Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.[110] The following year,
Shankersinh Vaghela, a prominent BJP leader from Gujarat, defected to the Indian
National Congress[l] after losing his parliamentary seat in the Lok Sabha election. [53]
Modi, who was on the selection committee for the 1998 Gujarat Legislative
Assembly election, favoured supporters of BJP leader Keshubhai Patel over those
supporting Vaghela to end factional division in the party. His strategy was credited
as central to the BJP winning an overall majority in the 1998 election,[111] and Modi
was promoted to BJP general secretary (organisation) in May of that year.[112]

Chief Minister of Gujarat (2001–2014)

Main article: Chief ministership of Narendra Modi

Taking o ice

In 2001, Keshubhai Patel's health was failing, and the BJP lost a few state assembly
seats in by-elections. Allegations of abuse of power, corruption and poor
administration were made, and Patel's standing had been damaged by his
administration's handling of the earthquake in Bhuj in 2001.[111][113][114] The BJP
national leadership sought a new candidate for the chief ministership, and Modi,
who had expressed misgivings about Patel's administration, was chosen as a
replacement.[53] Advani did not want to ostracise Patel and was concerned about
Modi's lack of experience in government. Modi declined an o er to become Patel's
deputy chief minister, telling Advani and Atal Bihari Vajpayee he was "going to be
fully responsible for Gujarat or not at all". On 3 October 2001, Modi replaced Patel
as Chief Minister of Gujarat with the responsibility of preparing the BJP for the
upcoming December 2002 election.[115] On 7 October, Modi was sworn in[116] and he
entered the Gujarat state legislature on 24 February 2002 after winning a by-
election in Rajkot II constituency, defeating Ashwin Mehta of the INC.[117]

2002 Gujarat riots

Main article: 2002 Gujarat riots

On 27 February 2002, a train with several hundred passengers burned near Godhra,
killing approximately 60 people.[m][120] The train carried a large number of Hindu
pilgrims who were returning from Ayodhya after a religious ceremony at the site of
the demolished Babri Masjid.[121][122] In a public statement, Modi said local Muslims
were responsible for the incident.[10][121][123] The next day, the Vishwa Hindu Parishad
called for a bandh (general strike) across the state.[124][125] Riots began during the
bandh and anti-Muslim violence spread through Gujarat.[121][124][125] The
government's decision to move the bodies of the train victims from Godhra to
Ahmedabad further inflamed the violence.[121][126] The state government later stated
790 Muslims and 254 Hindus were killed during the riots; [122] independent sources
put the death toll at over 2,000,[121][120][127] the vast majority of them Muslims.[120]
Approximately 150,000 people were driven to refugee camps.[128] Numerous women
and children were among the victims; the violence included mass rapes and
mutilation of women.[9][129]
Scholars consider the Government of Gujarat to have been complicit in the
riots,[10][130] and it has received much criticism for its handling of the situation;[131]
some scholars explicitly blame Modi.[9][132][133] The Modi government imposed a
curfew in 26 major cities, issued shoot-at-sight orders and called for the army to
patrol the streets; these measures failed to prevent the violence from
escalating.[124][125] The president of the state unit of the BJP expressed support for
the bandh despite such actions being illegal at the time.[10] State o icials later
prevented riot victims from leaving the refugee camps, which were often unable to
meet the needs of those living there.[134] Muslim victims of the riots were subjected
to further discrimination when the state government announced their
compensation would be half that o ered to Hindu victims; this decision was later
reversed after the issue was taken to court.[135] During the riots, police o icers
often did not intervene in situations where they were able.[9][123][136] Several scholars
have described the violence as a pogrom and others have called it an example of
state terrorism.[137][138][139] According to Martha Nussbaum, "There is by now a broad
consensus that the Gujarat violence was a form of ethnic cleansing, that in many
ways it was premeditated, and that it was carried out with the complicity of the
state government and o icers of the law".[9]

Modi's personal involvement in the 2002 events has continued to be debated.

During the riots, he said, "What is happening is a chain of action and reaction". [9]
Later in 2002, Modi said the way in which he had handled the media was his only
regret regarding the episode.[140] In March 2008, the Supreme Court of India
reopened several cases related to the riots, including that of the Gulbarg Society
massacre, and established a Special Investigation Team (SIT) to look into the
issue.[131][141][142] In response to a petition from Zakia Jafri, the widow of Ehsan Jafri,
who was killed in the Gulbarg Society massacre, in April 2009, the court also asked
the SIT to investigate Modi's complicity in the killings.[141] The SIT questioned Modi
in March 2010; in May, it presented to the court a report finding no evidence against
him.[141][143] In July 2011, the court-appointed amicus curiae Raju Ramachandran
submitted his final report to the court. Contrary to the SIT's position,
Ramachandran said Modi could be prosecuted based on the available
evidence.[144][145] The Supreme Court sent the matter to the magistrate's court. The
SIT examined Ramachandran's report, and in March 2012 submitted its final report,
asking for the case to be closed. Zakia Jafri filed a protest petition in response. In
December 2013, the magistrate's court rejected the protest petition, accepting the
SIT's finding there was no evidence against Modi. [146] In 2022, the Supreme Court
dismissed a petition by Zakia Jafri in which she challenged the clean chit given to
Modi in the riots by the SIT, and upheld previous rulings that no evidence against
him was found.[147][148][149]

Later terms as Chief Minister

Main article: 2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election

Following the violence, calls for Modi to resign as chief minister were made from
politicians within and outside the state, including leaders of Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam and the Telugu Desam Party—partners in the BJP-led National
Democratic Alliance coalition—and opposition parties stalled Parliament over the
issue.[150] Modi submitted his resignation at the April 2002 BJP national executive
meeting in Goa but it was not accepted.[151] Despite opposition from the election
commissioner, who said a number of voters were still displaced, Modi succeeded
in advancing the election to December 2002.[152] In the election, the BJP won 127
seats in the 182-member assembly.[153] Modi made significant use of anti-Muslim
rhetoric during his campaign,[154][155][156][157] and the BJP profited from religious
polarisation among voters.[152] Modi framed the criticism of his government for
human rights violations as an attack upon Gujarati pride,[8][154] a strategy that led to
the BJP winning 127 of the 182[153] seats—a two-thirds majority—in the state
assembly.[8][154] He won Maninagar constituency, defeating Congress candidate
Yatin Oza.[158] On 22 December 2002, Modi was sworn in for a second term.[159]

During Modi's second term, the government's rhetoric shifted from Hindutva to
Gujarat's economic development.[113][8][154] He curtailed the influence of Sangh
Parivar organisations such as Bharatiya Kisan Sangh (BKS) and Vishva Hindu
Parishad (VHP).[160] When the BKS staged a farmers' demonstration, Modi ordered
the BKS's eviction from state-provided houses, and his decision to demolish 200
illegal temples in Gandhinagar deepened the rift with the VHP.[160][161] Modi retained
connections with some Hindu nationalists. He wrote a foreword to a 2014 textbook
by Dinanath Batra, which made the unscientific claim that ancient India possessed
technologies including test-tube babies.[162][163]

Modi's relationship with Muslims continued to attract criticism. Prime Minister Atal
Bihari Vajpayee distanced himself, reaching out to North Indian Muslims before the
2004 Indian general election, following which, Vajpayee called the violence in
Gujarat a reason for the BJP's electoral defeat and said it had been a mistake to
leave Modi in o ice after the riots.[164][165] Western nations also raised questions
about Modi's relationship with Muslims: the US State Department barred him from
entering the United States in accordance with the recommendations of that
country's Commission on International Religious Freedom,[166][167] the only person to
be denied a US visa under this law.[166] The UK and the European Union (EU) refused
to admit Modi because of what they saw as his role in the riots. As Modi rose to
prominence in India, the UK[168] and the EU[169] lifted their bans in October 2012 and
March 2013, respectively, and after his election as prime minister in 2014, the US
lifted its ban and invited him to Washington, D.C.[170][171]
 Modi meeting with then-Prime Minister of India
Manmohan Singh in 2004

During the run-up to the 2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election and the 2009
Indian general election, the BJP intensified its rhetoric on terrorism.[172] Modi
criticised Prime Minister Manmohan Singh "for his reluctance to revive anti-terror
legislation" such as the 2002 Prevention of Terrorism Act.[173] In 2007, Modi wrote
Karmayog, a 101-page booklet discussing manual scavenging. In it, he said
scavenging is a "spiritual experience" for Valmiks, a sub-caste of Dalits.[174][175] The
book was not circulated at that time because of the election code of conduct.[176]
After the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, the Gujarat government authorised the
deployment of 30 high-speed boats for coastal surveillance. [177] In July 2007, Modi
completed 2,063 consecutive days as chief minister of Gujarat, making him the
longest-serving holder of that post.[178] The BJP won 122 of 182 state-assembly seats
in that year's election.[179]

Despite the BJP's shift away from explicit Hindutva, Modi's campaigns in 2007 and
2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly elections contained elements of Hindu
nationalism. He attended only Hindu religious ceremonies and had prominent
associations with Hindu religious leaders. During his 2012 campaign, Modi twice
refused to wear skullcap gifted by Muslim leaders.[154] He did, however, maintain
relations with Dawoodi Bohra.[154] Modi's 2012 campaign included references to
issues known to cause religious polarisation, including Afzal Guru and the death of
Sohrabuddin Sheikh. The BJP did not nominate any Muslim candidates for the 2012
assembly election.[154] During the 2012 campaign, Modi attempted to identify
himself with the state of Gujarat, a strategy similar to that used by Indira Gandhi
during the Emergency, and projected himself as protecting Gujarat against
persecution by the rest of India.[154] While campaigning for the 2012 Gujarat
Legislative Assembly election, Modi made extensive use of holograms and other
technologies, allowing him to reach a large number of people,[152] something he
repeated in the 2014 general election. Modi won the constituency of Maninagar,
defeating Shweta Bhatt of the INC.[180] The BJP won 115 of the 182 seats, continuing
its majority during his tenure.[181] After his election as Prime Minister of India, Modi
resigned as the Gujarat chief minister and as MLA for Maninagar. Anandiben Patel
succeeded Modi as chief minister.[182]
Development projects

The Sardar Sarovar Dam during a 2006 height

increase

As chief minister, Modi favoured privatisation and small government, which was at
odds with the philosophy of the RSS, which is usually described as anti-
privatisation and anti-globalisation. Modi's policies during his second term have
been credited with reducing corruption in Gujarat. He established financial and
technology parks in the state and during the 2007 Vibrant Gujarat summit, real-
estate investment deals worth ₹6.6 trillion (equivalent to ₹20 trillion or
US$230 billion in 2023) were signed.[113]

The governments led by Patel and Modi supported NGOs and communities in the
creation of groundwater-conservation projects. By December 2008, 500,000
structures had been built, of which 113,738 were check dams, which helped
recharge the aquifers beneath them.[183] Sixty of the 112 tehsils which had depleted
the water table in 2004 had regained their normal groundwater levels by 2010.[184] As
a result, the state's production of genetically modified cotton increased to become
the largest in India.[183] The boom in cotton production and its semi-arid land use [185]
led to Gujarat's agricultural sector growing at an average rate of 9.6 per cent from
2001 to 2007.[186] Public irrigation measures in central and southern Gujarat, such as
the Sardar Sarovar Dam, were less successful. The Sardar Sarovar project irrigated
only 4–6% of the area intended.[183] In 2008, Modi o ered land in Gujarat to Tata
Motors to set up a plant manufacturing the Nano car after popular agitation had
forced the company to move out of West Bengal. Following Tata, several other
companies relocated to Gujarat.[187]

The Modi government finished the process of taking electricity to every village in
Gujarat its predecessor had almost completed.[188] Modi significantly changed the
state's system of power distribution, greatly impacting farmers. Gujarat expanded
the Jyotigram Yojana scheme, in which agricultural electricity was separated from
other rural electricity; the agricultural electricity was rationed to fit scheduled
irrigation demands, reducing its cost. Early protests by farmers ended when those
who benefitted found their electricity supply had stabilised [183] but, according to an
assessment study, corporations and large farmers benefited from the policy at the
expense of small farmers and labourers.[189]

Development debate

Modi addressing graduates of the Gujarat National Law

University in 2012

A contentious debate surrounds the assessment of Gujarat's economic

development during Modi's tenure as chief minister.[190] The state's Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) growth rate averaged 10% during his tenure, a rate similar to those of
other highly industrialised states, and above that of India as a whole. [187] Gujarat
also had a high rate of economic growth in the 1990s, before Modi took o ice; some
scholars have stated growth did not much accelerate during his tenure.[191] Under
Modi, Gujarat topped the World Bank's "ease of doing business" rankings among
Indian states for two consecutive years.[192] In 2013, a report measuring governance,
growth, citizens' rights, and labour and business regulation among the country's 20
largest states, ranked Gujarat first among Indian states for "economic
freedom".[187][193] In the later years of Modi's government, Gujarat's economic growth
was frequently used as an argument to counter allegations of communalism.[8] Tax
breaks and land for businesses were easier to obtain in Gujarat than in other
states. Modi's policies of making Gujarat attractive for investment included the
creation of Special Economic Zones in which labour laws were greatly
weakened.[154]

Despite its growth rate, Gujarat had a relatively poor record on human
development, poverty relief, nutrition and education during Modi's tenure. In 2013,
Gujarat ranked 13th in India with respect to rates of poverty, and 21st in education.
Nearly 45 per cent of children under five were underweight and 23 per cent were
undernourished, putting the state in the "alarming" category on the India State
Hunger Index.[194][195] A study by UNICEF and the Indian government found Gujarat
under Modi had a poor record in immunisation of children.[196]
From 2001 to 2011, Gujarat did not change its position relative to the rest of the
country with respect to poverty and female literacy, remaining near the median of
the 29 Indian states.[135] It showed a marginal improvement in rates of infant
mortality and its position with respect to individual consumption declined.[135] The
quality of education in government schools in Gujarat ranked below that of many
Indian states.[135] The state government's social policies generally did not benefit
Muslims, Dalits and Adivasis, and generally increased social inequalities.[135]
Development in Gujarat was generally limited to the urban middle class, and
citizens in rural areas and those from lower castes were increasingly marginalised.
In 2013, the state ranked 10th of 21 Indian states in the Human Development
Index.[12] Under Modi, the state government spent less than the national average on
education and healthcare.[135]

Allegations of bribery

Main article: Sahara-Birla Papers

During its raids in 2013 and 2014, the CBI seized some diaries from two big Indian
companies, Sahara Group and Aditya Birla Group. These diaries contained
references of alleged payments made to leaders belonging to as many as 18
political parties including BJP, Congress, JDU, BJD etc.[197][198] Among these were
some entries mentioning "Gujarat CM" and "Ahmadabad Modiji".[199][200][198] Citing
these entries, on 21 December 2016, the opposition leader Rahul Gandhi alleged
that Modi received cash bribes worth ₹65 crore (US$7.4 million) from Sahara Group
and Aditya Birla Group when he was the Chief Minister of Gujarat. [201][202] In
November 2016, advocate Prashant Bhushan had filed a plea in the Supreme Court
of India asking for investigation of the alleged bribe payments made to some senior
public servants including Modi.[203][204] A Supreme Court bench headed by Justice
Arun Kumar Mishra dismissed the plea in January 2017 stating that the evidence
provided was insu icient.[205][206] Later on, Justice Mishra was criticised by a section
of advocates and activists for siding with the Modi government in multiple
judgements during his tenure at the Supreme Court. [207][208] The Wire questioned the
manner in which the Supreme Court buried the Sahara-Birla diaries'
investigation.[209]

Premiership campaigns

2014 Indian general election

Main article: Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for the 2014 Indian general election
 Narendra Modi hands over his resignation as
Maninagar MLA to the Speaker of the Gujarat Vidhan Sabha.

External videos

BJP announces Shri Narendra Modi as its Prime Ministerial candidate for
Loksabha Elections. Bharatiya Janata Party on YouTube, 13 September 2013

In September 2013, Modi was named the BJP's candidate for prime minister ahead
of the 2014 Lok Sabha election.[210][211] Several BJP leaders,[212] including BJP
founding member L. K. Advani who cited concern with leaders who were
"concerned with their personal agendas", expressed opposition to Modi's
candidature.[213] Modi played a dominant role in the BJP's 2009 general election
campaign.[214][215] Several people who voted for the BJP stated they would have voted
for another party if Modi had not been the prime-ministerial candidate.[210][216][217]
The focus on Modi as an individual was unusual for a BJP election campaign. [212][218]
The election was described as a referendum on Narendra Modi.[190]

Modi meets his mother after winning the 2014 Indian

general election

During the campaign, Modi focused on corruption scandals under the previous
Congress government, and played on his image as a politician who had created a
high rate of GDP growth in Gujarat.[212] He projected himself as a person who could
bring about "development" without focusing on specific policies.[212] His message
found support among young and middle-class people. The BJP under Modi was able
to downplay concerns about the protection of religious minorities and Modi's
commitment to secularism, areas in which he had previously received criticism. [215]
Prior to the election, Modi's media image had centred around his role in the 2002
Gujarat riots but during the campaign, the BJP focused on Modi's neoliberal
ideology and the Gujarat model of development.[215] The BJP sought to identify itself
with political leaders who publicly opposed Hindu nationalism, including B. R.
Ambedkar, Subhas Chandra Bose and Ram Manohar Lohia.[163] Hindutva remained a
part of the campaign; BJP leaders used Hindutva-based rhetoric in several
states.[219][212][216][41] Communal tensions were played upon, especially in Uttar
Pradesh and Northeast India.[219] A proposal for the controversial Uniform Civil
Code was a part of the BJP's election manifesto.[41] The BJP's campaign was
assisted by its wide influence in the media.[195] Modi's campaign blitz cost around
₹50 billion (US$570 million)[190] and the BJP received extensive financial support
from corporate donors.[220] In addition to more-conventional campaign methods,
Modi made extensive use of social media[190][212] and addressed more than 1,000
rallies via hologram appearances.[41]

The BJP won 31 per cent of the vote,[40] and more-than-doubled its number of seats
in the Lok Sabha to 282, becoming the first party to win a majority of seats on its
own since 1984.[215][216] Voter dissatisfaction with the Congress and with regional
parties in North India, and support from the RSS were reasons for the BJP's
success.[216][212] In states such as Uttar Pradesh, where the BJP performed well, it
drew exceptionally high support from upper-caste Hindus, and its Muslim vote
increased to 10 per cent. The BJP performed particularly well in parts of the country
that had recently experienced violence between Hindus and Muslims.[216] The
magnitude of the BJP's victory led many commentators to say the election
constituted a political realignment away from progressive parties towards the
right-wing.[41][190][216][221][222] Modi's tweet announcing his victory was described as
being emblematic of the political realignment away from a secular, socialist state
towards capitalism and Hindu cultural nationalism.[223]

Modi was a candidate for the Lok Sabha constituencies Varanasi and Vadodara.[224]
He won in both constituencies, defeating Aam Aadmi Party leader Arvind Kejriwal
in Varanasi by 371,784 votes and Madhusudan Mistry of the Congress in Vadodara
by 570,128 votes.[225] India's president appointed Modi, who was unanimously
elected leader of the BJP, Prime Minister of India.[226][227] To comply with the law
prohibiting MPs from representing more than one constituency, he vacated the
Vadodara seat.[228]

2019 Indian general election

Main article: Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for the 2019 Indian general election

External videos

BJP announced manifesto and Shri Narendra Modi as prime minister

candidate. Bharatiya Janata Party on YouTube, 8 April 2019.
On 13 October 2018, Modi was named the BJP candidate for prime minister in the
2019 general election.[229] The BJP's chief campaigner was its president Amit Shah.
Modi launched the party's Main Bhi Chowkidar ("I too am a watchman") campaign
ahead of the general election, against the INC's campaign slogan Chowkidar Chor
Hai ("The watchman is a thief").[230] In 2018, the Telugu Desam Party split from the
NDA over the campaign for special status for Andhra Pradesh.[231]

Amit Shah launched the BJP's election campaign on 8 April 2019. In the campaign,
the opposition targeted Modi on allegations of corruption over the Rafale deal with
the Government of France, highlighting the controversy surrounding the deal.[232]
Modi's campaign focused on defence and national security, especially after the
Pulwama attack and the retaliatory Balakot airstrike, which was counted as an
achievement of his administration.[19][233] Other topics in the campaign were
development and good foreign relations in the first premiership.[234]

Modi contested the Lok Sabha election as a candidate for Varanasi; he won the seat
by a margin of 479,505 votes, defeating Shalini Yadav of the Samajwadi Party (SP),
who stood as a candidate for the SP-BSP alliance.[235][236] Modi was unanimously
appointed prime minister for a second time by the National Democratic Alliance[237]
after the alliance won the election for the second time with 353 seats in the Lok
Sabha; the BJP alone won 303 seats.[238][239]

2024 Indian general election

Main article: Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for the 2024 Indian general election

Modi in an election campaign rally in Madhya

Pradesh for the 2024 general election

In November 2023, Modi was named the BJP candidate for prime minister in the
2024 general election.[240] The BJP's chief campaigner was its home minister Amit
Shah and President J. P. Nadda.[241] Modi launched the party's "Modi Ki Guarantee"
("Modi's assurance")[242] campaign ahead of the general election, against the INC's
guarantees campaigns, that led to the party's enormous victories in the assembly
elections of Karnataka and Telangana.[243]

Modi contested the Lok Sabha election as a candidate for Varanasi for the third
consecutive time; he won the seat by a margin of 152,513 votes, defeating Ajay Rai
of the Indian National Congress (INC), who contested as a candidate for the SP-INC
alliance. His victory margin was the second lowest ever (in percentage points) for a
sitting Prime Minister in India.[244][245] The National Democratic Alliance secured a
total of 292 seats, 20 seats ahead of simple majority, and the BJP solely winning 240
seats.[246] Modi thanked the voters for reposing faith in his government for the 3rd
consecutive time.[247]

Prime Minister of India (2014–present)

Main article: Premiership of Narendra Modi

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the premiership of Narendra Modi.

Modi taking the oath of o ice as the Prime Minister

of India, with President Pranab Mukherjee administering the oath

Modi taking the oath of o ice as the Prime Minister

of India for the second time, with President Ram Nath Kovind administering the

oath Modi taking the oath of o ice as the Prime

Minister of India for the third time, with President Droupadi Murmu administering
the oath

After the Bharatiya Janata Party-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) won a
landslide in the 2014 Lok Sabha election, Modi was sworn in as Prime Minister of
India on 26 May 2014, becoming the first Indian PM to be born after the country's
independence from the British Empire in 1947.[248] Modi's second term as PM began
in 2019 following the NDA's 2019 Lok Sabha election win. On 6 December 2020, he
became the fourth-longest-serving Prime Minister of India and the longest-serving
non-Congress prime minister.[249]

Governance and other initiatives

Modi addressing the Nation on the occasion of 74th

Independence Day from the ramparts of Red Fort, in Delhi on 15 August 2020.

Modi's first year as PM saw significant centralisation of power. [163][250] Modi, who
initially lacked a majority in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of Indian Parliament,
passed a number of ordinances to enact his policies, leading to further
centralisation of power.[251] His administration enacted a bill to increase its control
over the appointment of judges and reducing that of the judiciary.[40] In December
2014, he abolished the Planning Commission, replacing it with the National
Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog),[252][253] concentrating the power
previously with the planning commission in the person of the PM.[251][254][255] The
Planning Commission had in previous years been criticised for creating ine iciency
in the government and of not fulfilling its role of improving social welfare but since
the economic liberalisation of the 1990s, it had been the major government body
responsible for measures related to social justice.[253][256] In its first year of
administration, the Modi government launched investigations through the
Intelligence Bureau into numerous civil society organisations and foreign non-
governmental organisations (NGOs) on the grounds these organisations were
slowing economic growth. The investigations were criticised as a witch hunt.
International humanitarian aid organisation Medecins Sans Frontieres, and
environmental nonprofit organisation Sierra Club and Avaaz were among the
groups that were investigated.[163][254] Cases of sedition and terrorism laws were
filed against individuals who criticised the government.[163][257] This led to discontent
within the BJP about his style of functioning and drew comparisons to the governing
style of Indira Gandhi.[163][251]

Modi repealed 1,200 obsolete laws in first three years as prime minister; 1,301 such
laws had been repealed by previous governments in the previous 64 years. [258][259][260]
Modi launched the Digital India programme with the goal of ensuring government
services are available electronically, build infrastructure to provide high-speed
Internet access to rural areas, boost manufacturing of electronic goods in the
country, and promote digital literacy.[261][262]

In 2019, a law to reserve 10 per cent of educational admission and government jobs
for economically disadvantaged individuals was passed.[263][264] In 2016, Modi's
administration launched the Ujjwala scheme to provide free liquefied petroleum
gas (LPG) connections to rural households. The scheme led to an additional 24% of
Indian households having access to LPG in 2019 as compared to 2014. [265] In 2022,
the government eliminated LPG subsidies for all citizens except those covered by
the Ujjwala program.[266]

In 2023, the Modi administration issued a notification constituting a high-level

committee on One Nation, One Election, a proposal aimed to synchronise all
elections in the country either on a single day or within a specific time frame.[267] In
September 2024, the bill for One Nation, One Election was approved by the Modi
Cabinet.[268][269][270]

Since May 2023, ethnic tensions between some groups have resulted in violent
clashes in Manipur. After 1 month of the violence, nearly 100 were killed and more
than 36,000 people were displaced.[271] Modi has been criticised for his lack of
reaction towards the violence.[272]

Hindutva

Further information: Hindutva

Modi at Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple, Tirumala

The activities of a number of Hindu nationalist organisations increased in scope
after Modi's appointment as prime minister, sometimes with the government's
support.[273][274] These activities included a Hindu religious conversion programme, a
campaign against the supposed Islamic practice of "Love Jihad" (an
Islamophobic[280] conspiracy theory)[275]: 226–227 [281]: 1–2 [282] and attempts to celebrate
Nathuram Godse, the assassin of Mahatma Gandhi, by members of the right-wing
organisation Hindu Mahasabha.[283][284] Government o icials, including the Home
Minister, defended the conversion programmes.[219]

Links between the BJP and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) grew stronger
under Modi. The RSS provided organisational support to the BJP's electoral
campaigns while the Modi administration appointed RSS-a iliated individuals to
prominent government positions.[285] In 2014, Yellapragada Sudershan Rao, who
had previously been associated with the RSS, became the chairperson of the Indian
Council of Historical Research (ICHR).[41] Historians and former members of the
ICHR, including those sympathetic to the BJP, questioned Rao's credentials as a
historian and stated the appointment was part of an agenda of cultural
nationalism.[41][286][287] During its first term, the Modi administration appointed other
RSS members to lead universities and research institutions, and recruitment of
faculty members favouring the RSS increased. According to scholars Nandini
Sundar and Kiran Bhatty, many of these appointees did not possess the
qualifications for their positions.[288] The Modi administration also made numerous
changes in government-approved history textbooks that de-emphasised the role of
Jawaharlal Nehru and glorified that of Modi while also portraying Indian society as
harmonious, and without conflict and inequity.[288][289]

In 2019, the Modi administration passed a citizenship law that provides a route to
Indian citizenship for persecuted religious minorities from Afghanistan,
Bangladesh and Pakistan who are Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis or
Christians,[290][291] but does not grant eligibility to Muslims.[292][293][294] This was first
time religion had been overtly used as a criterion for citizenship under Indian law; it
attracted global criticism and prompted widespread protests that were halted by
the COVID-19 pandemic.[288][294][295] Counter-demonstrations against the protests
developed into the 2020 Delhi riots, caused chiefly by Hindu mobs attacking
Muslims.[296][297] Fifty-three people were killed in the protests, two-thirds of whom
were Muslim.[298][299][300][301][302] On 5 August 2020, Modi visited Ayodhya after the
Supreme Court in 2019 ordered contested land in Ayodhya to be handed to a trust
to build a Hindu temple and ordered the government to give alternative 5 acres
(2.0 ha) of land to the Sunni Waqf Board for the purpose of building a mosque.[303]
Modi became the first PM to visit temples at Ram Janmabhoomi and Hanuman
Garhi.[304]
Soon after Modi returned to power in 2019, he took three actions the RSS had long
called for.[288] The practice of Triple Talaq was made illegal and became a
punishable act from 1 August 2019.[305][306][307] The administration repealed Article
370 of the Indian constitution that granted autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir, and
also abrogated its statehood, reorganising it into the union territories Jammu and
Kashmir, and Ladakh.[288][308] The region was placed under a lockdown and internet
services were suspended and were not completely restored until February 2021.[309]
Thousands of people, including hundreds of political leaders, were
detained.[310][311][312][313] The Supreme Court of India did not hear constitutional
challenges to the reorganisation or the Citizenship Amendment Act. According to
Bhatty and Sundar, this is an example of the subversion of the Supreme Court and
other major institutions, which were filled with appointees favouring the BJP.[288]

During his campaign for 2024 Indian general election, Modi referred to Muslims as
infiltrators with many children who would take India's wealth, if his political
opponents gained power.[314][315] In a later interview, Modi said that regardless of the
social class, there are more children in neighbourhoods plagued by poverty. He
said he made no mention of Muslim or Hindu in his campaign speech. [316][317]
However, factcheckers have refuted this claim of Modi and found numerous
instances across his election campaign where he communally targeted the
Muslims.[318][319]

Economy

BRICS leaders in 2019. Left to right: Xi (China), Putin

(Russia), Bolsonaro (Brazil), Modi and Ramaphosa (South Africa)

The Modi government's economic policies focused on privatisation and

liberalisation of the economy, and were based on a neoliberal framework.[254][320]
Modi liberalised India's foreign direct investment policies, allowing more foreign
investment in several industries, including defence and railways. [254][321][322] Other
proposed reforms included making the forming of unions more di icult for
workers, and making recruitment and dismissal easier for employers;[320] some of
these proposals were abandoned after protests.[323] The reforms drew strong
opposition from unions: on 2 September 2015, eleven of the country's largest
unions—including one a iliated with the BJP—struck.[320] The Bharatiya Mazdoor
Sangh (Indian Workers Union), a constituent of the Sangh Parivar (Family of the
RSS), stated the underlying motivation of labour reforms favoured corporations
over labourers.[254]

The funds dedicated to poverty-reduction programmes and social welfare

measures were greatly reduced by Modi's administration.[163] The money spent on
social programmes declined from 14.6 per cent of GDP during the previous
Congress government to 12.6 per cent during Modi's first year in o ice, and
spending on health and family welfare declined by 15 per cent.[254] The government
lowered corporate taxes, abolished the wealth tax, increased sales taxes, and
reduced customs duties on gold and jewellery.[254] In October 2014, the Modi
government deregulated diesel prices.[324] During Modi's first term, his government
reduced spending on education as share of the budget: over five years, education
spending dropped from 0.7 per cent of GDP to 0.5 per cent. [325][326][327] The percentage
of the budget spent on children's nutrition, education, health, and associated
programmes was almost halved between 2014 and 2022.[328] Capital expenditure on
transport infrastructure significantly rose, increasing from less than 0.4 per cent of
GDP in 2014 to 1.7 per cent in 2023.[329]

In September 2014, Modi introduced the Make in India initiative to encourage

foreign companies to manufacture products in India with the goal of turning the
country into a global manufacturing hub.[254][330] Supporters of economic
liberalisation supported the initiative but critics said it would allow foreign
corporations to capture a greater share of the Indian market. [254] Modi's
administration passed a land-reform bill that allowed it to acquire private
agricultural land without conducting a social impact assessment, and without the
consent of the farmers who owned it.[331] The bill was passed via an executive order
after it faced opposition in Parliament but was eventually allowed to lapse. [251]
Modi's government passed the Goods and Services Tax, the biggest tax reform in
the country since independence, subsuming around 17 taxes and became e ective
on 1 July 2017.[332]

Modi at the launch of the Make in India program

In his first cabinet decision, Modi set up a team to investigate black money.[333] On 9
November 2016, the government demonetised ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes with the
intention of curbing corruption, black money, terrorism and the use of counterfeit
currency.[334] The move led to severe cash shortages,[335][336][337] and a steep decline in
the Indian stock indices BSE SENSEX and NIFTY 50,[338] and sparked widespread
protests throughout the country.[339] It is estimated 1.5 million jobs were lost and
that one per cent of the country's GDP was wiped out.[340] Several deaths were
linked to the rush to exchange cash.[341][342] In the subsequent year, the number of
income tax returns filed for individuals rose by 25 per cent and the number of
digital transactions steeply increased.[343][344]

Modi's administration has observed a decline in GDP growth and increasing

joblessness compared to the previous administration under Manmohan Singh.[345]
During the first eight years of Modi's premiership, India's GDP grew at an average
rate of 5.5% per cent compared to the rate of 7.03 per cent under the previous
government.[346] Income inequality increased.[347] An internal government report
said in 2017, unemployment increased to its highest level in 45 years. The loss of
jobs was attributed to the 2016 banknote demonetisation, and the e ects of the
Goods and Services Tax.[348][349] GDP growth was 6.12 per cent in the 2018–19
financial year, with an inflation rate of 3.4 per cent.[350] In the year 2019–20, the GDP
growth rate slowed to 4.18 per cent, while inflation increased to 4.7 per cent. [351] The
Indian economy shrunk by 6.6 per cent during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020–21,
and was estimated to grow at 8.2 per cent the following financial year.[352]

Health and sanitation

See also: Swachh Bharat Mission

In his first year as prime minister, Modi reduced the central government's
healthcare spending.[196] In January 2015, the Modi government launched its New
Health Policy (NHP), which did not increase the government's spending on
healthcare but emphasised the role of private healthcare organisations. This
represented a shift away from the policy of the previous Congress government,
which had supported programmes to assist public health goals, including a
reduction in child and maternal mortality rates.[353] The National Health Mission,
which included public health programmes targeted at these indices, received
nearly 20 per cent less funding[354][355] in 2015 than in the previous year. The Modi
administration reduced the healthcare budget by a further 15% in its second
year.[356] The healthcare budget for the following year rose by 19%; private insurance
providers positively viewed the budget but public health experts criticised its
emphasis on the role of private healthcare providers and said it represented a shift
away from public health facilities.[357] The healthcare budget rose by 11.5% in 2018;
the change included an allocation of ₹20 billion (US$230 million) for a government-
funded health insurance program and a decrease in the budget of the National
Health Mission.[358]
 Modi discussing the COVID-19 pandemic with Chief
Ministers via videoconferencing in June 2020

Modi emphasised his government's e orts at sanitation as a means of ensuring

good health.[353] On 2 October 2014, Modi launched the Swachh Bharat Mission
("Clean India") campaign. The campaign's stated goals included the elimination of
open defecation and manual scavenging within five years.[359][360] As part of the
programme, the Indian government began constructing millions of toilets in rural
areas and encouraging people to use them.[361][362][363] The government also
announced plans to build new sewage treatment plants,[364] and planned to
construct 60 million toilets by 2019. The construction projects faced allegations of
corruption and severe di iculty in getting people to use the newly constructed
toilets.[360][361][362] Sanitation cover in India increased from 38.7% in October 2014 to
84.1% in May 2018 but use of the new sanitary facilities was lower than the
government's targets.[365] In 2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) stated at
least 180,000 diarrhoeal deaths in rural India were averted after the launch of the
sanitation e ort.[366]

In March 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Modi administration

invoked the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 and Disaster Management Act,
2005.[367][368] The same month, all commercial domestic and international flights
were suspended.[369] Modi announced a 14-hour curfew on 22 March,[370] and
followed with a three-week "total lockdown" two days later.[371][372] Restrictions were
gradually lifted beginning in April, and were completely revoked in November
2020.[369][373][374] A second wave of the pandemic that began in March 2021 was
significantly more devastating than the first; some parts of India experienced
shortages of vaccines, hospital beds, oxygen cylinders and other medical
supplies.[375] In late April India reported over 400,000 cases in a 24-hour period, the
first country to do so.[376] India began its vaccination programme in January
2021;[377][378] in January 2022, India announced it had administered about 1.7 billion
doses of vaccines and that more than 720 million people were fully vaccinated. [379]
In May 2022, the WHO estimated 4.7 million people had died of COVID-19 in India,
mostly during the second wave in mid 2021—almost 10 times the Indian
government's estimate. The Modi administration rejected the WHO's estimate.[25][26]

Foreign policy
Further information: Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government and Modi's
international trips as prime minister

Modi with U.S. President Donald Trump at Namaste

Trump rally in Ahmedabad, India

Foreign policy played a small role in Modi's election campaign and did not feature
prominently in the BJP's election manifesto.[380] Modi's foreign policy, similarly to
that of the preceding Congress government, focused on improving economic ties,
security and regional relations.[380] Modi continued Manmohan Singh's policy of
"multi-alignment".[380] The Modi administration tried to attract foreign investment in
the Indian economy from several sources, especially East Asia, with the use of
slogans such as "Make in India" and "Digital India". The government also tried to
improve relations with Islamic nations in the Middle East, such as Bahrain, Iran,
Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, as well as with Israel.[n]

Modi meeting Myanmar's leader Aung San Suu Kyi in

New Delhi in January 2018

India's relationship with the United States improved after Narendra Modi became
PM.[382] During the run-up to the general election, there was wide-ranging
scepticism about future of the strategic bilateral relationship under Modi's
premiership; in 2005, while Chief Minister of Gujarat, Modi was denied a US visa
during the presidency of George W. Bush for his poor human-rights record.[166][167]
Sensing Modi's victory well before the election, US Ambassador to India Nancy
Powell contacted Modi as part of greater rapprochement from the West. Following
Modi's 2014 appointment as India's PM, President Obama congratulated him over
the telephone and invited Modi to visit the US.[383] The Modi government enjoyed a
positive relationship with the US during the presidencies of Barack Obama and his
successor Donald Trump.[384][385]
 Modi and Russian President Vladimir Putin in
Moscow, Russia, 9 July 2024

During the first few months after his appointment as PM, Modi visited a number of
countries in support of his policy, and attended the BRICS, ASEAN and G20
summits.[380] One of Modi's first visits as PM was to Nepal, during which he
promised one billion US dollars in aid.[386] Modi also made several visits to the
US;[387] this was described as an unexpected development because of the US's
earlier denial of a US travel visa to Modi over his role in the 2002 Gujarat riots. The
visits were expected to strengthen diplomatic and trade relations between the two
countries.[387]

In 2015, the Indian parliament ratified a land-exchange deal with Bangladesh in the
India–Bangladesh enclaves, which the government of Manmohan Singh had
initiated.[251] Modi's administration brought renewed attention to India's "Look East
Policy", which was instituted in 1991. The policy, which was renamed the "Act East
Policy", involved directing Indian foreign policy towards East Asia and Southeast
Asia.[388] The government signed agreements to improve land connectivity with
Myanmar through the Indian state of Manipur; this represented a break with India's
historic engagement with Myanmar, which prioritised border security over trade.[388]
China–India relations rapidly deteriorated following the 2020 China–India
skirmishes.[389] Modi pledged aid of $900 million to Afghanistan, which he visited
twice and was honoured with Afghanistan's highest civilian honour in 2016. [390][391] In
September 2022, Modi appeared to have developed a strong personal relationship
with Russia's President Vladimir Putin.[392][393][394]

G20 Presidency

India hosted the 2023 G20 New Delhi summit, during which the African Union
joined the G20 as a permanent member.[395] In an interview on 26 August 2023,
Prime Minister Modi expressed optimism about the G20 countries' evolving agenda
under India's presidency, shifting toward a human-centric development approach
that aligns with the concerns of the Global South, including addressing climate
change, debt restructuring through the G20's Common Framework for Debt, and a
strategy for regulation of global cryptocurrencies.[396][397][398] Modi's government
faced scrutiny in the lead-up to the G20 meeting as multiple news sources reported
that Indian authorities demolished slum neighbourhoods in New Delhi, displacing
marginalised residents.[399][400][401]

Defence

Benjamin Netanyahu, the Prime Minister of Israel,

and Modi visiting the Technology Exhibition, at Tel Aviv, Israel in 2017

India's nominal military spending steadily increased under Modi.[402] During Modi's
tenure, the military budget declined, both as a fraction of GDP and when adjusted
for inflation.[403][404] A substantial portion of the military budget was devoted to
personnel costs commentators wrote the budget was constraining Indian military
modernisation.[403][405][404]

Under Modi, India launched military modernisation initiative aimed at

strengthening defence preparedness and streamlining defence acquisition. [406]
Modi launched new policies under the "Aatmanirbhar Bharat" campaign, promoting
indigenous defence manufacturing with policies to procure key weapon systems
domestically. The government has implemented several of the recommendations
from the Shekatkar Committee to streamline defence procurement and rationalise
spending. E orts have been made to establish Integrated Theatre Commands
(ITCs) to enhance jointness among the services, although challenges persist in
their full operationalisation.[407]

Modi promised to be "tough on Pakistan" during his election campaign and

repeatedly called Pakistan an exporter of terrorism.[408][409][410] On 29 September
2016, the Modi administration said Indian Army had conducted a surgical strike on
terror launch pads in Azad Kashmir; the Indian media said up to 50 terrorists and
Pakistani soldiers had been killed in the strike.[411][412][413] Independent analysts said
India's statement about the scope of the strike and the number of casualties had
been exaggerated.[414][415][416][417] Pakistan denied any surgical strikes to have taken
place.[418] In February 2019, India carried out airstrikes against a supposed terrorist
camp in Pakistan; open source satellite imagery suggested no targets of
significance were hit.[419][420] Further military skirmishes, including cross-border
shelling and the loss of an Indian aircraft, occurred. [421][422][423] Eight months after the
incident, the Modi administration admitted that six Indian military personnel had
been killed by friendly fire.[424]
 PM Modi along with Quad leaders in Washington

In May 2020, Chinese and Indian troops engaged in aggressive skirmishes along the
Sino-Indian border, including near the disputed Pangong Lake, Ladakh, and the
Tibet Autonomous Region and near the border between Sikkim and the Tibet
Autonomous Region. Additional clashes took place in eastern Ladakh along the
Line of Actual Control (LAC).[425] In 2020, skirmishes between the nations led to
many border clashes, responses and reactions from both sides. [426] A series of talks
between India and China were held, using military and diplomatic means for
peace.[427] The first border clash reported in 2021 was on 20 January; this was
referred to as a minor border clash in Sikkim.[428] Modi has been criticised for
maintaining silence over ceding about 2,000 sq km land to China since June
2020.[429][430][431]

In December 2021, Modi signed an agreement with Russian President Vladimir

Putin to extend military technical cooperation.[432] The Modi government bought the
S-400 missile system, an anti-missile striking system, strengthening the
relationship between the two nations.[433] India refused to condemn the 2022
Russian invasion of Ukraine and stayed neutral.[432][434] The Indian government's
Operation Ganga initiative sought to return Indians stranded in Ukraine during the
war. More than 19,000 Indian nationals were evacuated,[435][436] including some from
neighbouring countries.[437]

Environment

Modi (right) at CoP21 Climate Conference, in

Paris, announcing the founding of an International Solar Alliance (ISA). November
2015.

While naming his cabinet, Modi renamed the Ministry of Environment and Forests
the "Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change", and reduced its
budget allocation by more than half in his administration's first budget. [438] The new
ministry removed or diluted a number of laws related to environmental protection,
and others related to industrial activity.[254] The government also tried to
reconstitute the National Board for Wildlife so it would no longer have
representatives from NGOs but the Supreme Court of India blocked this move.[439]
Other changes included a reduction of ministry oversight on small mining projects
and ending the requirement for approval from tribal councils for projects inside
forested areas. Modi also lifted a moratorium on new industrial activity in India's
most-polluted areas.[439] The changes were welcomed by businesspeople but
criticised by environmentalists.[440]

Modi visiting the Bandipur and Mudumalai Tiger

Reserve, in Karnataka in 2023

Speaking with Assamese students in 2014, Modi downplayed climate change,

saying, "Climate has not changed. We have changed. Our habits have changed. Our
habits have got spoiled. Due to that, we have destroyed our entire environment." [441]
Later in his administration, however, he has called for climate action,[442][443]
especially with the proliferation of clean energy.[444][445] In 2015, Modi proposed the
International Solar Alliance initiative to encourage investment in solar energy.[446]
Holding developed countries responsible,[447] Modi and his government have said
India has had a negligible historical role in climate change. At the COP26
conference, Modi announced India would target carbon neutrality by 2070 and
expand its renewable energy capacity.[448] Indian environmentalists and
economists applauded the decision, describing it as bold climate action. [449] India
has become the only major economy to be on track to meet its Paris Agreement
goals.[450] It has achieved 10 per cent of ethanol blending five months ahead of
schedule.[451]

Democratic backsliding

Under Modi's tenure, India has experienced democratic backsliding.[g] According to

one study, "The BJP government incrementally but systemically attacked nearly all
existing mechanisms that are in place to hold the political executive to account,
either by ensuring that these mechanisms became subservient to the political
executive or were captured by party loyalists".[32][452] The Modi government has used
state power to intimidate and stifle critics in the media and academia, undermining
freedom of expression and alternative sources of information.[453][33] His
administration has been criticised for using a democratic mandate to undermine
democratic processes, including focusing on Hindu-nationalist priorities rather
than economic development. Modi's second term as PM, in particular, saw the
erosion of civil rights and press freedom.[454]

Public perception and image

Further information: Public image of Narendra Modi

Modi at Yoga Day celebrations in New Delhi, 21 June

2015

Narendra Modi has received consistently high approval ratings during his
premiership.[36]

Image

Modi is a vegetarian and teetotaller,[455][456] who has a frugal lifestyle[citation needed], and
is a workaholic and has been described as an introvert.[457] On 31 August 2012, he
posted on Google Hangouts, becoming the first Indian politician to interact with
citizens on a live chat.[458][459] Modi has been called a fashion icon for his signature
crisply ironed, half-sleeved kurta, and for a suit with his name repeatedly
embroidered in the pinstripes, which he wore during a state visit by US President
Barack Obama, which drew public and media attention, and
criticism.[460][461][462][clarification needed] Scholars and biographers have described Modi's
personality as energetic, eccentric, arrogant and charismatic.[40][463]

The nomination of Modi for the prime-ministership drew attention to his reputation
as "one of contemporary India's most controversial and divisive
politicians".[190][464][465] During the 2014 election campaign, the BJP projected an
image of Modi as a strong, masculine leader who would be able to take di icult
decisions.[190][210][212][216][217] Campaigns in which he has participated have focused on
Modi as an individual, an unusual tactic for the BJP and RSS. [212] Modi has relied
upon his reputation as a politician able to bring about economic growth and
development.[466] Modi's role in the 2002 Gujarat riots continues to attract criticism
and controversy.[11] Modi's hardline Hindutva philosophy and the policies adopted
by his government also continue to draw criticism, and have been seen as evidence
of a majoritarian and exclusionary social agenda.[11][40][163][212]

Approval ratings

Main article: Opinion polling on the Narendra Modi premiership

Modi interacting with the school children after

delivering his address on Independence Day in New Delhi, 15 August 2017

During his premiership, Modi has received consistently high approval ratings; at the
end of his first year in o ice, he received an overall approval rating of 87% in a Pew
Research poll, with 68% of respondents rating him "very favourably" and 93%
approving of his government.[467] Modi's approval rating remained largely consistent
at around 74% during his second year in o ice, according to a nationwide poll
conducted by instaVaani.[468] At the end of his second year in o ice, an updated Pew
Research poll showed Modi continued to receive high overall approval ratings of
81%, with 57% of those polled rating him "very favourably".[469][470] At the end of his
third year in o ice, a further Pew Research poll showed Modi with an overall
approval rating of 88%, his highest yet, with 69% of people polled rating him "very
favourably".[471] A poll conducted by The Times of India in May 2017 showed 77% of
respondents rated Modi as "very good" and "good".[472] In early 2017, a survey by
Pew Research Center showed Modi to be the most popular figure in Indian
politics.[473] In a weekly analysis by Morning Consult called the Global Leader
Approval Rating Tracker, Modi had the highest net approval rating as of 22
December 2020 of all government leaders in the 13 countries being tracked. [474][475]

In popular culture

See also: Category:Cultural depictions of Narendra Modi

Modi Kaka Ka Gaon (Modi uncle's town), a 2017 Indian Hindi-language drama film by
Tushar Amrish Goel, is the first biopic about Modi. It stars Vikas Mahante in the
titular role.[476] PM Narendra Modi, a 2019 Hindi-language biographical drama film
by Omung Kumar, stars Vivek Oberoi in the titular role and covers Modi's rise to the
premiership.[477] An Indian web series called Modi: Journey of a Common Man,
which is based on the same premise, was released in May 2019 on the video
streaming platform Eros Now with Ashish Sharma portraying Modi.[478]
7 RCR (7, Race Course Road), a 2014 Indian docudrama political television series
which charts the political careers of prominent Indian politicians, covered Modi's
rise to the PM's o ice in the episodes "Story of Narendra Modi from 1950 to 2001",
"Story of Narendra Modi in Controversial Years from 2001 to 2013", "Truth Behind
Brand Modi", "Election Journey of Narendra Modi to 7 RCR", and "Masterplan of
Narendra Modi's NDA Govt", with Sangam Rai in the role of Modi. [479] India: The Modi
Question, a 2023 BBC documentary, examines Modi's role in the 2002 Gujarat riots
and his record as Prime Minister of India. The Indian government banned the
documentary, drawing widespread criticism.[480][481][482][483]

Other portrayals of Modi include those by Rajit Kapur in the film Uri: The Surgical
Strike (2019) and Vikram Gokhale in the web-television series Avrodh: The Siege
Within (2020), both of which are based on the 2016 Uri attack and the subsequent
Indian surgical strikes.[484][485] Gokhale reprised the role in the sequel Avrodh: The
Siege Within 2 (2022), which is based on the 2016 Indian banknote
demonetisation.[486] Pratap Singh played a character based on Modi in Chand Bujh
Gaya (2005) which is set against the backdrop of the Gujarat riots.[487]

Modi appeared in an episode of Discovery Channel's show Man vs. Wild with the
host Bear Grylls in July 2019,[488][489] becoming the second world leader after Barack
Obama to appear in the reality show.[490] In the show, Modi treks through jungles,
and talks about nature and wildlife conservation with Grylls.[491] The episode was
recorded in Jim Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand, and was broadcast in India
and 180 other countries.[492] Modi hosts Mann Ki Baat, a monthly radio programme
on All India Radio, and has conducted the competition Pariksha Pe Charcha, and
discussions for students and the issues they face in examinations.[493][494]

Awards and recognition

Main article: List of awards and honours received by Narendra Modi

In March 2012 and June 2014, Narendra Modi appeared on the cover of the Asian
edition of Time Magazine, becoming one of the few Indian politicians to have done
so.[495][496] In 2014, CNN-News18 (formally CNN-IBN) news network awarded Modi
Indian of the Year.[497] In June 2015, Modi was featured on the cover of Time
Magazine.[498] In 2014, 2015, 2017, 2020 and 2021, he was named one of Time
magazine's 100 Most Influential People in the World.[499] Forbes Magazine ranked
him the 15th Most Powerful Person in the World in 2014 and the 9th Most Powerful
Person in the World in 2015, 2016 and 2018.[500] In 2015, Modi was ranked the 13th
Most Influential Person in the World by Bloomberg Markets Magazine.[501] In 2021,
Time called Modi the third "pivotal leader" of independent India after Jawaharlal
Nehru and Indira Gandhi, who "dominated the country's politics like no one since
them".[502][503] Modi was ranked fifth on Fortune Magazine's first annual list of the
"World's Greatest Leaders" in 2015.[504][505] In 2017, Gallup International Association
(GIA) conducted a poll and ranked Modi third-top leader of the world. [506][507] In 2016,
a wax statue of Modi was unveiled at Madame Tussauds wax museum in
London.[508][509]

Narendra Modi's wax statue at Madame Tussauds, London

In 2015, Modi was named one of Time's "30 Most Influential People on the Internet"
because he was the second-most-followed politician on Twitter and Facebook.[510]
In 2018, he was the third-most-followed world leader on Twitter and the most-
followed world leader on Instagram and Facebook.[511][512][513] In October 2018, Modi
received United Nations' highest environmental award, the Champions of the
Earth, for policy leadership by "pioneering work in championing" the International
Solar Alliance and "new areas of levels of cooperation on environmental
action".[514][515] Modi was conferred the 2018 Seoul Peace Prize.[516][517]

Following his second oath of o ice ceremony as Prime Minister of India, a picture
of Modi was displayed on the facade of the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
(ADNOC) building in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.[518] The Texas India Forum
hosted a community event, Howdy Modi, in honour of Modi on 22 September 2019
at NRG Stadium in Houston, Texas. The event was attended by over 50,000 people
and several American politicians, including President Donald Trump, making it the
largest gathering for an invited foreign leader visiting the United States other than
the Pope.[519][520] At the event, Modi was presented with the Key to the City of
Houston by Mayor Sylvester Turner.[521] The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
awarded Modi the Global Goalkeeper Award on 24 September 2019 in New York
City, in recognition of the Swachh Bharat Mission and "the progress India has made
in providing safe sanitation under his leadership".[522][523][524]

In 2020, Modi was among eight world leaders who were awarded the parody Ig
Nobel Prize in Medical Education "for using the COVID-19 viral pandemic to teach
the world that politicians can have a more immediate e ect on life and death than
scientists and doctors can".[525] On 21 December 2020, US President Donald Trump
awarded Modi the Legion of Merit for improving India–United States
relations.[526][527][528][529] On 24 February 2021, Gujarat Cricket Association
controversially renamed Motera Stadium in Ahmedabad—the largest cricket
stadium in the world—Narendra Modi Stadium.[530]

In July 2024, during a visit to Russia, Modi was awarded the Order of St. Andrew,
Russia's highest civilian award, for his e ort in the development of the bilateral ties
between India and Russia.[531] Later in November 2024, during a diplomatic visit to
Nigeria, Modi was conferred the Grand Commander of the Order of the Niger
(GCON) by the Nigerian President. This is one of the country's highest honours,
making him the second foreign dignitary to receive the award, after Queen
Elizabeth II in 1969.[532][533] President Bola Tinubu stated that the award was
presented in recognition of Nigeria's appreciation for the growing partnership
between the two countries.[534] Upon his arrival, Modi was presented with the
symbolic "Key to the City" of Abuja by Minister Nyesom Wike, a gesture symbolising
trust and honour from the people of Nigeria.[535][536] In December 2024, Modi was
conferred the Order of Mubarak the Great, the highest national honor of
Kuwait.[537][538]

Electoral history

Main article: Electoral history of Narendra Modi

Election results

Vote
Yea Constit s for Opponen Vote Mar Res
O ice Party % Party % Ref
r uency Mod t s gin ult
i

Ashwinb
hai
200 Memb 45,2 57. 30,5 38. 14,7 Wo
Rajkot II Narbhes [539]
2^ er of Bhara 98 32 Indian 70 68 28 n
hankar
the tiya Nation
Mehta
Legisla Janat al
200 tive a 113, 73. Yatinbhai Congr 38,2 24. 75,3 Wo [540]
2 Assem Manina Party 589 29 Oza ess 56 68 33 n
bly gar
200 139, 69. Dinsha 52,4 26. 87,1 Wo [541]
7 568 53 Patel 07 11 61 n
 Shweta
201 120, 75. 34,0 21. 86,3 Wo
Sanjiv [180]
2 470 38 97 34 73 n
Bhat

Madhusu
201 Vadodar 845, 72. 275, 23. 570, Wo
dan [542]
4 a 464 75 336 69 128 n
Mistry

Aam
201 581, 56. Arvind 209, 20. 371, Wo
Aadmi [224]
4 Memb 022 37 Kejriwal 238 30 784 n
er of Party
Parlia Samaj
201 ment, 674, 63. Shalini 195, 18. 479, Wo
wadi [543]
9 Lok Varanas 664 62 Yadav 159 40 505 n
Party
Sabha i
Indian
Nation
202 612, 54. 460, 40. 152, Wo [544][
Ajay Rai al
4 970 24 457 74 513 n 545]
Congr
ess

^ = February 2002 by-poll

Writing career

In 2008, Modi published a Gujarati book titled Jyotipunj, which contains profiles of
RSS leaders. The longest was of M. S. Golwalkar, under whose leadership the RSS
expanded and whom Modi refers to as Pujniya Shri Guruji ("Guru worthy of
worship").[546] According to The Economic Times, Modi's intention was to explain the
workings of the RSS to his readers, and to reassure RSS members he remained
ideologically aligned with them.

After becoming the Prime Minister he also authored a book called Exam Warriors, a
guide for children to commendably face exams. Modi has written eight other books,
mostly containing short stories for children.[547] Modi has penned the lyrics of two
Gujarati garba songs; Garbo, sung by Dhvani Bhanushali and composed by Tanishk
Bagchi, and Maadi, sung by Divya Kumar and composed by Meet Bros. The songs
were released on the occasion of autumn Navratri in 2023.[548] [549]

Abundance in Millets, a song by Falu and Gaurav Shah that featured a speech given
by Modi for the promotion of millet, received a nomination in the Best Global Music
Performance category for the 2024 Grammy Awards.[550][551]

Bibliography
For a more comprehensive list, see Bibliography of Narendra Modi.

 Modi, Narendra (2004). Aapatkal Me Gujarat (in Hindi) (Samskarana 1 ed.).

New Delhi: Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 81-7315-466-X. OCLC 56367646.

 ——————— (2011). Convenient Action: Gujarat's Response to Challenges

of Climate Change. New Delhi: Macmillan Publishers India. ISBN 978-0-230-
33192-1. OCLC 696558495.

 ——————— (22 April 2014). A Journey: Poems by Narendra Modi [Bhaav

Yatra]. Translated by Mantha, Ravi. Rupa Publications. ISBN 978-81-291-
3386-1.

 ——————— (2015). Jyotipunj (in Hindi). Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 978-93-

5186-231-4.

 ——————— (2015). Social Harmony [Samajik Samarasta]. Prabhat

Prakashan. ISBN 978-93-5048-980-2.

 ——————— (21 December 2015). India's Singapore Story. ISEAS–Yusof

Ishak Institute. ISBN 978-981-4695-73-2.

 ——————— (2017). Mann Ki Baat: A Social Revolution on Radio. BlueKraft

Digital Foundation. ISBN 978-9350359907.

 ——————— (3 February 2018). Exam Warriors. Penguin India. ISBN 978-0-

14-344150-2.

 ——————— (2018) [2017]. President Pranab Mukherjee: A Statesman.

Translated by Joshi, Varun. The Statesman. ISBN 978-8192925554.

 ——————— (2018). Abode of Love [Premtirth]. Rajpal Publishers.

ISBN 978-9350642382.

 ——————— (2020). Letters to Mother [Sakshi Bhaav]. HarperCollins.

ISBN 978-9353576325.

See also

 List of prime ministers of India

 Opinion polling on the Narendra Modi premiership

References

Notes

1.

 pronounced [ˈnəɾendɾə dɑmodəɾˈdɑs ˈmodiː] listenⓘ

  Narendra Modi was born Narendrabhai Damodardas Modi on 17 September
1950. He uses Damodardas as his middle name—Gujaratis have a tradition of using
the names of their fathers as their middle names—but he is widely known as
Narendra Modi.[3]

  Sources stating that the RSS had a deep impact on the political hierarchy of the
BJP, especially in the case of Narendra Modi:
[5][6][7]

  Sources describing Modi's administration as complicit in the 2002 violence:

[8][9][10][11][12]

  In 2012, a court stated that investigations had found no evidence against

Modi.[14][15]

  Sources stating that Modi has failed to improve human development indices in
Gujarat:
[11][12]

  Sources describing that India has experienced a backslide in

democracy:[31][32][33][34][35]

  Sources discussing the controversy surrounding Modi: [11][39][40][41][42][43][44]

  Modi hails from the low caste of Modh Ghanchis (oil pressers), which was
added to Gujarat’s Socially and Economically Backward Classes list in 1994 and to
the central Other Backward Classes (OBC) list in 1999.[45]

  Applications were filed with the Prime Minister's O ice (PMO) under the RTI Act
seeking details of his arrest. In reply, the PMO said it maintains o icial records on
Modi only since he became the prime minister in 2014. Despite this claim, the
o icial website of the PMO contains information about Modi from the 1950s.[81][82]

  Replying to an RTI query, the School of Open Learning said it did not have any
data of students who received a BA degree in 1978.[83] Jayantibhai Patel, a former
political science professor of Gujarat University, said the subjects listed in Modi's
MA degree were not o ered by the university when Modi was studying there.[90][91] In
2016, Delhi University deemed the BA degree to be authentic.[92]

  The party is commonly referred to simply as 'Congress.'

  The exact number of people killed in the train burning is variously reported. For
example, the BBC says it was 59,[118] while The Guardian put the figure at 60.[119]

14.  "The Narendra Modi led government completed two years in power in May
2016 and the prime minister has made his mark on both the domestic and
foreign policy fronts. It is important to assess how successful his initiatives
 have been in the arena of foreign a airs in comparison to his predecessors.
In this regard, this paper identifies and examines the key trends and issues
in foreign policy under the Modi led administration and the measures
needed to translate speeches and policies into action. Modi government has
also taken a serious node of relations with middle-east nations, as well as
Iran and Israel."[381]

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Further reading

 Chatterjee, Ankita (1 September 2020). "Humour in Narendra Modi memes

on new media". South Asian Popular Culture. 18 (3): 227–245.
doi:10.1080/14746689.2020.1815450. ISSN 1474-6689. S2CID 222214793.

 Gokhale, Nitin A. (2017). Securing India The Modi Way: Pathankot, Surgical
Strikes and More. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-93-86643-88-9.

 Hall, Ian. Modi and the reinvention of Indian foreign policy (Bristol University
Press, 2019) 221pp.

 Ja relot, Christophe. "Narendra Modi between Hindutva and

subnationalism: the Gujarati asmita of a Hindu Hriday Samrat." India Review
15.2 (2016): 196–217.

 Ja relot, Christophe. Modi's India: Hindu nationalism and the rise of ethnic
democracy (Princeton University Press, 2019)

 Jain, Varsha; B. E., Ganesh (2018). "Understanding the Magic of Credibility for
Political Leaders: A Case of India and Narendra Modi". Journal of Political
Marketing. 19 (1–2): 15–33. doi:10.1080/15377857.2019.1652222. ISSN 1537-
7857. S2CID 202247610.

 Kamath, M. V.; Randeri, Kalindi (2013). The Man of the Moment: Narendra
Modi. Wide Canvas. ISBN 978-93-259-6838-7. OCLC 1000812046.

 Kanrad, Bharat (2018). Staggering Forward: Narendra Modi and India's Global
Ambition. Viking Publishers. pp. 2–541. ISBN 9789353051952.

 Kaul, Nitasha. "Rise of the political right in India: Hindutva-development

mix, Modi myth, and dualities." Journal of Labor and Society 20.4 (2017): 523-
548. online

 Komireddi, K. S. (31 July 2019). Malevolent Republic: A Short History of the

New India. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-1-78738-294-7.

 Mahurkar, Uday. Centrestage: inside the Narendra Modi model of

governance (Random House India, 2014).

 Maiorano, Diego (3 April 2015). "Early Trends and Prospects for Modi's Prime
Ministership". The International Spectator. 50 (2): 75–92.
doi:10.1080/03932729.2015.1024511. ISSN 0393-2729. S2CID 155228179.
  Mohan, C. Raja (1 June 2015). Modi's World: Expanding India's Sphere of
Influence. HarperCollins Publishers India. ISBN 978-93-5177-206-4.

 Price, Lance. The Modi E ect – Inside Narendra Modi's Campaign To

Transform India (2015)

 Sardesai, Rajdeep, et al. 2019: How Modi Won India (2019)

 Schakel, Arjan H.; Sharma, Chanchal Kumar; Swenden, Wilfried (27 May
2019). "India after the 2014 general elections: BJP dominance and the crisis
of the third party system". Regional & Federal Studies. 29 (3): 329–354.
doi:10.1080/13597566.2019.1614921. hdl:20.500.11820/9018a8ee-2771-4e06-
9b96-f0461c410e2f. ISSN 1359-7566. S2CID 182486831.

 Sen, Ronojoy (3 May 2016). "Narendra Modi's makeover and the politics of
symbolism". Journal of Asian Public Policy. 9 (2): 98–111.
doi:10.1080/17516234.2016.1165248. ISSN 1751-6234. S2CID 155130008.

 Waikar, Prashant. "Reading Islamophobia in Hindutva: an analysis of

Narendra Modi's political discourse." Islamophobia Studies Journal (2018).

External links

Scholia has a profile for Narendra Modi (Q1058).

Library resources about

Narendra Modi

 Resources in your library

 Resources in other libraries

 O icial website

 Profile on Lok Sabha website

 Narendra Modi in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

 Narendra Modi at DNA India

 Narendra Modi collected news and commentary at The Guardian

 Narendra Modi collected news and commentary at The New York Times

 Narendra Modi at IMDb

  Appearances on C-SPAN

Political o ices

Preceded by Chief Minister of Gujarat Succeeded by

Keshubhai Patel 2001–2014 Anandiben Patel

Preceded by Prime Minister of India

Incumbent
Manmohan Singh 2014–present

Gujarat Legislative Assembly

Member of the Legislative

Preceded by Assembly Succeeded by

Vajubhai Vala for Rajkot II Vajubhai Vala

2002–2002

Member of the Legislative

Preceded by Assembly Succeeded by

Kamlesh Patel for Maninagar Suresh Patel

2002–2014

Lok Sabha

Preceded by Member of Parliament

for Varanasi
Murli Manohar Joshi 2014–present
Incumbent
Preceded by Leader of the House
Sushilkumar Shinde 2014–present

Diplomatic posts

Preceded by Leader of BRICS Summit Succeeded by

Vladimir Putin 2016 Xi Jinping

Succeeded by
Preceded by Head of SCO Summit
30 November 2020 Kassym-Jomart
Shavkat Mirziyoyev
Tokayev
Preceded by Leader of BRICS Summit Succeeded by

Vladimir Putin 2021 Xi Jinping

Succeeded by
Preceded by Chairperson of the Group of 20
2023 Luiz Inácio Lula da
Joko Widodo
Silva

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Categories:

 Narendra Modi

 1950 births

 Living people

 Gujarati people

 People from Mehsana district

 Indian Hindus

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 This page was last edited on 4 March 2025, at 09: