ELECTROSTATICS


1 Q N dV 1 Q J
Electric Field Intensity:- E = vector unit:- E=− Electric Potential V = scalar unit:- V = − E.dr
40 r 2 C dr 40 r C

Electric Dipole:- Equal and Opposite charge separated by small distance, Dipole moment P = 2ql vector(direction from negative to positive charge unit:- C m
E & V on Equitorial line:- Torque on Dipole:- Net force = +qE – qE = 0
E & V on Axial Line:- E at pt. P on axial line Torque = Force × ⊥ distance
E = EA cos  + EB cos 
= qE × BC [BC = 2l × sin θ
since = qE 2l sin θ
= E (2ql) sin θ
is E = E B + ( −E A ) EA = EB
τ = PE sin θ = P  E
1 q 1 q E = 2EA cos  τmax = PE for θ = 90o
E= −
40 ( r − l )2 40 ( r + l )2 work done in Rotating Dipole
1 q l l
E=
q  1
 −
1 

40  ( r − l )2 ( r + l )2 
E = 2

2ql
 
40 x2  x 
P
cos  =
x W=
  d = (1 − cos ) PE
  E= = Energy of Dipole: U = –PE cos θ
40x3 ( )
3 Stable equilibrium θ = 0, U= –PE
2  2qrl 2pr 40 x2 + l2
E= = Unstable equilibrium
40 ( r2 − l2 ) 40 ( r2 − l  )
2 2
P Θ = 180o ⇒ U = PE.
E=
3
40 ( r2 + l2 ) 2
2P Gauss Theorem:- Total electric flux (total no. of lines
E= For short dipole r >> l (direction (-)
3
40r of forces) emerges from closed surface is
1
times the
P 0
to (+)) E= For short dipole r >> l
40 ( r3 )
 E.dS = 
qin
1 −q 1 q Direction (+) to (-) charge enclosed
V = VA + VB = +
40 ( r + l ) 40 ( r − l ) 1 ( −q )
0
1 q
V = VA + VB = + =0
P 40 x 40 x
1 P
= V=
40 ( r2 − l2 ) 4 r2 0

E due to long charged wire: E due to charged plane sheet: E due to charged Hallow Sphere:
q q q
Linear charge density  = Surface charge density  = Volume charge density  =
l A V

 E.dS = 
qin For non conducting plate charge is on both side
 E.dS = 
qin


q
0 2 E.dS = 0
0
E.dS +  E.dS +  E.dS = 
qin

q
1 2 3 E dS =
q 0
0 2EA =
For dS2 and dS3 θ = 90 o 0
E( 4r2 ) =
q
For curved surface dS1 θ = 0 q 
E= E= 0


q q
E dS = ⇒ E ( 2rl ) = 20 A 20
0 0 E=
1 q
On surface
 40 R 2
2q For conducting sheet E =
0
q 1 2 1 q
E= = l ⇒E= * E is independent of distance from the sheet. E= Outside & E = 0 as q = 0 inside
2rl0 40r 40 r 40 r2

Capacitor:- Q = CV unit:- Farad, * C depends on dimensions

Capacitance for parallel plate Surface charge Density Energy of Capacitor
capacitor Q
 = Q = A
Energy = work done in bringing charge
Consider || plate capacitor with A at potential V
area of plate A, capacitance C and Electric field q
dW = V  dq = .dq
dist. b/w plates d E = Eair + Edielectric C
Q Q Q
C=
Q
=
Q   1  q2  1 Q2
= +
 
1
V Ed 0 k0 U = dW = q  dq =   =
C C  2 0 2 C
 0 0
E= for charged sheet Potential V = E × d
0 1Q 1 2
1
(  U= = CV 2 = QV
V = a + b) + t 2 C 2 2
=
Q
for surface charge density 0 k0
A Energy Density (energy per unit volume)
 t
A  A V= a + b +  1 2 1 0 A (
E  d)
2
C= = 0 0  k CV
 1
d
d = 2 =2 d = 0E2
0  t volume Ad 2
V= d − t + 
0  k Unit of energy density:- J/m3
If dielectric with dielectric
Q A
constant k is filled b/w the plates. Now C= =
V  t
C’ = kC d − t + 
0  k