PROBLEM SOLVING USING C

Subject Code : UGCA1903

Course Instructor : Navkiran Kaur Gill

Email : [email protected]

PCTE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY 1

TIMELINE

1960 1967 1969 1972

ALGOL BCPL B C

Algorithmic Language Basic Combined

Programming Language

PCTE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY 2

 ➢ General purpose programming language
➢ Developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972
➢ Created at Bell Labs, USA
➢ Originally designed for UNIX development

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PCTE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
WHY SHOULD I LEARN C PROGRAMMING ?
➢ Foundation for Other Modern Languages
➢ System Level Programming
➢ Embedded Systems Development
➢ Core to Software Development
➢ Scientific and Engineering Libraries

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PCTE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 FEATURES
OF C
LANGUAGE

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PCTE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
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PCTE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 ALGORITHM

An algorithm is a finite set of unambiguous instructions which, when

executed, performs a task correctly.

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PCTE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 EXAMPLE
ALGORITHM ADD TWO NUMBERS

Step 0 : START
Step 1 : INPUT first number into variable A
Step 2 : INPUT second number into variable B
Step 3 : COMPUTE SUM = A + B
Step 4 : DISPLAY SUM
Step 5 : END

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PCTE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 PSEUDOCODE
It is a means to represent an algorithm in coded form.

➢ Informal way of writing a program

➢ Written in English
➢ Cannot be compiled or interpreted
➢ Does not follow any syntax

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PCTE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 EXAMPLE
PSEUDOCODE SUM OF TWO NUMBERS

SUM_TWO {
PRINT “Enter a value for number A : “
SCAN A
PRINT “Enter a value for number B : “
SCAN B
SUM A + B
PRINT “The sum is : “, SUM

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PCTE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 PSEUDOCODE
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

● Easier to write ● Lacks graphical or visual

● Takes less time and effort

representation
● Bridge between algorithm and

program ● Lack of standardization

● Changes in logic can be easily

● Difficult to implement for beginners
modified 11
 FLOWCHART

It is the graphical representation of an algorithm.

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PCTE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
NOTATIONS USED IN FLOWCHART
SYMBOL
NAME

Terminal Symbol

Input / Output Box

Process Box

Decision Box

Arrows

Connector

Off-Page Connector
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PCTE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 EXAMPLE
Start

Input A

FLOWCHART Input B
ADD TWO NUMBERS

SUM = A + B

Display SUM

End

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PCTE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 FLOWCHART
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

● Easier technique to understand logic ● Time consuming

● Easy to draw ● Difficult to modify

● Easy to identify logical errors ● Difficult to draw for huge programs

● Makes testing & debugging easier

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 TRANSLATORS
1. COMPILER

➢ Translates the whole program

➢ Detects all errors at once

2. INTERPRETER
➢ Translates line by line
➢ Detects errors in current line

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PCTE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 THE C COMPILER
➢ The source code written in the source file is the human-readable version
of your program

➢ It needs to be “compiled” into machine language

➢ The compiler compiles the source code into final executable program

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PCTE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
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PCTE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
STRUCTURE OF A C PROGRAM

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PCTE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
C PROGRAM STRUCTURE
A C program basically consists of the following parts
➢ Preprocessor Commands

➢ Functions

➢ Variables

➢ Statements & Expressions

➢ Comments

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PCTE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 COMMENTS
➢ Used to explain code, make it more readable
➢ Prevent execution when testing alternative code
➢ Comments can be classified as follows :
■ Single - line
○ Starts with two forward slashes - //
■ Multi - line
○ Starts with /* and ends with */
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PCTE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 EXAMPLE OF COMMENTS
➢ // This is a single line comment
printf(“HELLO WORLD !”);
➢ /*
This is a multi line comment :
This code will print the words HELLO WORLD ! to the screen
*/
printf(“HELLO WORLD!”);
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 CHARACTER SET
➢ Set of all valid characters that can be used in source program

to form words, expressions, etc.

➢ C provides support to about 256 characters

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PCTE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 CHARACTER SET INCLUDES
1. Alphabetical Characters
➢ Uppercase Letters : A - Z
➢ Lowercase Letters : a - z
2. Digits
➢ 0-9

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PCTE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 CHARACTER SET INCLUDES
3. Special Characters

➢ !, ", #, $, %, &, ', (, ), *, +, ,, -, . /', :, ;, <, =, >,

?, @, [, `, ], ^, _, `, {, |, }, ~

4. Whitespaces

➢ Blank Space
➢ New Line
➢ Tab 25
PCTE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 ASCII
AMERICAN STANDARD CODE FOR INFORMATION INTERCHANGE

➢ Used to represent characters in standardized way

➢ Every character is associated with a unique numerical value
➢ Like
● A = 65, B = 66 , ..
● a = 97 , b = 98 , ..
● 0 = 48 , 1 = 49 , ..
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PCTE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 KEYWORDS IN C

➢ Keywords are reserved words

➢ They have a special meaning to the compiler

➢ They cannot be used as identifiers

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PCTE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 KEYWORDS IN C
There are 32 keywords in C Language

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PCTE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 IDENTIFIERS IN C
➢ Names used to identify variables, functions, etc.

➢ Rules for naming identifiers are as follows :

○ Must begin with a letter or underscore ( _ )

○ Can contain alphabets, digits or underscores

○ Case-sensitive

○ No special characters except underscore are allowed

○ No reserved words or keywords can be used

○ No white spaces are allowed 29

 QUIZ
Determine if the following identifiers are valid or invalid according to
C programming rules .

1. _count 6. float

2. highScore 7. float_number_1

3. total_value_ 8. sum#

4. _number_ 9. number 1

5. 2ndNumber 10. intValue1_

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 QUIZ
Determine if the following identifiers are valid or invalid according to
C programming rules .
1. _count VALID 6. float INVALID

2. 2ndNumber INVALID 7. float_number_1 VALID

3. total_value_ VALID 8. sum# INVALID

4. number 1 INVALID 9. _number_1 VALID

5. highScore VALID 10. intValue1_ VALID

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 DATA TYPES IN C
➢ Used to specify the type of data a variable can hold

➢ Types are as follows :

○ Primary Data Types - int, float, char, double

○ Derived Data Types - arrays, pointers, structures, unions

○ User-defined Data Types - enum

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 PRIMARY DATA TYPES
1. INT
➢ Used to store integers ( both positive and negative )
➢ Each int variable takes upto 4 bytes of memory ( 32 bits )
➢ Int can be classified as :
a. Signed
○ Range : -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
b. Unsigned :
○ Range : 0 to 4,294,967,295
➢ short int ( 2 bytes )
➢ long int ( 8 bytes ) 33
 PRIMARY DATA TYPES
2. FLOAT
➢ Used to store single precision floating-point numbers (decimals)
➢ Size : 4 bytes of memory ( 32 bits )
➢ Precision : 6 - 7 decimal digits

3. DOUBLE
➢ Size : 8 bytes
➢ Precision : 15 - 16 decimal digits
➢ long double ( 10, 12 or 16 bytes )
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 PRIMARY DATA TYPES
4. CHAR
➢ Used to store a single character
➢ Each char variable takes upto 1 byte of memory ( 8 bits )
➢ Char can be classified as :
a. Signed
○ Range : -128 to 127
b. Unsigned :
○ Range : 0 to 255

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 VARIABLES IN C

➢ Variable is a name of the memory location

➢ It is used to store data

➢ Its value can be changed

➢ It can be reused

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 TYPES OF VARIABLES IN C

1. LOCAL VARIABLES

➢ Definition : Declared inside a function or block

➢ Scope : Accessible only within that function or block

➢ Lifetime : Exist only during the execution of that function

or block
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 TYPES OF VARIABLES IN C

2. GLOBAL VARIABLES

➢ Definition : Declared outside of all functions, usually at top

➢ Scope : Accessible from any function within the program

➢ Lifetime : Exist for the entire duration of the program’s

execution
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 TYPES OF VARIABLES IN C
3. STATIC VARIABLES

➢ Definition : Declared with the ‘ static ’ keyword

➢ Scope : Accessible from

○ within the function or block ( STATIC LOCAL )

○ within the program ( STATIC GLOBAL )

➢ Lifetime : Retain their value between function calls, and exist

for the duration of the program 39

 TYPES OF VARIABLES IN C
4. AUTOMATIC VARIABLES

➢ Variables that are automatically created and destroyed when a

block is entered or exited

➢ All variables declared inside a block ( LOCAL ) are automatic by

default

➢ Declared using ‘ auto ‘ keyword

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 TYPES OF VARIABLES IN C
5. EXTERNAL VARIABLES

➢ Variables declared outside of a function and intended to be

shared across multiple files

➢ Accessible from any file where it is declared using ‘ extern ‘

keyword

➢ Exist for the entire duration of the program

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 TYPES OF VARIABLES IN C

6. REGISTER VARIABLES

➢ Variables stored in CPU registers for faster access

➢ Local to block or function where they are declared

➢ Declared using ‘ register ‘ keyword

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 CONSTANTS IN C

➢ Fixed values that do not change during program execution

➢ Declared using ‘ const ‘ keyword

➢ Eg const int roll_no = 2026601 ;

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 SYMBOLIC CONSTANTS IN C

➢ Constants defined using ‘ #define ‘ directive

➢ Replaced by their definition before compilation

➢ Eg #define PI 3.14159 ;

➢ It improves code modifiability and understandability

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 OPERATORS IN C
➢ Symbols that tell the compiler to perform specific operations

➢ Operations are performed on variables and values

➢ Used to manipulate data

➢ Can control the flow of the program

➢ Values and variables used with operators are called operands

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 TYPES OF OPERATORS IN C
C operators can be classified into a number of categories :

1. Arithmetic Operators 5. Increment & Decrement Operators

2. Relational Operators
6. Conditional Operators
3. Logical Operators

7. Bitwise Operators
4. Assignment Operators

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 ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
1. + (Addition) : Adds two operands
2. - (Subtraction) : Subtracts the second operand from the first
3. * (Multiplication) : Multiplies two operands
4. / (Division) : Divides first operand by the second
The result is an integer if both operands are integers
5. % ( Modulus ) : Returns the remainder of the division

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 RELATIONAL OPERATORS
These operators compare two operands (values) and return either
‘ true ’ ( 1 ) or ‘ false ‘ ( 0 )

1. == ( Equal to ) : Checks if two operands are equal

2. != ( Not equal to ) : Checks if two operands are not equal

3. > ( Greater than ) : Checks if first operand is greater than second

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 RELATIONAL OPERATORS
These operators compare two operands (values) and return either
‘ true ’ ( 1 ) or ‘ false ‘ ( 0 )

4. < ( Less than ) : Checks if first operand is less than second

5. >= ( Greater than or equal to ) : Checks if first operand is greater than or

equal to second

6. <= ( Less than or equal to ) : Checks if first operand is less than or equal
to
second
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 LOGICAL OPERATORS
These operators are used to combine multiple conditions.
They are essential for decision making based on multiple criteria.

1. && ( AND ) : Returns ‘ true ‘ if both conditions are true

2. || ( OR ) : Returns ‘ true ‘ if atleast one conditions is true

3. ! ( NOT ) : Inverts the truth value of a single condition.

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 ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS
These operators are used to assign the value or result of an expression to a variable.

1. = ( Assign ) : Assigns the value of right-hand operator to the left

Shorthand Assignment Operators

2. += : Adds right operand to left and assigns result to the left operand

3. -= : Subtracts right operand from left and assigns result to left operand

4. *= : Multiplies right operand with left and assigns result to the left operand

5. /= : Divides left operand by right and assigns result to the left operand

6. %= : Takes modulus of left operand with right and assigns result to the left operand
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 INCREMENT & DECREMENT
OPERATORS
1. ++ ( INCREMENT ) : Increase the value of the operand by 1

i. Pre-increment (++a)

ii. Post-increment(a++)

2. -- ( DECREMENT ) : Decreases the value of the operand by 1

i. Pre-increment (--a)

ii. Post-increment(a--)
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 CONDITIONAL OPERATORS
This operator allows you to make decision within a single line of code.

condition ? expression_true : expression_false ;

• condition : expression to evaluate ( returns true or false )

• expression_true : value or expression that is executed if condition is true
• expression_false : value or expression that is executed if condition is false
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 BITWISE OPERATORS
These operators work on binary representation of int, performing operations bit by bit.

1. & ( Bitwise AND ) : Perform AND operation on corresponding bits of two integers

2. | ( Bitwise OR ) : Perform OR operation on corresponding bits of two integers

3. ^ ( Bitwise XOR ) : Perform XOR operation on corresponding bits of two integers

4. ~ ( Bitwise NOT ) : Flips all the bits of an integer, turning ‘1’ to ‘0’ and vice versa

5. << ( Left Shift ) : Shifts the bits of a number to the left by specified no. of positions

6. >> ( Right Shift ) : Shifts the bits of a number to the right by specified no. of positions

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 QUIZ
Determine whether the following statements are True or False.

1. The assignment operator = is used to compare two values in C.

2. The ++ operator increments the value of a variable by 1.

3. The expression 7 / 2 in C will return 3.5.

4. The << operator is used for left bitwise shifting in C.

5. The ! operator is used to negate a boolean expression in C.

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 QUIZ
Determine whether the following statements are True or False.

6. The | operator is used to perform logical OR operations.

7. In C, the expression 5 % 2 will return 2.

8. The && operator is used to perform bitwise AND operations in C.

9. The ! operator is used to negate a boolean expression in C.

10. The / operator performs integer division when both operands are integers.
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 LIBRARY FUNCTIONS
➢ Pre-defined functions provided by C libraries

➢ Simplify programming by providing reusable code

➢ Increase efficiency by using optimized and tested functions

➢ Save time by avoiding writing common functions from scratch

➢ Accessible by including the corresponding header files

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 EXAMPLES OF C LIBRARIES

➢ stdio.h : Standard Input and Output library.

➢ stdlib.h : Standard Library for general utilities.

➢ string.h : String handling library.

➢ math.h : Mathematical functions library.

➢ time.h : Date and time utility functions.

➢ ctype.h : Character handling functions. 58

FUNCTIONS IN “ STDIO.H ” LIBRARY
1. printf : Prints formatted output to the screen.

2. scanf : Reads formatted input from the keyboard.

3. fprintf : Prints formatted output to a file.

4. fscanf : Reads formatted input from a file.

5. getchar : Reads a single character from standard input.

6. putchar : Writes a single character to standard output.

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FUNCTIONS IN “ MATH.H ” LIBRARY
1. sqrt : Calculates the square root of a number.

2. pow : Raises a number to a power.

3. sin, cos, tan : Trigonometric functions.

4. abs : Returns the absolute value of an integer.

5. fmod : Returns the remainder of x divided by y.

6. ceil : Rounds x up to the nearest integer.

7. floor : Rounds x down to the nearest integer.

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FUNCTIONS IN “ CTYPE.H ” LIBRARY
1. isdigit : Checks if a character is a digit.

2. isalpha : Checks if a character is alphabetic.

3. isalnum : Checks if a character is alphanumeric.

4. toupper : Converts a character to uppercase.

5. tolower : Converts a character to lowercase.

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 FORMATTED INPUT / OUTPUT
➢ Handles input and output with specific formatting rules

➢ Uses specifiers like %d, %f, %s to control data representation

➢ Formatted Input Functions : scanf , fscanf

➢ Formatted Output Functions : printf , fprintf

➢ Performs error checking for format specifier mismatches

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 UNFORMATTED INPUT / OUTPUT
➢ Handles raw input and output without specific formatting

➢ No format specifiers needed

➢ Formatted Input Functions : getchar , gets , fgets

➢ Formatted Output Functions : putchar , puts , fputs

➢ Deals directly with data, often with minimal error checking

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