DAMODARAM SANJIVAYYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY, SABBAVARAM,

VISAKHAPATNAM, A.P., INDIA

PROJECT TITLE:

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE LEGAL PROFESSION

SUBJECT:

INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY LAWS

NAME OF THE FACULTY:

PROFESSOR B NEELIMA

NAME OF THE CANDIDATE

SHEHNAZ TASNIM KHALEEL

ROLL NUMBER:

20LLB106

SEMESTER 1X

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my heartfelt and profound appreciation towards my Information and
Technology Laws Professor Dr B Neelima, for her assistance and recommendations for it was
extremely kind of her and without which the making of this project would have been highly
improbable.

2
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................................... 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................... 3
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... 4
SYNOPSIS ........................................................................................................................... 5
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 7
IMPACT ON THE LEGAL PROFESSION ........................................................................ 12
PROS AND CONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ..................................................... 17
CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 22
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................... 24

3
 ABSTRACT

In the realm of technological advancement, one of the most intriguing and rapidly evolving
fields is the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into various aspects of society. AI is
spreading its roots in different areas by utilizing the concept of making the computers learn
and handle complex tasks that previously require substantial laborious tasks by human
beings. As AI systems become increasingly sophisticated, they are finding applications in
diverse sectors, including healthcare, finance, transportation, and entertainment.

In an age defined by rapid technological advancement, the integration of artificial intelligence

(AI) into various facets of society is becoming increasingly prevalent. Among the many
domains impacted by AI, the field of law stands out as both profoundly influenced by its
capabilities and uniquely positioned to shape its development. As AI continues to evolve, it
presents a myriad of challenges and opportunities for legal systems around the world.

With better accuracy and speed, AI is helping lawyers to streamline work processing. New
legal AI software tools like CoCounsel, Harvey AI, Diligen, Gideon, Catalyst, Ross
intelligence, Matlab and ChatGPT along with natural language processing provide effective
quarrel resolution, better legal clearness, and superior admittance to justice and fresh
challenges to conventional law firms providing legal services using leveraged cohort
correlate model.

As AI technologies continue to evolve, they present both unprecedented opportunities and

complex challenges for the legal profession and society at large. In this project, we delve into
the intersection of law and AI, exploring the implications, debates, current applications of
legal AI and future directions in this dynamic field.

4
 SYNOPSIS
Objective of the Study

1. To understand the impact of generative AI on the legal industry.

2. To understand the opportunities and challenges faced by Legal professionals as they
adopt these technologies.
3. To understand implications of AI-generated legal advice and judgments.

Literature Review

The researcher has gone through various journal articles and books, and UN/UNSC
Documents:

1. Ray Worthy Campbell, 'The Digital Future of the Oldest Information Profession' (17
January 2016) SSRN http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2716972.
2. Cary G. Debesonnet and George R. Cross, ‘An Artificial Intelligence Application in
the law: CCLIPS, a computer program that process legal information’, 1 Berkely
Technology Law journal 1 (September, 1986)
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.926.7352&rep=rep1&type=
pdf
3. Richard Susskind, The End of Lawyers? Rethinking the Nature of Legal Services
(Oxford University Press 2010).
4. Richard Susskind, Tomorrow's Lawyers: An Introduction to Your Future (3rd edn,
Oxford University Press 2023).
5. Jamie J. Baker, A legal research odyssey: Artificial Intelligence as disruptor, 110:1
Law library journal. (2018).
6. John O. McGinnis & Steven Wasick, Law’s Algorithm, 66 Florida law review 1050
(2014).

Research Methodology

It is a doctrinal form of research. The research methodology adopted mainly consists of

gathering information, analysing it and approaching a reasonable conclusion. Along with the
primary survey, research journals and articles previously published is also looked into.
Various countries are used to create a comparative analysis on the use of AI and AI-tools by
the Legal profession and the Legal system.

Style of Citation

Oxford style of citation has been done in this project. (OSCOLA 4 th edn)

Scope of the Study

5
This study analyses primary research data, journals, articles as well as the number of AI
substantiated legal databases.

Significance of the Study

The study aims to recognise the impact the legal profession and the legal industry has faced
due to the integration of AI and Ai-tools in their day-to-day working.

Research Questions
1. Is it ethical and legally sound to use AI as substitutes for Human work in the process
of creating Legal documents?

6
 INTRODUCTION

I begin with an anecdotal futuristic example based on a piece of media which speculates on
the far-reaching consequences of the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) within the Legal
system.

The TV mini-series ‘Class of 09’ tells a thrilling story about the impact of Artificial
Intelligence (AI) on the criminal justice system in the USA. In the final episode, the AI
wrongly accuses a civil rights advocate of a crime because of her anti-AI opinions in an
unpublished book, which the AI deemed to be a threat. During the trial, the advocate argues
that human judges have little authority to decide her guilt or innocence because AI
calculations are considered sacred by the judiciary. Although the current scenario does not
rely on AI for decision-making, it could be a possibility in the coming years.

Today, AI is unsettling nearly every profession and industry. The adoption of AI in law has
been steadily increasing, driven by the need for efficiency, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness.
Legal professionals are leveraging AI-powered tools for a myriad of tasks, including contract
review, legal research, predictive analytics, and document automation. These technologies
promise to streamline workflows, enhance decision-making, and deliver greater access to
justice.

The integration of AI technologies poses significant challenges to existing legal frameworks.

Traditional laws often struggle to keep pace with the rapid advancements in AI, leading to
ambiguity and uncertainty regarding liability, accountability, and ethical standards.
Consequently, policymakers around the world are grappling with the task of formulating
comprehensive regulations to govern the use of AI.

As AI technology evolves, new legal challenges continue to emerge, testing the boundaries of
existing legal frameworks. One such issue is the attribution of liability in cases involving AI-
generated outcomes. Who is responsible when an autonomous vehicle is involved in an
accident? Should it be the manufacturer, the programmer, or the user? Resolving these
questions requires a nuanced understanding of causality, intentionality, and the notion of
agency in AI systems.

Another emerging legal issue relates to intellectual property rights and AI-generated content.
As AI algorithms generate creative works such as artworks, music, and literature, questions
arise regarding copyright ownership and authorship. Current copyright laws predominantly
attribute authorship to human creators, raising uncertainty about the status of AI-generated
works and the rights associated with them.

The rapid evolution of AI technology has outpaced the development of comprehensive

regulatory frameworks, leaving policymakers grappling with how to effectively govern its

7
use in the legal domain. Issues such as data privacy, intellectual property rights, and liability
for AI-generated errors pose significant legal challenges.

Additionally, the intersection of AI and traditional legal concepts, such as liability and
accountability, gives rise to novel legal questions. Who bears responsibility when an AI
system makes a mistake in a legal context? How can we establish clear standards for the
ethical design and deployment of AI in law? These questions underscore the need for
proactive regulatory measures and interdisciplinary collaboration between legal experts,
technologists, and ethicists.

Despite the complexities and uncertainties surrounding the integration of AI into the legal
profession, the future holds immense promise. AI has the potential to democratize access to
legal services, bridge the gap between legal expertise and the general public, and enhance the
efficiency and effectiveness of legal processes.
However, realizing this potential requires a concerted effort to address the ethical, regulatory,
and societal implications of AI in law. Stakeholders must work collaboratively to develop
robust frameworks for the responsible and ethical use of AI, ensuring that it serves the
interests of justice and upholds the rule of law.

WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Artificial intelligence is a collection of concepts and technologies which mean different
things to different people. Self-driving cars, robots that impersonate humans, machine
learning, and more – and its applications are everywhere we look. AI can be defined as: ―An
AI is a computer system which can to perform tasks which ordinarily require human
intelligence. Artificial intelligence systems are powered by machine learning. Many of them
are powered by machine learning, some are powered by specifically deep learning, and
meanwhile some are powered by very boring things like just rules. 1
The term ―artificial intelligence‖ belongs to a Stanford researcher John McCarthy, who
coined the term in 1956. He also defined the key mission of AI as a sub-field of computer
science.2 Machine Learning (ML) is a way to teach a computer to answer a yes or no question
about something. That something might be a picture, which is often referred to as an image. It
might be an audio stream. It might be a spreadsheet. AI is the simulation of human
intelligence processes by machines, and computer systems. These processes include learning,
reasoning and self-correction.3 The idea of ML (machine learning) is that we teach the
computer how to answer the questions. This is done by presenting the computer with many
examples. Some of the examples have the answer ‘yes,’ and others have as the answer ‘no’ as
the answer. Ideally, there will be many of examples for both answers. The word ‘lots,’ mean

1
DataRobot, 'Artificial Intelligence' https://www.datarobot.com/wiki/artificial-intelligence/ accessed 7 October
2024.
2
Oksana Tunikova, 'What You Need To Know About Artificial Intelligence' (StopAd Blog, 5 January 2018)
https://stopad.io/blog/artificial-intelligence-facts accessed 7 October 2024.
3
Margaret Rouse, 'AI (Artificial Intelligence)' (SearchEnterpriseAI, August 2018)
https://searchenterpriseai.techtarget.com/definition/AI-Artificial-Intelligence .

8
one need to provide hundreds for minimal learning and thousands for good learning. In high
stakes cases, tens or hundreds of thousands of examples must be supplied.
In the 1960s, the US Department of Defence took interest in AI and began training computers
to mimic basic human reasoning. Example, the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency
(DARPA) finished street mapping projects in the 1970s. And DARPA produced intelligent
personal assistants in 2003, mush before Siri, Alexa or Cortana were household names.
Artificial intelligence is machine working smartly.4 Applying a brain into machines that can
enable them to take decisions by themselves is the literal meaning and purpose of artificial
intelligence. Artificial intelligence is developed to offer users experience with the machine
just like they can have with humans. These machines and software that use artificial
intelligence behave like humans and interact like them too.5
App development companies use artificial intelligence to solve problems and deliver a quick
solution to end users. Just the way humans need time and experience to grow up mentally,
artificial intelligence also needs time. When a baby touches a hot vessel, the data is stored in
his mind that is hurts and not to repeat it. Similarly, artificial intelligence works. It keeps
growing with the experiences by storing data and applying it in future whenever necessary.
AI is very complicated to learn & implement but very easy to use.
One of the common areas where AI is adopted and is currently being used are
1) Speech Recognition like Siri, Google assistant
2) AI optimized hardware
3) Machine learning platforms like Amazon, Google, Microsoft
4) Biometricslike in Affectiva,Agnitio, 3VR
5) Cyber defence
6) Emotion recognition

PRESENCE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE LEGAL INDUSTRY

Artificial intelligence and law is a subfield of artificial intelligence mainly concerned with
applications of AI to legal informatics problems and original research on these problems. It is
also concerned to contribute in the other direction like to export tools and techniques
developed in the context of legal problems to AI in general. Theories of legal decision
making, especially models of argumentation, have contributed to informed representation and
reasoning; models of social organization based on norms have contributed to multi-agent
systems; reasoning with legal cases has impacted to case-based reasoning; and the need to
store and retrieve large amounts of textual data has resulted in contributions to conceptual
information retrieval and intelligent databases.
The first serious proposal for applying AI techniques to law was by Buchanan and Headrick. 6
The period includes Thorne McCarty's influential TAXMAN project 7 in the USA and Ronald
4
SAS, 'What Is Artificial Intelligence?' (SAS Insights) https://www.sas.com/en_in/insights/analytics/what-is-
artificial-intelligence.html
5
Hemendra Singh, 'What is AI? Know All About Artificial Intelligence' (CustomerThink, 23 June 2018)
http://customerthink.com/what-is-ai-know-all-about-artificial-intelligence/
6
Bruce G Buchanan and Thomas E Headrick, 'Some Speculation About Artificial Intelligence and Legal
Reasoning' (1970) 22 Stanford Law Review 40.

9
Stamper's LEGOL project8 in the UK. TAXMAN project was concerned with the modelling
of the majority and minority arguments in a US Tax law case (Eisner v Macomber), while
LEGOL project attempted to provide a formal model of the rules and regulations that govern
the organization. In the early 1980s there were landmark works in this field which include
Carole Hafner's work on conceptual retrieval, 9 Anne Gardner's work on contract law,10
Rissland's work on legal hypothetical‘s 11 and the work at Imperial College, London on
executable formalizations of legislation. 12 There was an meeting of scholars at Swansea,13
which was a series of conferences organized by IDG in Florence 14 and the workshops
organized by Charles Walter at the University of Houston in 1984 and 1985.15 In 1987 a
biennial conference, the International Conference on AI and Law (ICAIL), was formed. 16
This conference was the main place for publishing and developing ideas within AI and
Law,17 which led to the foundation of the International Association for Artificial Intelligence
and Law (IAAIL), whose work was to organize and convene subsequent ICAILs. This, in
turn, led to the foundation of the Artificial Intelligence and Law Journal, which was first
published in 1992. In Europe, the annual JURIX conferences (organized by the Jurix
Foundation for Legal Knowledge Based Systems), began in 1988. JURIX quickly developed
into an international, primarily European, conference and since 2002 has regularly been
organised outside the Dutch speaking countries. Since 2007 the JURISIN workshops have
been held in Japan under the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence. Examples in AI and
Law include Valente's functional ontology18 and the frame set ontologies of Visser and van
Kralingen.19 Legal ontologies have since then become the topic of regular workshops at AI
and Law conferences. There are many examples starting from generic top-level and core
neologies20 to very specific models of definite pieces of legislation. AI and law covers a wide
range of topics. 21

7
L Thorne McCarty, 'Reflections on "Taxman": An Experiment in Artificial Intelligence and Legal Reasoning'
(1977) 90 Harvard Law Review 837.
8
Ronald K Stamper, 'The LEGOL 1 Prototype System and Language' (1977) 20 The Computer Journal 102.
9
Carole D Hafner, 'Representing Knowledge in an Information Retrieval System' in R Oddy et al (eds),
Information Retrieval Research (Butterworths 1981).
10
Anne Gardner, 'The Design of a Legal Analysis Program' AAAI-83 (1983).
11
Edwina L. Rissland, 'Examples in Legal Reasoning: Legal Hypotheticals' IJCAI (1983).
12
Marek J. Sergot et al, 'The British Nationality Act as a Logic Program' Communications of the ACM 29.5
(1986) 370-386.
13
Bryan Niblett (ed), Computer Science and Law (CUP Archive 1980).
14
Costantino Ciampi and Antonio Martino, Artificial Intelligence and Legal Information Systems (Elsevier
Science Inc. 1982).
15
Charles Walter, Computer Power & Legal Language: The Use of Computational Linguistics, Artificial
Intelligence, & Expert Systems in the Law (Greenwood Publishing Group Inc. 1988).
16
Trevor Bench-Capon et al, 'A History of AI and Law in 50 Papers: 25 Years of the International Conference
on AI and Law' (2012) 20 Artificial Intelligence and Law 215-319.
17
Ibid
18
A. Valente, Legal Knowledge Engineering: A Modelling Approach (IOS Press 1995).
19
Robert W. van Kralingen, Pepijn R. S. Visser, Trevor J. M. Bench-Capon, and H. Jaap van den Herik, 'A
Principled Approach to Developing Legal Knowledge Systems' (1999) 51(6) International Journal of Human-
Computer Studies 1127-1154.
20
Rinke Hoekstra, Joost Breuker, Marcello Di Bello, and Alexander Boer, 'The LKIF Core Ontology of Basic
Legal Concepts' in Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Legal Ontologies and Artificial Intelligence Techniques
(2007) 43-63.
21
Computational Law, Symbolic Discourse and the AI Constitution—Stephen Wolfram
https://stephenwolfram.com

10
In 2016, DeepMind‘s AlphaGo defeated Lee Sedol, an international Go champion, and
became the first computer program to beat a human world champion. 22 In 2018, LawGeex,
which is an AI contract review platform ,tried it on human Lawyers. The AI system achieved
a 94% accuracy rate at surfacing risks in non-disclosure agreements (NDAs) in comparison to
experienced human lawyers who average out at an 85% accuracy for the same task. 23
In a study, conducted in collaboration with Duke and Stanford Law Schools, pitted AI against
20 top US-trained lawyers with decades of experience, specifically in reviewing NDAs,
which is one of the most common agreements in law. The legal AI system took 26 seconds to
complete the review whereas the human lawyers took an over of 92 minutes. ―AI can really
help lawyers sift through these documents, and allow one party to focus on the core issues.
―The new startup firms using AI are using it in daily legal work, including drafting and
reviewing contracts, mining documents in discovery, answering routine questions or sifting
data to predict outcomes. LegalTech in 2017 saw $233M investment in companies across 61
deals, edging ahead 2016 according to an investment report by Tracxn.US law firms for their
part are turning to AI solutions as they experience slow growth in demand and fall in
productivity. Altman Weil found that, of the 386 US firms participating in its 2017 Law
Firms in Transition survey, half reported that they have created special projects and
experiments to test innovative ideas or ways, and 49% indicate they are using technology to
replace human resources with the aim of improving efficiencies. 24 The algorithm can
nowadays identify concepts in such contracts even though each contract is written in a
different style.
Legal AI means lawyers are increasingly focused on the present realities and future of the
law, rather than just the precedents of the past. After his defeat by AlphaGo, Lee Sedol won
every tournament game he played in the two months following the challenge. Despite beating
human lawyers at smaller tasks, experienced and learned lawyers are still required as
―trusted advisers in important deals. The goal is to use both AI as well as humans to ensure
that research is done more accurately — and more consistently — than a human or
technology alone.

22
Christopher Moyer, 'The Invisible Opponent' (28 March 2016)
https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/03/the-invisible-opponent/475611/.
23
Aishwarya Singh, 'AI Beats Human Lawyers at Contract Reading – By Being 200 Times Faster!' (27 February
2018) https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2018/02/ai-beats-human-lawyers-reading-contract/.
24
Altman Weil, Law Firms in Transition 2017: An Altman Weil Flash Survey
http://www.altmanweil.com/LFiT2017/.

11
 IMPACT ON THE LEGAL PROFESSION

CHANGES IN THE RATE OF EMPLOYMENT

Artificial Intelligence will be creating change in the structure of employment in the not-so-
distant years. AI is a branch of computer science that deals with creating intelligent machines
that react and interact like human beings, this incorporation of intelligence in machines is a
result of algorithms, AI and its other two subsets Machine learning and deep learning uses
complexly coded algorithms that help machines now the characteristics of certain objects and
help it identifying the object quickly. On a simpler note, with not so complex algorithms, AI
can easily replace jobs that are monotonous, this included going through contracts and
reviewing it and finding the glitches 25 in it as well as extracting legal terminologies and aid in
faster research.26 AI intelligence in a more complex note also uses NLP or Natural Language
Processing, i.e. interacting with humans in a way that human beings understand. This NLP
technique is used by ROSS intelligence 27 and even a platform of LexisNexis to aid in
research. Thus, this machine aided software will increase the efficiency of an individual
leading to a drastic change in the employment structure.

EFFICIENCY AND ACCURACY

The use of AI for research, document reviewing or any other purpose as such will increase
the efficiency of an individual, thus a smaller number of people will be recruited by any
company because a person with the aid of AI will be able work faster than he/she would if the
situation was otherwise. Also, AI will create more accurate results in case of document
reviewing or finding out glitches, i.e. something that is monotonous and consumes a lot of
time and energy of an individual. In a survey conducted in the USA, 20 best qualified US
lawyers with years of experience competed against an AI system, LawGeex in the context of
reviewing business contracts, the results of the survey showed that the AI had a 94%
accuracy rate compared to the 85% of the human lawyers combined. It was contended that
the primary contract overview of 96 minutes by human lawyers was reduced to 26 seconds in
case of the AI.28 The AI aided research as well has increased efficiency and accuracy,
nowadays one can access judgments, bare acts and other legal documents at their finger-tips
other than going over hundreds and thousands of pages of books, even word search is allowed
where one word can fetch thousands of relevant results. LexiNexis recently has even come up
with Lexi Analytics where one can find even relevant arguments for their respective cases. 29

AUGMENT OR AUTOMATE-MEASURING THE ODDS

25
Josh Blackman, The Path of Big Data and the Law, in Kumar Jayasuriya (ed), Big Data and the Law (2014).
26
Surukam, Surukam.com http://www.surukam.com/ accessed 7October 2024.
27
Ibid
28
LawGeex, AI vs Lawyer: Who Wins? https://www.lawgeex.com/resources/aivslawyer/.
29
LexisNexis, Context https://www.lexisnexis.com/en-us/products/context.page.

12
Some legal futurists are of the belief that AI should automate the legal profession30 while
others believe that AI can only augment the professionals. 31
Automation: Many future legal analysists believe that the legal roles might be automated in
the near future. According to Deloitte, in an analysis, Peter Saunders stated that around 2020
the legal market will hit a “tipping point” and around 2036 1,00,000 legal roles will be
automated. It is of the view that there will be a radicle change in the legal market and client
expectation and this might lead to automation. The concept of automation of legal work by
AI has already come into being with increasing AI databases that help in research, document
review and getting convenient arguments for a certain set of facts, the biggest example of a
company using automation seen in the legal market right now is ‘wevorce’. Wevorce is an
automated online divorce solution with an aim of making every divorce amiable this AI tells
the parties to notify it their “optimal outcomes” and accordingly certain plans are framed after
that, this is supported by a team of mediators that have sessions once a month, this can be
used for divorcing in a minimal cost, and also after the divorce this AI prepares a list of
personalised songs and activities for the parties to support them in their hard times. 32 Another
technology venture created by law firms is NextLaw, this is a legal technology start-up that
provides end-to-end solutions to its clients.33 Also, the first India based AI start-up paves its
way to automation in case of document review. 34
Augmentation: The majority of legal futurists believe that AI will augment and not automate
the legal system. Some experts are of the view that AI does not do the work of the lawyers
but pre-filter their work, this helps increase accuracy and efficiency, they talk about the AI
augmented arrangement where human lawyers are always kept in the loop of AI to mitigate
the risks that can be occurred.35 Also, machine learning can mitigate the risk by providing
predictions against behaviour in a case at hand. Futurists think that AI will be replaced by
augmented technology where lawyers and AI will work hand in hand and no one would
overpower the another at any point of time, in this case, the perception is that document
reviewing, etc are just pre-filters that the AI does before it is handed over to the human
lawyers, also even though AI-powered legal research is seen most often but it is just an
augmenting method and does not automate anything.36

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN LEGAL RESEARCH

Conducting legal research is an innate part of the everyday lives of attorneys and other legal
professionals. This is has taken a drastic change with the introduction of artificial
intelligence. With the emergence artificial intelligence inclusive of machine learning and

30
Deloitte, Developing Legal Talent: Stepping into the Future Law Firm (Deloitte 2016)
https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/uk/Documents/audit/deloitte-uk-developing-legal-talent-
2016.pdf accessed 7 October 2024.
31
Jyoti Dabass and Bhupender Singh Dabass, Scope of Artificial Intelligence in Law (2018)
32
WeVorce, WeVorce - Helping You Navigate Divorce https://www.wevorce.com accessed 7 October 2024.
33
NextLaw Labs, NextLaw Labs http://www.nextlawlabs.com accessed 7 October 2024.
34
Ibid n 1
35
VR Ferose and Lorien Pratt, ‘How AI is Disrupting the Law’ Digitalist Magazine (3 April 2018)
https://www.digitalistmag.com/digitaleconomy/2018/04/03/ai-is-disrupting-law-06030693 accessed 7 October
2024.
36
Ibid

13
natural language processing, it has been made possible to search for and rank information in
dramatically different way. 37 Legal research is the process in which necessary information is
identified and retrieved to be used as a support in the legal decision making. In a broader
sense legal research is a process that includes every step of action which begins with the
analysis of the facts of the given problem and is concluded by the application and
communication of the final results of the research.38 Artificial intelligence has bought about a
huge change in almost all fields for example medical field, engineering etc but the
introduction of artificial intelligence in law field has turned things around for people in the
legal field. Before the introduction of artificial intelligence in legal field the legal research
was a colossal task of going through the law journals to find the relevant information and
cases but with the initiation of artificial intelligence in the law field the process has eased
down a lot. The introduction of artificial intelligence has increased the efficiency and quality
of the research results. There are many institutions that are introducing artificial intelligence
for the research work like LexisNexis, Blue Jay, CARA.AI etc. With the emergence of
artificial intelligence technologies like natural language learning and machine learning, it is
now possible to search for computer systems to read an entire document from the litigation
record and take into account the information for a more calculated and targeted research this
has become a lot easier than just typing keywords for the purpose of research and going
through hundreds of relevant research results based on the keywords used for the research.
According to a survey conducted on the American Bar Association by the legal technology it
was so concluded in the survey that the impact of researching 24.5% faster in substantial for
most attorneys. According to the American Bar Association Association’s 2017 Legal
technology survey, attorneys spend an average of 16.3% of their working hours conducting
legal research, solo attorneys 18.1%, younger attorneys with 10 or fewer years of experience
26%39. “This clearly shows that an average attorney works 66 hours in 50 weeks a year,
switching to artificial intelligence for legal research work could be expected to save them 132
to210 hours every year in the legal research”.
There are many factors for which the people in legal field are opting for artificial intelligence
for legal research some of the main reasons being:
 Ease and simplicity as research done using the artificial intelligence is easier to use
and is very simple to find out the relevant information instead of going through law
journals or goings through all relevant the results shown as per the research done on
the basis of keywords that is it makes the work a lot easier by showing the exact and
listed relevant cases.
  Superior quality of research as with the use of artificial intelligence, the results
produced as a result of the search done are better listed and ranked according to the
relevance of the cases thus lessening the time consumed in doing legal research for a
particular topic.
 Speed of finding the research results since Artificial intelligence requires less search
terms, less time, less of filtering the results produced were more lucid, coherent and
well formatted. It drastically reduces the time to find relevant research results

37
Attorneys of National Legal Research Group Inc., The Real Impact of Using Artificial Intelligence in Legal
Research (2nd edn, 2018).
38
Steven M Barkan, Fundamentals of Legal Research (10th edn, Foundation Press 2016).
39
American Bar Association, Legal Technology Survey Report (2017) 5.

14
 From the above advantages of using artificial intelligence we can clearly state that the
artificial intelligence is furnished with the specific ability to provide information in the
litigation record and mend the search experience of every individual accordingly which in
turn increases the efficiency and efficacy of legal research. The innovation of artificial
intelligence was in itself a huge step towards the future of mankind.

EXAMPLES
The introduction of artificial intelligence has influenced various countries in different ways.
The developed countries have accepted the artificial intelligence in every aspect and has been
using it extensively. The developing countries are trying to embrace the artificial intelligence
and such countries are still working on using the artificial intelligence in most efficient ways
and introducing it in fields where due advantage can be taken of this technology. The
underdeveloped countries are facing difficulties in accepting the new technology because
maximum of their population is not so used to such high-level technologies and they find it
difficult to use such high-level technology. For a better understanding of this the use of
artificial intelligence in few different countries is being studied. The countries being referred
to here are China, South Korea, Singapore and India.
China
 One of the leaders in technology in China named Wusong Technology has been
working on digitizing the way courts functions with the help of AI enabled robot-chat
box called “Fa Xiaoyan”, which will offer its users to case analysis and locate the
lawyers. It pocketed the biggest investment made in the legal technology by the end
of 2016 that amounted to US $17 million.
 In October 2017, the Intermediate People’s Court situated in Beijing had attracted a
widespread attention when a robot was introduced and put into operation called Xiao
Fa. The robot was designed such that it could answer questions verbally and was
efficient intaking in queries on its screen with the use of a touch screen or keyboard.
Singapore
 In 2017, Wong partnership, one of the leading law firms in Singapore introduced AI
from a London based AI firm called Luminance, it was introduced in order to support
its corporate practise. The technology was used in maintaining diligence in M&A
transaction documents and to highlight sections that were required to be reviewed by
the lawyers.
 Another law firm named Linklaters of Singapore has been working in collaboration
with software company named Eigen Technologies in order to develop an AI program
that uses natural language processing so that the computers are able to recognise and
respond to human language and are efficient enough to read text contracts and
documents like the NDAs, this software is named Nakhoda.
South Korea
 The law firm Yulchon based in South Korea is working to create a technology that provides
low-cost compliance tools, inclusive of apps for its clients.

15
India
 Cyril Amarchand Mangaldas one of the leading law firms in India is now embracing
the AI and using it for contract analysis and reviewing of partnership documents in
collaboration with Canadian Assistant Kira Systems.
 There are certain start-ups like Case-Mine and NearLaw that are trying to reinvent the
process of legal research. They use algorithms that ranks all the cases according to
relevance and efficiently identifies .01% of the relevant case according to the
researcher’s search.

REMARKS
The extensive use of AI in legal field though will improve the accuracy and efficiency but
will cause unemployment in the longer run. The AI should ideally only be used for
augmentation and not automation in the law field because the cases need human
interpretation. It is a boon for Legal research as it has become a lot easier and more reliable
with the introduction of the AI.
There must be a subject in the law field such that the future legal professionals are equipped
with the knowledge of AI or sessions must be held for training them. Though AI can be
trusted but in few legal fields the result must be verified by a human legal professional. The
predictions made by the AI regarding any judgement should not be completely relied on.

16
 PROS AND CONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

ADVANTAGES
Due Diligence Reviews
One of the primary tasks that lawyers perform on behalf of their clients the confirmation of
facts and figures, and thoroughly assessing a legal situation. This due diligence process is
needed for advising clients on what their options are, and what actions they should take. The
legal professionals need to conduct a comprehensive investigation for meaningful results. As
such, lawyers are also prone to errors and inaccuracy when analyzing spot checks. There are
now tools that can automate this process using AI, including finding specific legal concepts
and generating written reports about what was found like Kira Systems, LEVERTON
,eBrevia, JPMorgan, ThoughtRiver, LawGeex, Legal Robot, Ross Intelligence, Casetext.

Preparing Contracts
There are AI devices that can make contracts by utilizing whatever arrangement of
parameters the lawful office feels critical. In addition, the device can be set up as "self-
service" for clients, i.e., the clients can sign onto the framework, select the sort of agreement
they require, enter in a couple of factors, and the framework will deliver a standard shape
understanding prepared to go. The legal department can choose the amount it needs to be
associated with the creation procedure, i.e., a brisk audit of all agreements produced from the
framework (or if nothing else a close down process) or just observe contracts of a specific
sort or if the client needs something nonstandard.40 With the appearance of individualized
computing, legal counselors started sparing the formats to individual work areas or report
administration frameworks. In a generally unobtrusive advance ahead, applications would
now be able to utilize deductive guidelines to robotize the procedure of field population. 41

Contract Management
AI has advanced to the point where the section of the key data (terms, dates and other data)
should be possible through innovation – without the requirement for human mediation other
than starting setup and tweaking. Truth be told, contract administration – including mark
process – can be overseen as a feature of similar devices that make the agreements, which
means a robotized procedure automated process from start to signature to storage. An extra
issue with considering an agreement administration apparatus is the work expected to audit
the majority of the current contracts and contributing that information into the new database.
AI can audit your whole contract database (from whatever different sources are utilized to
hold contracts) and break down and sort out those assertions in a way that would take a group
of individuals many months to finish. In addition, instruments presently exist that can audit

40
Contract Express® http://www.contractexpress.com/; LawGeex – Contract Review and Approval Automation
Tool https://www.lawgeex.com.
41
Automated document drafting programs are frequently incorporated into document management software
used by law firms.

17
your whole contract database and oversee chance, while guaranteeing predictable oversight
and consistency among your agreements. 42

Legal Operations Analysis

AI is tackling the issue by giving the ability to examine what work was done, how it lines up
with other function done by that firm, how the work/productivity contrasts and work given by
different firms connected by the organization, and how the work/effectiveness thinks about to
the market by and large.43

Litigation Analysis
AI is giving an answer by making it possible to contrast the realities of your case with
different cases effectively chosen by a court (or courts) and get an indicator of how your case
will admission. A steady inquiry in-house legal counsellor’s get about suit is, "What are our
chances of winning?"44

Error Detection And Reduction

Taking the idea of predictive coding further, it is now possible to use AI to look organization
records (reports, messages, and even unstructured information) to recognize awful conduct
before it can rise to the surface. AI is being utilized to sniff out pay off, extortion, consistence
issues, even potential prosecution – all dependent on the substance of the organization's own
reports and information. AI can condense discussions and the thoughts talked about, sniff out
the utilization of code words, take note of the recurrence of the interchanges, and even
recognize the inclination of the speakers.

Legal Research
Another utilization of AI is case research. Usually, in-house legal advisers either dupe the
exploration procedure since they would prefer not to invest the energy or cash to complete an
entire occupation, or pay a law office to have a first-or second-year attorney thrash away on
the inquiry. AI will enable you to make lawful inquiries in plain dialect and find a solution
back – an answer that incorporates looking into directions, case law, auxiliary sources and
that's only the tip of the iceberg. Besides, it might be conceivable to utilize AI as a FAQ
benefit that can answer essential legitimate, HR and consistence inquiries from your in-house
customers, yet be keen enough to know when to concede the response to a live lawyer. The
key here is that not exclusively can the utilization of AI spare time and cash, it furnishes in-
house direct with the one extravagance that is by all accounts missing every single day: the

42
Bird & Bird, Contract Risk Assessment Tool https://www.twobirds.com.
43
Peter Krakaur, 'Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Law Departments: Opportunities', LinkedIn® Pulse (5 October
2016) https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/artificial-intelligence-ai-law-departments-opportunities-peter-krakaur/.
44
Thomson Reuters, Benefits of Artificial Intelligence
https://legal.thomsonreuters.com/en/insights/articles/benefits-of-artificial-intelligence.

18
advantage of time to consider the issue and give the best legitimate judgment and
investigation.

It Saves Time
The greatest, most evident advantage to AI applications is time saving. PC frameworks can
examine more data, more completely than people can, in a modest division of the time. For
instance, one of a clients announced that she spent a hour sealing a record and afterward ran
the first through AI programming as a test. In under a moment, it found and fixed all the
errors she had mistakenly identified. 45

DISADVANTAGES
Taking Away Of Jobs
The jobs of office clerks, receptionists, customer service reps, analysts, marketers, doctors,
attorneys, underwriters and creatives’ could be replaced by AI in the next decade. As Sundar
Pichai, the CEO of Google says, ―In the next decade, we will shift to a world that is AI-
first.46 "The centre gifted organized errands, routine data preparing undertakings will keep on
being under a ton of weight: clerks, travel operators, lawful guides — possibly not legal
advisors or lawyers but rather the main level partners. As of now one major law office have
said they're not enlisting the same number of those sorts of individuals in light of the fact that
a machine can look over many thousands or a great many reports and locate the applicable
data for a case or a preliminary significantly more rapidly and precisely than a human can,"
said Brynjolfsson. Past these jobs Brynjolfsson pictures call focus administrators steadily
being supplanted by inquiry replying, robotized frameworks - conceived of a marriage
between IBM's Jeopardy-winning framework Watson and Apple's Siri remote helper. He
likewise predicts some driving jobs being lessened to keeping an eye on PC that controls the
vehicle for most of the adventure — opening up the human driver to finish different
undertakings.47

Things Can Go Wrong

If there are untrained professionals working and using the technology then there can be error
plus as the technology mainly in the fiend of Artificial Intelligence is still progressing
therefore there are many chances to have errors and flaws in the work done.

45
Avaneesh Marwaha, 'Seven Benefits of Artificial Intelligence for Law Firms' (13 July 2017)
https://www.lawtechnologytoday.org/2017/07/seven-benefits-artificial-intelligence-law-firms/.
46
Andrew Kucheriavy, 'Artificial Intelligence Will Take Your Job: What You Can Do Today To Protect It
Tomorrow' (26 February 2018) https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2018/02/26/artificial-
intelligence-will-take-your-job-what-you-can-do-today-to-protect-it-tomorrow/#7d4fc4bc4f27.
47
AI is Destroying More Jobs Than It Creates: What It Means and How We Can Stop It
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/ai-is-destroying-more-jobs-than-it-creates-what-it-means-and-how-we-
can-stop-it/.

19
Vulnerable To Attack
While A.I. protection has its fair share of strengths, A.I. driven cyber security may not be as
impactful as portrayed. Experts in fact are very concerned about the many shortcomings that
instill a false sense of security in organizations.

Economic Problem
Formation of Artificial Intelligence requires tremendous expenses as they are exceptionally
complex machines. Their repair and upkeep require gigantic expenses. They have
programming programs which require visit up degree to take into account the necessities of
the changing condition and the requirement for the machines to be more intelligent
continuously. On account of serious breakdowns, the method to recuperate lost codes and
restoring the framework may require tremendous time and cost. It was found that the average
MVP (Minimum Viable Product) costs vary between $35‘000-$100‘000, depending on the
total project size and complexity. 48

Untrained Professionals At The Lower Level

Artificial Intelligence is expected to create a lot of untrained legal professional at the until
joining level. The main task of the newly recruited employee at the law firm is to prepare and
review document. If this work is done by the AI to perfection within few seconds, then it
might lead to untrained and unskilled professionals in the Law firm. This completes the third
part of the article discussing the various pros and cons of AI in the legal industry.

Ethical Complications
Beyond legal compliance, the ethical dimensions of AI present profound implications for
society. One primary concern is the potential for bias in AI algorithms, which can perpetuate
or exacerbate existing disparities within the legal system. If AI systems are trained on biased
datasets or programmed with flawed algorithms, they may inadvertently discriminate against
certain groups, leading to unjust outcomes. The opacity of many AI algorithms poses a
significant challenge to transparency and accountability in the legal process. Unlike human
decision-making, where reasoning and rationale can be articulated, AI algorithms often
operate as "black boxes," making it difficult to understand how they arrive at particular
conclusions. This lack of transparency raises concerns about due process and the ability to
challenge or appeal decisions made by AI systems.
Additionally, the rapid pace of technological advancement in AI presents challenges for legal
frameworks and regulations, which may struggle to keep pace with evolving technology.
Questions surrounding liability, accountability, and data privacy in the context of AI-
generated decisions remain largely unresolved, requiring lawmakers and legal scholars to
grapple with complex issues at the intersection of law and technology.

48
How Much Does Artificial Intelligence (AI) Cost in 2018? (25 October 2017) https://azati.com/how-much-
does-it-cost-to-utilize-machine-learning-artificial-intelligence/.

20
Another pressing concern is the potential for bias in AI algorithms, which can perpetuate and
amplify existing disparities in the legal system. Biased algorithms may lead to unjust
outcomes, exacerbating issues related to race, gender, and socioeconomic status. Ensuring
fairness and accountability in AI-powered decision-making remains a paramount concern for
legal practitioners and policymakers. As AI systems become increasingly autonomous,
concerns about the erosion of human judgment and the loss of legal expertise come to the
forefront.
Despite the potential benefits, the adoption of AI in law is not without challenges. One of the
primary concerns is the lack of transparency and interpretability in AI algorithms. Legal
decisions often have far-reaching consequences, and reliance on opaque algorithms raises
questions about accountability and due process. The use of AI raises broader ethical questions
about privacy, autonomy, and fairness. For example, the collection and analysis of vast
amounts of personal data for AI-driven decision-making may raise concerns about individual
privacy rights. Ensuring transparency and accountability in AI systems is essential to
maintain public trust and confidence in the legal system.

21
 CONCLUSION

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the legal profession signifies a profound
shift in the practice of law, offering both substantial opportunities and critical challenges. As
AI technologies continue to evolve, they promise to enhance the efficiency of legal processes,
improve access to justice, and revolutionize the delivery of legal services, particularly in
tasks such as contract analysis, legal research, and document automation. However, these
advancements also introduce a host of complex legal and ethical issues that necessitate
careful consideration and regulatory oversight.
The existing legal frameworks, which are often grounded in traditional doctrines, face
significant limitations in addressing the novel complexities raised by AI. Central to these
challenges are questions of liability, accountability, and the attribution of responsibility in
instances where AI systems produce errors or harmful outcomes. In particular, the issue of
determining legal liability for autonomous decisions made by AI—whether in the context of
self-driving vehicles, algorithmic decision-making in judicial processes, or AI-generated
content—remains unresolved. Legal scholars and practitioners must grapple with questions of
agency, causality, and foreseeability, requiring the adaptation of established legal principles
to this new technological paradigm.
Furthermore, intellectual property concerns related to AI-generated works and the evolving
nature of authorship and ownership pose significant challenges to existing legal constructs.
Traditional concepts of authorship, which are predicated on human agency, may need to be
redefined as AI systems increasingly produce creative works. This raises difficult questions
about the ownership of AI-generated content and the rights of creators, programmers, and
users.
Ethically, the deployment of AI systems within the legal domain raises issues related to
fairness, transparency, and bias. If AI systems are trained on biased data or programmed with
flawed algorithms, they risk perpetuating discriminatory practices, undermining the fairness
and equity of legal proceedings. The opacity of many AI systems—often described as "black
boxes"—further complicates matters, making it difficult to scrutinize and challenge the
decision-making processes of these systems. This lack of transparency challenges the
principles of due process and the right to a fair trial, potentially eroding public confidence in
legal institutions.
The question of whether AI will displace legal professionals or augment their roles is another
critical concern. While AI has the potential to automate routine tasks traditionally performed
by junior associates, such as document review and legal research, it is unlikely to replace the
nuanced judgment and advocacy that legal professionals bring to complex legal matters. The
ethical implications of delegating critical decision-making to machines, particularly in areas
involving personal liberties or fundamental rights, require careful deliberation. Legal
professionals must remain vigilant in ensuring that AI serves as a tool to augment, rather than
replace, human judgment.
From a regulatory perspective, the challenge lies in creating legal frameworks that not only
govern the deployment of AI technologies but also ensure that they operate within established
principles of justice, fairness, and accountability. In jurisdictions such as the European Union,

22
where the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has set a precedent for the regulation
of automated decision-making, there are emerging models of governance that could be
adapted to AI in the legal domain. However, given the rapid pace of technological
advancement, legislative bodies must remain proactive in updating and refining these
frameworks to address the evolving nature of AI technologies.
In conclusion, the intersection of AI and law presents a dynamic and rapidly evolving
landscape that requires thoughtful, deliberate action from legislators, legal practitioners, and
technologists alike. While the potential benefits of AI in the legal domain are vast—
particularly in terms of improving efficiency, access to justice, and the cost-effectiveness of
legal services—the risks associated with AI-driven decision-making and the ethical
implications of its deployment cannot be understated. Legal systems must adapt to the
challenges posed by AI while safeguarding fundamental rights such as fairness,
accountability, and transparency. This will require the development of comprehensive,
forward-looking regulatory frameworks that balance the benefits of technological innovation
with the need to preserve the integrity of the legal system. As the legal profession navigates
these complexities, it must remain committed to the core principles of justice and human
dignity, ensuring that AI is used to enhance, rather than undermine, the pursuit of justice.

23
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Barkan, Steven M., Fundamentals of Legal Research (10th edn, Foundation Press
2016).
2. Bench-Capon, Trevor et al, 'A History of AI and Law in 50 Papers: 25 Years of the
International Conference on AI and Law' (2012) 20 Artificial Intelligence and Law
215-319.
3. Blackman, Josh, The Path of Big Data and the Law, in Kumar Jayasuriya (ed), Big
Data and the Law (2014).
4. Buchanan, Bruce G and Thomas E Headrick, 'Some Speculation About Artificial
Intelligence and Legal Reasoning' (1970) 22 Stanford Law Review 40.
5. Ciampi, Costantino and Antonio Martino, Artificial Intelligence and Legal
Information Systems (Elsevier Science Inc. 1982).
6. Dabass, Jyoti and Bhupender Singh Dabass, Scope of Artificial Intelligence in Law
(2018).
7. Gardner, Anne, 'The Design of a Legal Analysis Program' (AAAI-83, 1983).
8. Hafner, Carole D, 'Representing Knowledge in an Information Retrieval System' in R
Oddy et al (eds), Information Retrieval Research (Butterworths 1981).
9. Hoekstra, Rinke, Joost Breuker, Marcello Di Bello, and Alexander Boer, 'The LKIF
Core Ontology of Basic Legal Concepts' in Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on
Legal Ontologies and Artificial Intelligence Techniques (2007) 43-63.
10. Kralingen, Robert W van, Pepijn R. S. Visser, Trevor J. M. Bench-Capon, and H.
Jaap van den Herik, 'A Principled Approach to Developing Legal Knowledge
Systems' (1999) 51(6) International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 1127-1154.
11. McCarty, L Thorne, 'Reflections on "Taxman": An Experiment in Artificial
Intelligence and Legal Reasoning' (1977) 90 Harvard Law Review 837.
12. Niblett, Bryan (ed), Computer Science and Law (CUP Archive 1980).
13. Rissland, Edwina L, 'Examples in Legal Reasoning: Legal Hypotheticals' (IJCAI
1983).
14. Sergot, Marek J et al, 'The British Nationality Act as a Logic Program' (1986) 29(5)
Communications of the ACM 370-386.
15. Valente, A, Legal Knowledge Engineering: A Modelling Approach (IOS Press 1995).
16. Walter, Charles, Computer Power & Legal Language: The Use of Computational
Linguistics, Artificial Intelligence, & Expert Systems in the Law (Greenwood
Publishing Group Inc. 1988).
17. American Bar Association, Legal Technology Survey Report (2017) 5.
18. Attorneys of National Legal Research Group Inc., The Real Impact of Using Artificial
Intelligence in Legal Research (2nd edn, 2018).

24