13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr.

-1-

POWER SUPPLY INSTALLATIONS

Introduction:-Railway is a mammoth organisation & to maintain it , it has divided in some

zones, divisions & with so many departments .To arrange power supply to Electric
locomotives, the liabilities has vested to Electric Traction Distribution department
Which has further divided in OHE, PSI, TPC, RC, RRD & automobile etc.
Power supply Installation :- Power supply installation maintains the power supply received
from grid authority to over head equipment Through Traction substation, Feeding post,
SSP, SP etc

Traction power supply system in India:-The traction power supply system in India are mainly
two types i) DC traction ii) ac traction
Electric traction

DC traction AC traction

1500 v,DC 750 v DC 1,25 KV50 C/S 2x 25 KV, 50C/S

Over head Third rail Over head Over head
current collection current collection current collection current collection

1,25 KV,50Hz

:-

2 HV Supply 25KV Supply

Buried rail
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. -2-

25KV
2Ф incoming 25KV

Auto
Transformer
Rail
OHE Feeder

2x 25KV system

Power supply-1, 25 kv,50 c/s-In this system ,the power supply

is derived from the grid system of state electricity board through
traction substation located along the routé of the electrified sections
at distance 35 to 50 km apart. This distance may less depending on
intensity of traffic.
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. -3-

R
Y
B
} Incoming EHV
supply(220/132/110/66KV)
DP Isolator

CT 200/100/5
HV circuit Breaker double pole
120KV Lightning arrester

Traction
Transformer
42kv Lightning arrester
25kv LV circuit Breaker single pole
To buried rail 25kv CT 1000/500/5 100KVA 25kv/240V
to
25kv SP Isolator Transformer
Nearest
track 25kv SP Isolator
25 KV SP
isolator 25kv PT 25000/110v 25kv PT
Normally 25kv CT 25kv CT
closed 25kv CB
25kv Feeder CB
42KV LA
25kv SP Isolator Series reactor
25kv BC interrupter

}
Normally open

25kv interrupter capacitor bank

25kv DP Isolator SP
25kv PT SSP
Section

42KV LA
N/

E/S
Sub Sub Sub
sector sector sector

Secto
r
At present the following system are in use
a)The supply authorities supply power at 220/ 132/ 110/66 kv extra
high voltage at each traction substation which is owned , installed,
operated and maintained by the railway
b)The Railway receive 3 phase power supply from the supply
authority at a single point near the grid substation, from where the
railway runs its own transmission lines providing its own substation
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. -4-

c)All EHV & 25 kv equipment is owned ,installed ,operated &

maintained by the supply authority except 25 kv feeder CB which
are owned ,installed ,operated & maintained by the railway
d) All EHV & 25 kv equipment is owned ,installed ,operated &
maintained by the supply authority but 25 kv feeder CB alone are
operated on RC by TPC

Duplicate supply:-To ensure continuity of supply under all conditions

, the high voltage feed to the traction substation is invariably
arranged either from two sources of power or a double ckt.
transmission line, so that even if one source fails, the other remains
in service, Suitable protective equipment is installed at the
substation to ensure rapid isolation of any fault in transmission line
& substation equipment, so that the power supply for electric
traction is maintained under all conditions
At each traction substation, normally two single phase
transformers are installed , one of which is in service & the other is
100% stand by. The present capacity is 21.6 /30.2 /20/13.5/12.5
MVA.
25 KV supply at traction substation:-
On the secondary side , one transformer circuit breaker & one
feeder circuit breaker are installed with associated isolator, the bus
bar connections being such that full flexibility of operation is
assured .
The traction substation is designed for remote operation
The facilities exist to change over from one feeder to the other by
means of isolator/ bus coupler
One end of the secondary winding of the transformer is solidly
earthed at the substation and is connected to track / return feeder
through buried rail

Voltage regulation:-The permissible voltage variation of the busbar

at the grid substation is +10% to -5%, between 27,500 to
23,750.The tapings on the transformer are on the secondary
windings .& are set to ensure that the voltage is maintained as high
as possible but not exceeding 27.5 kv at the feeding post at any
time .
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. -5-

3Ф balancing
system

R Y R Y Y B Y B B R B R

Y B R
E L E
L U D
L E
O T T
W O O

T OHE OHE
O
OHE

Sectioning
Interrupter Paralleling Neutral Insulated
Interrupter Section Over lap
Feeding and sectioning arrangement with TSS, SSP & SP :-
To keep the unbalance of the 3 grid system within limits, power for
ac 1 traction is tapped off the grid system across the different
phases at adjacent sub station in cyclic order. Thus a neutral section
is provided in the juncture of two substation & bridging interrupter is
used for feed extension in case of power failure in one of the
adjacent TSS. Thus a Sectioning & paralleling post (SP) is formed
with paralleling interrupter in double & multiple line section
To ensure rapid isolation of faults on the OHE & to facilitate
maintenance work , the OHE is sectioned at intervals of 10 to 15 km
along the route .At each such point a sectioning interrupter is used
& for double & multiple line , paralleling interrupter is used with
sectioning interrupter. Thus a SSP is formed

1Φ, 25KVTraction Transformer:-It is a single phase ,step down

power transformer which receives 220/132/110/66 kv two phase
from grid authority supply & step down the voltage to 25 kv. One
end of secondary is supplying the 1 25 kv to OHE & other end is
solidly earthed to act as neutral and traction current return path .
 13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. -6-

Over load capacity of a Traction Transformer:-

1. Overload rating a) 50% over load for 15 mints b)100% over
load for a period of 5 mints; after the transformer has attained
steady temperature on continuous operation at full load
2. Over an ambient temperature at 45c the maximum
permissible temperature rise shall be as under:-
a)Winding =50c
b)Oil =40c
c)Current carrying parts =35c
3. The hot spot temperature after 50 % over load for 15 mints ,
or 100% over
load for 5 mints shall not exceed 100c for an ambient
temperature of 45c.
4. Interval of time permissible between two successive
overloads (after continuous working at maximum ambient
temperature of 45c) is 3 hrs for both 50% over load for 15 mints &
100% over load for 5 mints

Tap setting on Traction Transformer:-

Traction Transformer are usually provided with off load tap changer
( operated locally or remotely) with taps from+ 10 % to -15 % in
steps of 5% .To decide the correct tap setting a recording volt meter
should be connected at the traction sub station to the secondary
side of a potential transformer to ascertain the load pattern of
voltage variation throughout the 24 hrs for at least 3 typical days.
Based on the readings from the recording the tap position should be
fixed so that the daily OHE voltage peaks at the traction sub station
lie just below 27.5 kv .

Tests on transformer oil:-

In order to improve the performance and to prolong the life of the
transformers ,EHV grade oil is used. The characteristics of new oil &
oil in service when tested at the manufacture’s works are given
below:-

Sl. Characteristics Test method Requirements

No
1. Appearance A representative sample in 100 The oil shall be clear and
mm thick layer transparent ,free from suspended matter
or sediments
2 BDV
 13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. -7-

New unfiltered oil Min -30 KV

After filtration If the above value is not attained , the oil
shall be filtered 50 kv( rms)
3 Resistivity at Min
a) 900C IS-6103-1971 35  1012-cm
a) 270C IS-6103-1971 1500  1012-cm
4 Tan delta at 900C IS-6262-1971 Max-0.002
5 Water content Appendix E of IS 335-1983 Max 50ppm
6 Interfacial tension at IS-6104-1971 Min 0.04 N/m
270C
7 Flash point IS-1448 Min 1400C
8 Dissolved gas content 4-8%
9 Neutralization value
a) Total acidity IS-1448 Max 0.03mg KOH/g
b)Inorganic acidity/ IS-1448 Nil
alkalinity

Sl Tests Value as per IS-1866 To be To be replaced

No permissible limits reconditioned
1 Electric strength (BDV)

Below 72,5KV 30KV Less than this

value
72.5KV and less than 145KV 40KV Less than this
value
145KV and above 50KV Less than this
value
2 Resistivity at 270C Above 10  1012-cm between Below 1  1012
1  10 to10 
12

1012
3 Water content
Below 145KV Max-35ppm Greater than this
Abobe 145KV Max-25ppm Greater than this
4 Tan delta at 900C 0.01 or less Above 0.01to 0.1 1bove 0.1
5 Neutralization value 0.5 or less Above o.5 Above 1.0
6 Interfacial tension at 270C in N/m 0.02 or above 0.015 and above Below 0.015
but below 0.02
7 Flash point in 0 C 1400C or more 1250C & above below 1250C
but below 140
8 Sludge Non detectable Sediment Perceptible
sludge

Tests as per IS 10028 on transformers

All transformers required to under go tests successfully as per IS before they can be certified
as per specifications.
These tests are
ROUTINE TESTS
i) Winding resistance test.
ii) Ratio test.
iii) Polarity test.
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. -8-

iv) Phase relationship.

v) Impedance voltage.
vi) No load loss and current
vii) Load losses.
viii) Insulation resistance.
ix) Induced over voltage withstand.
x) Separate source voltage withstand test.
xi) Tan deltatest

Type tests
All tests recommended in routine tests as well as following are listed as type tests
i) Impulse voltage withstand test.
ii) Temperature rise test.

A brief description of these tests are given here

Winding resistance:
Wheatstone / Kelvin bridge
Volt – ampere method (temperature of oil & winding should be equal )
Resistance meter.
Ratio test:
Volt meter / ratio meter

Polarity test:
Additive / subtractive
Volt Meter shows subtractive Volt Meter shows additive

AC polarity test
P1 S1 P1
230-24=206V 230+24=254V S2
 
1, 230V

1, 230V
1, 24V

1, 24V

N P2 N
S2 P2
S1

AC polarity test
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. -9-

Switch DC 6V
Closed
And
released P
P1 2

+S1 -

Clockwise deflection indicates +ve of ammeter will be S 1

Switch DC 6 V
Closed
Andreleased

P1 P2

S2+ -

Anti Clockwise deflection indicates +ve of ammeter will be S 2

Phase relationship & sequence:
With voltmeter.
If connections according to vector diagram, phase sequence is correct.

Impedance voltage:
Voltage required to produce full load current with terminals shorted.

No load losses:
Core losses / constant losses
With open circuit test.

Load losses:
Copper losses (short circuit test )

Insulation resistance: with megger

(@ 2 mega ohms per kVA of voltage rating )
Preferably motor driven megger to be used
For power transformer P-S= 2500Mminm, P-E= 2000 Mminm, S-E-400 Mminm
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 10 -

Induced over voltage with – stand test:

(for testing insulation between turns, coils, terminals )
 Twice the normal voltage on one windings while other open.
 Test frequency in the same ratio of applied voltage.
 Voltage rise should be gradual from 1/3 of test voltage to full value and maintained for one minute.

Separate source voltage withstand test: ( with normal frequency )

Test voltage to each windings and earth separately with all other windings together with core connected to
earth.
The insulation should withstand full test voltage for one minute.
I

In a pure capacitor , Current leads the voltage by 90° but due to loss in di-
electric media current deviates by an angle and its tan is called Tan 

Tan delta test is performed for Power Transformer condenser bushing

and di-electric loss in transformer oil
TESTING OF POWER TRANSFORMERS
Power transformer being a key component of any electrical power system it is very important
that maintenance of this important component should be given prime importance.

ENERGISED TESTS
The most frequently performed tests are conducted without de-energising the transformer.
These tests include analysis of insulating oil, operational checks on accessories such as
pumps, fans and general overall inspection of the entire transformer and accessories. check
the insulating quality of the oil and to test for products of deterioration. Any defect discovered
would then be the reason for further testing to locate their cause or for corrective
maintenance.
Insulating oil analysis generally includes some or all the following tests:
 Colour and visual inspection for carbon & sludge.
 Dielectric strength.
 Acidity.
 Specific gravity.
 Interfacial tension
 Moisture content.
 Specific resistivity &
 Power factor.
 Tan delta
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 11 -

DE – ENERGISED TESTS
These tests are performed on the active part of the transformer require it to be de – energised.
These test check the insulation, conductors, magnetic circuit and Bushings. The following are
the most common tests conducted in the field.
Insulation Resistance.
Core Excitation current at low voltage.
Transformer Turns Ratio.
D. C. winding Resistance.
Below, some details about the Gas in Oil Analysis and some Electrical Tests are discussed.
Dissolve gas analysis
It is now universally believed that the amount of gases dissolved in Electrical Insulating
Mineral Oil can give valuable information concerning the operating condition of Transformer.
The gases that are universally identified and measured in the part per million (PPM) include.

1) Hydrogen - H2
2) Oxygen - O2
3) Nitrogen - N2
4) Methane - CH4 1,4,5,6,8 & 9 are combustible gases.
5) Carbon monoxide - Co
6) Ethane - C2H6
7) Carbon dioxide - Co2
8) Ethylene - C2H4
9) Acetylene - C2H2
Oil and oil impregnated electrical insulating materials cellulose may decompose
under the influence of thermal and electrical stresses generating gaseous
decomposition products, which dissolve in the oil. The nature and the amount of
the individual component gases that can be extracted from the oil and analyzed,
may be indicative of the type and degree of the abnormality responsible for the gas
generation.
When cellulose is over heated in a close system and gases are collected and
analyzed it is found that Co2 and Co are present at temperature as low as 140 0C
and heating up to destruction release water, carbon oxide and carbonaceous
decomposition products in the form of tar or coke.
If insulating oil is overheated, hydrocarbon vapours notably Ethylene, Ethane,
Methane are liberated at temperatures up to 500OC. Other products liberated
below this temperature are carbon dioxide and water.
If insulating oil is subjected to an extreme amount of energy input such as an
electric arc, the following gases originate-
Hydrogen 60 – 80%
Acetylene 10 – 25%
Methane 1.5 – 3.5%
Ethylene 1.0 – 29%
In this case CO2 and CO are absent.
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 12 -

Equipment in a TSS_
Isolators:-
Bay-I SPI
R SPI
Y
B DPI
TPI1 SPI
DPI (BC)
[ BC ]
R
Y
DP
B BM
TPI2
Bay-II BPI

An isolators or disconnecting switch is used to open some given part

of a power circuit after switching off the load by means of a circuit
breaker .Thus Isolators serve only for preventing the voltage from
being applied in some given section of the bus in a switchgear
installation or to one or another piece of apparatus in the
installation.
When carry on work in a section , it is essential to disconnect the
same from other live parts for safety of working personnel. To guard
against mistake a visible break in the circuit is arranged with
isolator. This should not be operated when current passing through
it or a CB of its same circuit is in closed condition. It is of three
types-triple pole , Double pole, and single pole. Triple poles are used
for switching 3 Φ incoming supply on off load with earthing
arrangement if require, two poles are used for switching 2 Φ supply
lines on off load for isolating a bay or for bus coupling two bays. Single pole are used to switch
single phase on off load or bus coupling of two bays in 25KV side and also Bi polar isolator is
used to switch supply to OHE through Interrupter on off load.
There are three types of isolation :-
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 13 -

i) Three post centre post rotating double break type

ii) Two post single break type
iii) Single break type board Insulation

Switches in a TSS in AC traction

No load Switches On Load Switches

Isolators
CB Interrupter
TPI DPI SPI BPI

TP DP SP SP DP
225KV
Transformer used in AC traction-
Transformer

Power CT PT AT ICT NCT Auto Isolating Matching

Transformer Transformer Transformer Transformer
( RC ) ( RC )

1,25 KV,50C/S

1  Transformer,2x25 KV,50C/S

2x25KV 3 no 1  Transformers,2x25KV ,V connected, 50 c/s

Scott connected, 2x25 Kv, 50c/s

Power Transformer 1,25 kv,50c/s- It is a single phase step

down transformer in which 2 input is supplied and the secondary
output is around 25 / 27kv in which one phase is feeding the OHE
and other phase is connected to earth to buried rail and railway
track to act as return path. It can compensate the voltage
variation( in primary) from +10% to -15% i.e 145.2 to 112.2 Kv in a
step of 5% in case of a 132/25,27 KV power transformer with the
help of an off load tap changer in secondary
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 14 -

1,132/27KV 27KV

112.2KV to
145.2KV
2

Voltage can be adjusted

Around 27 KV by tap changing

Power supply-2x25KV:-
The 2x25KV AT feeding system is suitable to meet large power
supply need with the inherent advantages of less voltage drop in
feeder circuit and large spacing of TSS. Power is generally obtained
from 220KV or 132 KV three phase net work of the SEB to reduce
voltage unbalance on the transmission net work. Power supply at
single phase is also availed at such traction substation where power
requirement is comparatively smaller and voltage unbalance is
within limit.
The feeding voltage in 2x25 KV AT system from the substation is
two times ( 2x25KV) the catenary voltage of 25KV. This high voltage
power supplied from the TSS through catenary and feeder wire is
stepped down to the catenary voltage [25KV] By means of auto
transformer installed at a spacing of 10 to 19km. In other words ,
both catenary and feeder voltage are 25KV w,r,t rail. Although the
voltage between catenary and feeder line is 50 KV. Thus the
catenary voltage is the same as in the conventional 25KV system.
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 15 -

Scott connection
2x25 KV
25KV
Teaser
Winding 25KV

25KV
Main
Winding 25KV

Auto
transformer

Buried Rail to
track

Neutral section
In front of TSS is compulsory
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 16 -

V connected
2x25 KV
R 25K
3- 1 power Transformer
V 25KV
Any One must be switched
Y off
Y 25KV
25KV
B
B 25KV
25KV
R

Neutral section
In front of TSS
compulsory

25KV
25KV

Auto
Transformer
Rail
OHE Feeder

2x 25KV system with one 1 transformer

13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 17 -

Instrument Transformer- A very general method of increasing

the range of a,c Instrument is the use of instrument transformer in
conjunction with them. Such transformer are either (a) Current
transformer (b) Voltage or Potential Transformer. The former is used
for increasing the current range of instrument and the later for
increasing the voltage range. More over protective device can be
used and can be located at a distance from high voltage circuit as a
safety measure.
Current Transformer:-

It is an instrument transformer which is used for Protection and

metering purpose. Its secondary load depends upon primary load
and primary is connected in series with bus bar. Secondary is
connected with relay coil like OCR,EFR,DFR[ bushing
CT ],DPR,WPCR, delta I, etc, & meter like ammeter, MD meter,
Power factor meter, energy meter etc. The rating is 30 VA in 132KV
side, 60VA is in 25KV side. Ratio depends upon Power Transformer
rating like 200/100/5, 300/150/5,400/200/5 amp. in HV side &
1000/500/5, 1500/750/5, 1600/800/5 amp. The primary has two
windings of few turns which can be connected in parallel to get
higher ratio and in series to get lower ratio. For connection with
relay, it’s polarity is checked and confirmed as S 1 & S2. the voltage is
of small amount across its terminal[ P1 and P2 or S1 & S2 but between
P1 and One terminal of secondary is connected to earth as system
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 18 -

earthing P2 to
P1 C1 P2 P1 C2 P2
C2 C1

C1 + C2 – Lower ratio
P1+C1,P2+C2- Higher
Ratio

S1 S2 S1 S2

earth is 25 KV].
Potential Transformer:- It is an instrument transformer which is
used for Protection , metering and catenary indication purpose. It’s
primary is connected in between bus bar and earth and secondary
terminal to relay and meter . Also one terminal of secondary is
connected to earth as system earthing. The rating in 25 KV side is
PT-I 25000/100V,30VA, PT-II 25000/110V, 100VA, PT-III-
27500/110V,100VA, It is used in DPR,WPCR, Volt meter, (MD meter,
Power factor meter, energy meter etc. for energy meter reading in
HV side) and for catenary indication purpose.
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 19 -
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 20 -

Auxiliary Transformer- It is a single phase step down transformer

used as stand by of local( State) LT supply or where local ( State) LT
supply is not available to feed Signal, Battery charger, Control
room , station and Yd. lighting, Oil filtration plant etc. The rating is
generally 5,10 or 100KVA and voltage ratio is 25000/230 V 1.

Auto Transformer-It is used in 2x25 KV AT feeding system at

switching post and AT post after every 10 to 19KM where two end
are connected to OHE and feeder and mid tap to buried rail to
railway track to enable 25KV between OHE and rail and also 25KV
between Rail to feeder. It helps return current distribution between
Railway track to OHE and Railway track to feeder . The rating of
auto transformer is 8MVA. Hence with auto transformer , the return
current flows up to auto transformer and then distributed between
OHE and feeder.
Comparison between 1,25 KV and 2x25 KV in current
drawing and return of it.
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 21 -

50A 75A 25A

25A

25A
AT AT

50A 50A

25A

25A
50A

10KM 10KM

100A

2 HV 25KV
Supply Supply

Buried rail 100A

ICT-Injection CT- It is used generally in between bushing CT and

Differential relay to act
Impedance matching Transformer of ratio 1120:1120 are
provided at points where RC communication cable is tapped for
taking connection to the RC centre or to the controlled
[ TSS,FP,SSP,SP]posts.

Isolating Transformer of ratio 1120:1120 are provided at points of

RC communication cable circuit at intervals 10 to 15km to limit the
build up of longitudinal induced voltage on account of induction
effects of 25 kv a,c traction
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 22 -

25kv PT

25kv CT

25kv CB

42KV LA

Series reactor

NCT } capacitor bank

To unbalance relay

Neutral CT[NCT] is used to sense the unbalance current between

two string ratio 5/1, 2/1A or any other value as per design
When capacitor units Is having error in capacitance value
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 23 -

OCR1

IDMT Instantaneous

EFR1
DFR

OCR2
EFR2
V

WPCR
DPR

OCR3

Relay connection in a TSS

13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 24 -

Transformer Protection relay:-

HVCB LVCB

+ve TC
Pr.T r.
110V
OCR1
TC
-ve
110V EFR1

DFR

EFR2
ITR
Buchho

W TT

O TT

PRD

Tap changer pro tection R

HVCB LVCB

OCR1(I) energized cont. make

+ve T
Pr.Tr
110 C
OCR .
V T
1
-ve C
110 EFR
V 1
DF
R
EFR
2 ITR
Buch energiz
ho ed

WT
T
OT
T
PR
D
Tap changer protection R
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 25 -

HVCB LVCB
OCR1(I) energized cont.
+ve make T
Pr.Tr
110 C
OCR .
V T
1
-ve C
110 EFR
1 energiz
V ed
DF
R
EFR
2 ITR
Buch energiz
ho ed

WT ITR N/O cont

T make
OT
T
PR
D
Tap changer protection R
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 26 -

HVCB trip LVCB trip

OCR1(I) energized cont.
+ve make T
Pr.Tr
110 C
.
V OCR1 T
-ve C
110 EFR1 energiz
V ed
DFR

EFR2 ITR
Buch energiz
ho ed

ITR N/O
WTT cont
make
OTT

PRD
Tap changer protection R

FCB

+ve
110V
OCR3
TC
-ve
110V

DPR

M TR
I

WPCR
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 27 -

FCB

+ve
110
V OCR3
-ve TC
110
V
DPR

MTR
I

WPCR
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 28 -

FCB

+ve
110
V OCR3 Trip coil
-ve TC energized
110
V
DPR

MTR
I

WPCR
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 29 -

FCB TRIP

+ve
110
V OCR3
-ve TC
110
V
DPR

MTR
I

WPCR

Earthing- In electrical installation , the connection of non current

carrying metallic parts and designated terminal of current carrying
parts to the general mass of earth to attain earth potential nearly 0
for safety is called earthing,
Object of earthing:-The object of an earthing system is to provide as
nearly as possible a surface under and around a station which shall
be at a uniform potential and as nearly 0 or absolute earth potential
as possible .
The purpose is to ensure that generally all parts of the equipment ,
other than live parts are at earth potential and that attending
personnel are at earth potential
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 30 -

LIGHTNING ARRESTOR

Lightning arrestor is a device which protect transmission line and other electrically
equipments form overload of voltage. Which can occur by lightning and improper
switching in the circuit. The lightning arrestor artches the surge voltage .
Lightning arrestor consists of an air gap in series with resistance elements. The
overload voltage surge causes a sperk which jumps across the air gap passes through
the resistance element which allowance a low resistance path for the high voltage
surge but presence high resistance to the flow of line Energy. The resistive element
acts as a conductor for high voltage but acts as a insulator for line voltage.
TYPES OF LIGHTING ARRESTER:-
1. ROD GAP TYPE (HORN GAP)
2. PELLET TYPE (NON LINEAR SERIES GAP TYPE)
3. EXPALSION TYPE
4. MAGNE VALVE TYPE (THYRITE)
5. GAP LESS LIGHTNING ARRESTOR.
ROD GAP TYPE:-
The simplest form of deviator is a plain air gap usually between ½”sq rods.
Bent and right angle at the ends connection between line and earth. The gap may be in
the form of horn and earthing ring. The rod gap should be set to break down at about
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 31 -

20% below the impulse spark over voltage of the insulation at the point where it is
installed. The rod gap is very cheap and simple device.
PALLET TYPE:-
The pallet arrester is a porcelling cylinder filled with lead peroid pallet and has
electrodes on either ends. The series gap assembly is normally at the top. This spark
Jumps over the air gap and closed to the pellets to the ground.
EXPULSION TYPE:-
1. It consists of a pure made of fiber which is very effective gas evolving
material.
2. MATERIAL:-2. An isolating spark gap, external series gap made of
electrons.
3. An interrupting spark gas male of electrons situated inside the tube, on the
impact of transient voltage the services gap and the gap in the tube sperk
providing a conducting path of low impedance to the lightning and power
current, The voltage across the terminal of the arrester drops to a low value
after spark over offers.
The series gap first and second will get bridge and then the surge.
MAGNO VALVE TYPE:-
The valve element is a thyrited arrester consist of ceramic leaf disies.
Which act as conductor under high voltage surges and act has insulator for
normal line energy. In this type extinguishing action is very quick. Pressure
relief diaphragm when discharge is taking place at the fine of lightning are
may not always properly estinguish. In that case the internal pressure may
burst the porcelin causing damaged to near by equipment . In such cases
internal pressure is released through this diaphragm.
METAL OXIDE SUGRGE L/A:-
This type of L/A consist of a stroke of metal oxide elements with
contract place between this and hilled rigidly tie rod assembly. It is simple
construction with no girding components no gap either in series or in parallel.
A silence bumpers on each conduct play provide thermal dissipation of heat
generated in the element. Double gas cat seal and pressure relief rent are
provided. The sink Oxide arrester has no gas and so the discharges smooth and
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 32 -

effective. This arresters conducts only that current which required to reduce
the surge voltage to the arrestor protective cover.

INSULATING OIL
Insulating oil or Transformer oil is of mineral origin extract form natural
Petroleum. This is used in Transformer ,Circuit breaker interrupter , windings,
and cables. This oil is hygroscope i.e. absorbed moisture and gets
contaminated, So to check the condition of oil sampling and testing to be done
periodically.

SCHEDULED CHARACTERITIES OF TRANSFORMER

OIL.

SERIAL CHARACTERTIES REQUIREMENT

No
1. Sludge value % by weight maximum 1.2

2. Acidity after oxidation 2.5

3. Electric Strength ( 1 Minute 40 K.V Per Minute shall
pass the test
4. Crackling
5. Saponification Value ( Milligram of 1
KOH per gram of oil )
6. Acidity Total 0.05
7. Vinconity at – 27 degree in centistroke 27
maximum
8. Pour point -10 centigrade
9. Flash point 145 degree centigrade
10. Copper strip corroption Negative
11. Flash point 140 degree C
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 33 -

DEFINITION:
1. FLASH POINT:-
1. The temperature the oil gives so much vapor that when it is mixed with any
forms and egnicable indegintia mixture and gives a momentary flush on,
affection of a small pilot flame under prescribed condition on test.
POUR POINT:-
2. The temperature being a multiple of 3 degree centrigarade above the
temperature at which the oil just falls to flow when cooled under prescribed
condition on test.

SAPONIFICATION VALUE:-
The number of milligram of potassium Hydroxide (KOH) required to
specification to completely 1 Gram of oil under prescribed condition of test.
DIELECTRIC STRENGTH:-
The voltage which the oil can with and without the break down under spesified
condition. It known as directly strength oil.
TOTAL ACIDITY OR NEWTRALISATION VALUE:-
It is the measure of free organic and in organic acid in the oil. It is expressed
in terms of the number of Milligram Potassium hydroxide required to
neutralize the total free acids in 1 Gram of the oil.

SLUDGE:-
The solid matter from by oxidation condensation of less advance decloriation
of oxidation product such as acid. Alcohol kerns and aldehytis.
ACIDITY:-
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 34 -

High acidity may not effect the dielectric strength of the oil and their maybe
little or no sludge permission but the complex petroleum acid developed in
service may attack the insulation and copper of the windings.

SAMPLING OF OIL:-
PROCEDURE:- Connect procedure of sampling gives correct result.
Sampling tube on thief is used for drawing sample from drums. The following
procedure is to be followed for oil sampling.
1. Bottles should be with glass coppers before sampling bottles should be
perfectly clean and dry.
2. Oil should not be sampled when the atmosphere is cloudy and rainy.
3. The hand are sampler should not come into contact with sample.
4. Dust and moisture to be avoided while sampling.
5. Cotton west on cotton pull should not be used to wipe the sample
6. Sample should be drawn form the bottom value before sampling. The
value should be clean, after opening the valve a small quantity of oil to be
late and waste than a small quantity of oil to be late and waste than a small
quantity of oil to be taken to clean the sample bottle. Than oil sample to be
taken and sealed.
7. Before opening the corer of tank the dust should be removed.

8. Sample should be protected form sun light.

INSPECTION OF SAMPLE:-
Color and odour give useful information such as.
1. Cloudyness in the oil maybe due to suspended moisture on solid matter
such as sludge iron oxide oil of muddy color contain moisture. The
moisture can be detected by crackling test.
2. Dark brown coloured oil indicates the presence of dissolve ash faultence.
3. A green colour indicates the pressure of dissolved copper compounds and
rapid ohitoriatim of the oil may be expected.
4. Acrid acid smell indicates the pressure of volatile acid which can caused
corrosion. It may cause the oil unsuitable for treatment at side.

LIMIT OF ACIDITY:-
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 35 -

The recommended limit of acidity should be as follows.

1. Acidity below 5 milligram of KOH/Gram No action need be taken
provided the oil is satisfactory in all other respect.
2. Acidity between 5 Milligram to 1 milligram of KOH/gram oil to be kept
under observation.
3. Acidity exceeds 1 milligram of KOH/Gram oil should be discarded or
consultation with oil supplier is desirable.
4. Acidity more then 1 milligram KOh /per gram gives restrict sludge
precipleation and corrosion of mutual surface above oil level. If the acidity
a exceeds 1 MG KOH/gram and dissolved sludge in oil. The oil should
should not kept in service.

OIL TESTING:-
CRACKING TEST:- The sample is oil is taken in a test tube and heated it up
to boiling on the Bunsen bummer, Oil should not give crackling sound if it is
OK.or oil sample is taken container. A metal rod of ½” dia heated to dull
redness and inserted in the container. Oil should not give erackling sound if it
is OK.
TOTAL ACIDITY TEST:-
a. Weight approximate 10 Gram of oil sample in a conical host.
b. And 1 milliliter of phenolphthalein solution to 50 milliliter of Alcohols. It
the nature to 40 to 50 degree centigrade and neutralized with KOH
solution.
c. At the neutralized alcohol to the sample heat in mixture to boiling on a
water bath on hot plate. Boil for 5 minutes and agitate by ailing in the
uncoppered brass to ensure extraction of acid by alcohol.
d. At further one m.l of phenolphthalein and colled the mixture to 40 0 to 500
centigrade and fitrate it with KOH solution quickly.
Express the result as the number of M.L of KOH required to
neutralized the acidity of one gram of sample and calculate as follows.
Total Acidity = 56.1×N×V m.g of KOH per gram of oil.
W
Where N= Normality of KOH solution used to traction.
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 36 -

V=Volume of KOH solution in m.l ground.

W=Weight of the sample of ground.
56.1=Molecular weight of KOH solution.
Note (As alcohol is costly rectified sprite may be used in place of
Alcohol.

DIELECTRIC STRENGTH TEST:-

PROCEDURE OF TESTING:-
1. Test should be conducted when oil is cooled and never hot.
2. Before testing earthing of test set to be checked.
3. Test cell gap to be checked with gauge and the test sell and
electrodes to be cleaned with good oil. The test cup is fitted with
oil sample to be 2.5 above the electrodes. The sample to be allowed
rest for at least 5 m.m . So that all air bubbles may disappear. Any
bubbles still remain be removed with a glass rod. close the cover of
the test Kit.
4. After making sure that the area is clear of all man keeping voltage
regulation in a position switching on the supply and raise the
voltage gradually for 0. So that the full voltage is reached in about
20 to 30 second. If they is any spark over before the voltage
reaching 20 KV on less to be ignored. After reading the require
voltage that voltage to be maintained for 1minute. And if the
sample stands with out without sparks over. The dielectric strength
of the sample can be told as the voltage per minute.
5. After emptying oil cup the elictrods and the oil cap are once again
clear and it will be ready for another test.
6. The dielectric strength of good transformer oil for 25 KV OCB
should not be minimum permissible for ennergisation in 30 KV Per
minute. The minimum permissiable BDV (Break down Voltage )
for power transformer an 132 KV C Boil and is 45 KV Per minute.
And for new oil completely dry oil is 50 KV .
7. At least three test should be carried out each on a separate cleaning
and one test should be made on oil from bottom of the oil.
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 37 -

8. On completion of the test the electrode should be discharge by a

discharge rod.

PUFIFICATION OF OIL:-
There are three types of purifiers. 1. Centrifugal purifier. 2. Strandline
purifier. 3. Filter using activated earthmedia.
On each electrified railways two types of oil purifiers are
require 1. Motor given plant capacity above 2500 LT/hr, equipped with
the heaters rotated at least 60 kV distributed on 3 phase 400 V supply.
One plant should be permanently installed at the moveable hand. This
type is used for deriving out B2/25 KV traction transformer.
2. Portable plants having a capacity of at least 60 Lt/hr, equipped with the
heaters operating s on AC 230 V single phase supply derived form local
source on if this is not available, by running a portable 3 KVA engine
alternative set. This is used for purification of oil of small Transformer up
to 150 KVA and 132 KV and 25 KV Circuit breaker.

OBJECT OF PURIFICATION:-
The object of oil purification is to remove all impurity such as water
carbon deposits dirt, sludge dissolve such as water Carbon deposits dirt .sludge
dissolve moisture and gases. For the oils of transformer and switch the
important quality is to be reserves the dielectric strength. This is severely
effected by the pressure of water either is free state on as dissolve moisture.
Moisture may inter in to the transformer tank due to effective breathers gas
kits on bey addition of untreated make up oil Circuit breaker and switch oil get
terminated due to excessive heat generated in the electric are before it is
interrupten. It is essential to remove all these impurifies at least one celin two
years by filtering the oil to maintained the equipment in a healthy state. In
Traction equipments it is essential to remove all these impurities by purifying
the oil when – even the dielectric strength comes below the prescribed limit.

CINTRIFUGAL PURIFIER :-
In centrifugal type purifiers the impurities are separated by making use
of the weight of oil. Water and impurities which are havion than oil. In this
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 38 -

filter impure oil is admitted into the center of the bawl having several conical
shape reparting dises (Vanes) fixed on a vertical shape.
The assembly on the bawl is rotated at a high speed of 6000 to 8000
R.P.M by an Electric motor. The powerful centrifugal force pushes the herein
particles like carbon water etc. to the periphery of the bawl and form their
they; will be pushed out to the water out late. The purified oil will be collected
from the pure oil out late. The process is made with by creating high vacuum
pump.

STREAMLINE PURIFIER:-
In this type oil is pressed under a high pressure of 80 to 100 pound per sq Inch.
To pass edge wise through several stag of specially thin paper dise.00 to 8000
R.P.M by an Electric motor. The powerful centrifugal force pushes the herein
particles like carbon water etc. to the periphery of the bawl and form their
they; will be pushed out to the water out late. The purified oil will be collected
from the pure oil out late. The process is made with by creating high vacuum
pump.

STREAMLINE PURIFIER:-
In this type oil is pressed under a high pressure of 80 to 100 pound per sq Inch.
To pass edge wise through several stag of specially thin paper dise.
Which are kept tightly packed and compressed by powerful springs. The inner
space of the filter required surface are so fixed that even microscopic
impunities can not pass through. All this impurities are deposited on the outer
surface of the filter packs. The purified oil is with drawn form the center hole
in the paper pack through which the hulking down bold passed. At periodic
internals when sufficient impurities are deposited on the outer surface of the
filter inflow of oil is stopped and compressed air is admitted into the centre
hole of the pack by the operation of the valve. This forces out of the dark and
carbon deposit which may be as thick as 1/8”th inch to 3/16” and all the dirty
oil sludge and water are rejected out of the drain pipe. After flushing out the
chamber the process is restored. When oil is getting collected the vacuum
Tank moisture and gas in the oil will be collected by the vacuum system .Pure
oil can be pushed out by the outlate pump.
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 39 -

Heating of the oil is not essential but it can greatly speed up the
process of purification. Heating makes the oil more thin make it easier for the
impunities for separate list also release dissolved moisture and gas. The heater
should be switched on after the flow of oil started .The capacity of the heater
required deepen upon the side of the plant. The tempera5ture of the oil should
be maintained between 60 to 700 centigrade and never more than permitted
above 800 centigrade as it may cause disintrigation of the oil and accelerates
sludge formation.
Sl.No OPERATION OPENED CLOSED
1. Starting 1.Valve 7,2 1 ,3 ,6, 10, 11
2. Preheat for 30 Minutes

2. Treatment 1.Valves 1,2,1, 3,6,7,10,

2. Switches on Motor
3. Shut down 1. Switch off fittings 2 1,3 , 6 ,7,10,11
2. Switch of Motor
3. Valves
4. Clearing 1. Valves 6,7,3,10 1,2,11
2. Switch on Motor
3 for 10 Minutes

5. Flow Adjustment 1. Use Valve 2

13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 40 -

EARTH MEDIA TYPE FILTER

In this type the moisture contained in the oil in removed by a chemical powder
known “Material”. In this process a small quality of oil is admitted into mixing
chamber containing a pre – determent charge of Material powder. The powder and oil
are mixed together and passed through met filter pack. The material powder can not
pass through the filter elements only oil can pass through. It and the powder gets
deposited on the filter for filtering the oil. The oil will pass through the prepared filter
bed of material powder and filtering disc. in passing through the filter bed moisture in
the oil is absorb by the powder and other impunities get deposited and retained on the
outer surface of the filler bed and only purified oil will pass through. Whenever
require new filter bed is to be prepared.
The allayed reacting effect of Material powder is no grey that by one process
only any old transformer oil is fully restored to its high electric strength. Even without
preventing of the oil. But this type of filter is not popular of India.

INTERRUPTERASSEMBLY : - The interrupter is single pressure buffer

type which consists of a buffer cylinder, and a piston six (6) stationary contact
(14) and each assembly is suspended from the upper side of the interrupting
parceling (2) over head conductor are connected to the upper and lower terminal
(11) and (7)
CLOSE OPERATION : - In close condition current flow from upper
terminal (11) the lower terminal (7) and high vice versa through the stationary
contact ( 14 ) moving contact (3) puffer cylinder ( 5) and the fixed finger contact
(8)

OPENING OPERATION : - Opening is effected by pulling down the

insulating rod (19) piston rod (17) buffer cylinder (5) moving contact (3) moving
earth contract (16) and the nozzle (15) after name contact piping the stationary
moving earth contract (13) and (16) separate, generating the are during the
downwards movement the gas pressure in the buffer chamber builds of and the
powerful gas throws to the nozzle quench the are.
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 41 -

CLOSING OPERATION : - In closing operation the insulating rod (19) is

pushed of and all the parts move in the rivers direction of the opening operation
also the gas is taken into the puffer chamber.

SUPPORT UNIT ASSEMBLY : - supporting pore cline (a) support the

interrupting porcelain (2) and insulators the parts from the ground. This porcelain
houses the insulating rod and the SF – 6 Gas contained in it is in direct
communication with the one in the interrupter.

SHAFT SEAL AND ADSORBENT : the shaft seal assembly (21) is located
at the lower Flange (20) of the supporting porcelain to seal the gas. This is
consists of ‘O’ spring of Teflon and rubber ring. which ensures tight gas cylinder .
The shaft seal assembly (21) should not be desirable at filled because it needs
special care and skill on assembling. The adsorbent (1) should be replace
whenever interrupting is opened. The adsorbent kept the SF-6 gas dry and also
above the de-composed product of SF-6 gas from during breaking.

GAS SYSTEM : - The gas system if this breaker is elestated in Fig- 3. The three
interrupting unit of each coming a gas top valve A. B and C are inter connected by a
copper pipe. The common gas fit post having a gas stock valve ‘O’ ensures equal gas
pressure in all the three poles .valves a, b and c are normally opened during operation,
while valve ‘D’ is normally closed. The gas fit port is also connected to a gas pressure
gauge. SF – 6 gas can be charged through fit port even when the breaker is line.

SF – 6 CIRCUIT BREAKER

COMMISSIONING: - Before the operation test the following

precaution are necessary.
a) Makes your guard all nuts and bolts.
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 42 -

2
b) Air and gas pressure are 15 kg per of cm and 5 KGF per cm at 200 C
respectively.
c) Oil level in the compressor and direction of rotation is maintained.
d) Closing and opening lock filled off the operating Mechanism are removed.
e) The manual operating bar is disengaged.
f) Never open the breaker by manual tripping. It the are pressure in below 12
KGF/ per cm2 when is service.

TEST ITEM

1. Operation of the air pressure switch for alarm, lock out and compressors
governor discharge the air from the air riserver through he rate valve. As
the pressure gradually drops check that the air switches operate at their
respective pressure setting.
2. Checking of lock out pressure switch setting is done by insuring gas the
breaker neither closes non trips below 12 KGF per cm2.

OPERATION TEST

CHECK THE FOLLOWING :

a) Closing time less than 100 M.S.
b) Opening time less than 30 M.S.
c) Minimum Operating pressure 12 KGF Per Cm2

AIR LEAKAGE TEST : Charge the air reserver to a pressure hot 12 KGF per cm 2
shut of the supply to the compressor and motor and block the air tightly the air
pressure should be drop more then10%.
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 43 -

SF6 – CIRCUIT BREAKER

SULPHER HEXA FLOURIDE GAS

SF – 6 Circuit breaker has the following features: -

1) Superior interrupter capacity: - This breaker can successfully interrupt high

shot circuit current with high rate of rise of T. R. V. (Transient recovery
voltage and short line fault without opening resistor.
2) Low operating noise: - since the breaker is sealed of from atmosphere. Their
is no gas exacts noise during operation.
3) Simple construction and compact size: - The rated voltage of a single
breaking unit is high and gas blast and exacts valve are not necessary. The
construction is very simple and the size is small.
4) Easy operation and maintenance: as the construction is simple inspection is
very easy. Since the deterioration of S – F – 6 gas is negligible and erosion of
eking contact by earthen in by SF – 6 gas, its very little the main tenant is very
long.

High safety: - since SF – 6 gas is physically non toxic and inflatable. The
breaker can be operated safety.

INTRODUCTION :

The SF – 6 circuit breaker makes use of Hexa Fluoride gas which has
excellent are deepening and high electrical inculcating characteristic. In this
breaker the gas flow puffed by a buffer cylinder extinguished the ore. The
pneumatic operating mechanism which is operated by air pressure for opening and
closing is very simple and relievable.
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 44 -

GAS FEELING AFTER MAJOR INSPECTION

After the inspection of the main contact renews the adsorbent evacuate the
breaker and then feed the SF – 6 gases. Procedure of eve quality and gas filling as
follow: -

1. Remove the cover under the H. r. A. Assembly and blank cap (a) of the
valve (D) 4.
2. Set the adopter (c) (8) to valve D (4) do not remove the “O” ring (7) set in
the valve D (4).
3. connect between the large pole (11) and of vacuum pump set (19) and
adopter C – (8) 1¼ .” dia holes (10) the vacuum pump set (19) as 4 valves
(14, 15, 16, 17) and three pole (11, 12, 13) do not miss the post.
4. Connect the gas supply device to the pore (13).
5. Connect small pore ( 12 to the vacuum gauge (21) with vacuum hose (20)
6. Open all the valve of the breaker ( a, b, c, d, )
7. Open the valve (1) 14) valve 2 (15) and the gas ballets valve (17) and close
the valve D (15).
8. Starts the vacuum pump (18) to evaluate the breaker (1) After the vacuum
(1) mercury is raised closed the gas ballets valve (17)
9. Continue to from the vacuum pump (18) for more than 30 minutes.
10. After 30 minutes running close the valve (2) (15).
11. Connect the small dia hose (22) to another small port (13) of the vacuum
pump set (14) with looseness.
12. Open the valve of SF – 6 gas cylinder (25) and set the handle of the
regulator (28).
13. to flash out the inside the small size hose (22) by the SF – 6 (26) turn the
handle of the regulator (23) Check wise until the secondary pressure of the
regulator (24) comes of two 0.2 K.V. per cm2 approx.
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 45 -

14. After the air is tunnel tightened the small dia hose (22)
15. Close the valve on (14) and open the gas ballets valve (17) and then start
running the vacuum pump – (18)
16. Open the valve (3) and adjust the secondary pressure of the regulator (245)
at maximum pressure (pin) shown by running the handle (23).
17. The gas should be supplied after the upto maximum pressure.
18. After gas feeling up to maximum pressure close both the one D (4) And
the valve of the gas cylinder (25) and than remove the large dia hose (10)
from the adopter (c) (8)
19. Remove the adopter see (8) and set the blank cap (a) to the formal position.
20. Check the leakage from the blank cap (9) by opening the valve D (4) and
then close the valve D (4)

MAINTENANCE SCHEDULED OF P.S.I. &S.S EQIPTS.

Scheduled ‘A’

A) To be carried out monthly.

Interrupter: Checking will be done without power block.

1) Check the oil level, colour of oil, and leakage of oil,
2) Check the crackers or demands to the bushing
3) Check the operation that is closing and opening manually.
4) The interruptions of supply if any with the permission of T. P. C. not be move
their ½ Half minute.

B) Auxiliary Transformer (A. T. ) : -

1) Check the oil level and leakage of oil.

2) Check the crack or damage of busing.
3) Check the colour of silicagal.
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 46 -

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER : -

1) Check if there is any oil leakage.

2) Check if their any damaged or crack to the bushing
3) Check the earth connection.

SCHEDULED ‘B’

To be carried out once in 4th month on this without power block.

ITTERRUPTER : -

1) Check the electrical connection of the interrupter.

2) Check the current taken during closing and opening operation.
3) Check the coil and their insulations on resistance with 500 volt meggar.
4) Check the insulation of M. T. Bushing with 2.5 K.V. Meggar,
5) Lubricant the tank lifting gear (T. M. G. Type)
6) Clean the bushing insulator and tank.
7) Check the Horn. Gap Busing.
8) Trooping up to oil if necessary.
9) Checks the inter locks.

AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER (A. T.)

1) Check the temperature of the Transformer,

2) Check the bushing and tank.
3) Check the breather and conservator. Replace the silica gal if require.
4) Check the insulation value with the meggar.
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 47 -

5) Check the Horn. Gap.

6) Check the S. T. fuse and ST fuse carried.

OTHER WORKS

1. Checking of earth connection.

2. Checking of bonding in front of supply control port and returned circuit in
front of feeding post (FP)
3. Checking of L/A lightning Arrester and its earthing.
4. Checking of L.T. Circuit L.T. Fuse and wiring.
5. Painting if necessary.
6. Checking of fine buckets.

SCHEDULED ‘C’
(Once in a year with power block)

(1) checking of moving and fixed contact and its assembly.

(2) Checking of bushing of oil level.
(3) Checking the di-electric strength of oil.
(4) Check of earth resisting during summer season.

ITEM TO BE CHECKED WITH POWER BLOCK

1) Checking Bipolar Isolations moving contacts and its Clarence in open

position (40 CM)
2) Greasing of isolators and checking its bolt sand nuts.
3) Cleaning of all insulation and checking of jumpers connection.

CHECKING OF POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER POWER BLOCK

1) Cleaning of Bushing
2) Checking of C. T. circuit with fuse
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 48 -

3) Checking of isolators resistance.

4) Checking of oil level.

For Grady and alien interrupter scheduled a is to be carried out mont6hly with 15
minutes power block. Scheduled ‘B’ with carried out once in three months and
during the scheduled following items to be checked specially.

1) Clip flop switch.

2) Auxiliary drum contact.
3) Trip coil.
4) Motor run relay

During yearly checking terminator of the moving contact to be checked and

insulation resistance of moving contract fiber to be checked.
n
Schedule Maintenance to be of 132 /KV/ 25 KV traction Sub Station.

132 KV DOUBLE POLE ISOLATOR (WEEKLY) : -

(1) Visual checking of the conditional support insulator and general

condition of isolators.
(2) Gantany checking the operation of isolation cleaning of all the
insulators and checking of all track and damages, tightened of nuts and
bolts checking the condition of fixed and moving contact, cleaning of
the contacts and applying thin porting of Vaseline or conjunctly grease.
Checking the condition of auxiliary contact and their operation,
greasing of the moving mechanism.

132 KV CIRCUIT BREAKER (MOCB)

(1) WEAKLY CHECKING : - Visual checking with condition of bushing insulator,
checking the oil level and leakage, checking the colour of silicagal.
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 49 -

Monthly Maintenance : Cleaning of insulator of bushing changing silicagal its

necessary, Tropping of oil it necessary checking the operation for Both of electrically
and mechanically checking and tightening all electrical connection, checking the
mechanical parts of Mechanism and lubricating of oil and grease whenever necessary,
checking and cleaning of the nuts and its contracts.

Half yearly maintenance: - same as monthly maintenance and measuring the

resistance with mugger once in ten years painting CB to be done.

General : - After 6 tripping on fault the oil to be tested or di – electric strength and oil
is to be changed if necessary. Oil to be tested once in six month for Dielectric strength
tergiversation to b e checked after hundred operations.

25 KV TRANSFORMER FEEDER ( CB )
Weakly monthly and half yearly scheduled are same as that of 132 KV,
Breakers, after every 20 tripping on fault the contact keep war the penetration and
travel to be checked. Oil to be checked for di-electric strength once in six month.

132 KV C. T. / 25 KV C.T. And P.T. (Weakly): -

Checking of oil level and oil leakages (Monthly)
1) Cleaning on bushing to checking of stiffness of connector on primary
and Secondary terminals,
YEARLY MAINTANENCE: - Checking the insulating resistance of coil with
mugger.

132 KV/ 25 KV/ Power Transformer (Weakly Maintenance) : - Visual Checking

of silicagal colour to be reactivated or change if required checking the leakage of oil
from radiation valves, drain valves and other joints, checking the oil level from the
indicator for on the conservation, checking the oil in 132 KV and 25 KV Bushing.
Monthly checking the condition of breather and reactivated is silicagal if required and
check of the oil breather cap. Resetting the maximum indicator of dial type oil
temperature and winding temperature indicator Trapping up of oil if necessary.
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 50 -

Checking the leakage of oil gasket joint. Checking and tightening of all bolts and nuts,
checking of jumper and their connection, cleaning of Bushing and checking for any
crack checking the earth connection checking the connection of CT checking of
pressure relief diaphragm.

CHECKING OF BUCHOLZ RELAY (QUARTERLY MAINTENANCE)

Checking oil sample and testing of di-electric strength of oil.

HALF YEARLY:- Checking the insulation resistance of windings.
Checking the horn gap of bushing 66 c.m. or 132 K.V. side and 20 cm.
on 25 KV side for heavy electrical Transformer, Checking the
operation of Tap changer, checking the operation of Alarm of Trip
circuit of oil temperature and winding temperature indicator bushels
Relay and oil level alarm.
YEARLY MAINENENCE:- Testing the acidity of oil. Checking the
dielectric strength of oil in bushing , cleaning the oil level in oil
temperature indicators pockets, check the earth resistance, check the
pointing work and repainted if necessary.
TWO YEARLY:- Oren the Tap cover and check for sludge formation
cleaning the conservators by removing one end.
ONCE IN TEN YEARS:-
Detail examination and complete over hauling of the Power
Transformers.
1. Volt meters (0 to 6000 Volt.)
2. Ampere Meter (0 to 50 Ampere)
3. Avo Meter
4. Clip on Meter
5. Meggan (2.5 KV. to 500 V)
6. Earth tester,
7. Hydro meter.
8. Primary injection and secondary injection kit.
9. Oil testing kit.
10. Mho Relay testing kit.
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 51 -

11. Term Ratio Test on

12. Center ‘O’ Ammeter (Moving )
13. Wheat stone bridge . ( To check fault inside the cable)
14. R.C Bridge.
15. Ocilloscope
NAME OF PROTETIVE RELAYS PROVIDE FOR TRACTION
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS.
1. Transformers Protection.
2. Over current Relay (O.C.R)
3. Earth fault Relay (EFR)
4. Differential Relay (D.R)
5. Buchholz Relay
PROTECTION OF O.H.E:-
1. Instantaneous over current Relay.
2. Mho Type distance protection Relay.
3. Wrong phase coupling relay.

EARTING.

As the earth is taken zero potential for all practical purposes. Any appliances, parts
machines when connected to earth attain zero potential and is said earthed. The
voltage of earthed body will be zero.

PURPOSE OF EARTHING.

1. To save human life from danger of shock of death incase any frame or body of
equipment become charged due to fault or leakage current.

2. To protect all machines feed from OHE, due to atmospheric lightning.

3. To serve the purpose of return path for traction rails.

TYPES OF EARTHING.

1. System earthing :- Earthing associated with current carrying conductor is

normally essential to the security of the system.

At the traction sub-station one leg if of 25 KV side of traction transformer has been
solidly earthed through isolator by connecting in to earth ring. One terminal of
secondary of PT. CT & At have been connected to earth ring.
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 52 -

2. Equipment earthing :- Earthng of non current conductor and metal works to

save guard of human life, animals and property.

EARTH RESISTANCE .

At each power supply installation an earthling ring, comprising required rubber of

earth electrodes are interconnected by means of M. S. flat. The combine resistance of
earth system shall not be more than the following values.

a) Traction sub station : 0.5 ohm

b) Switching station : 2.0 ohm

c) Booster Transformer : 2.0 ohm

d) L. T. Supply/ Station : 10.0 ohm

EARTHING STATION :- Each earthling station shall consist of one galvanized pipe
of 40 mm normal bore at least 3 m long provided with a spike at one end and welded
lug suitable for taking M. S. flat of required size directly at the other. The pipe shall
be embedded vertically in to the ground, when rock is encounter at depth of less than
3 m, electrode may be buried include to the vertical, Indiaation being limit 30 0 from
the vertical axis.

Spacing of earthing or earth electrode ;- Earth electrode shall be embedded as per

as apart as possible from each other. Mutual separation between them shall
preferablysss
between them shall preferably be not less than 6 M.

If the required value of earth resistance cannot be achieve with a reasonable number
of electrode connected in parallel such as in rocky soil or soil of high resistivity,
surrounding of each electrode shall be chemically treated. The earth electrode shall
be surrounded in on earth pit by alternative layer of crushed coal or charcoal and salt
at least 150 mm all round. Though substation reduction in earth resistance can be
achived by chemically treated electrode, but as this method results in rapid corrosion
not only of electrode but of steel frames work to which it is bonded, coke treatment
shallbe used where obsolete necessary and chemically treated electrodes not be
situated within of other metal works.

CHECKING OF EARTHING ARRANGEMENT.

A general inspection to be done during the time of foot patrolling a part from this a
special checking be done once in6 months. The paints to be checked are :

1. Earth resistance value should be within permissible limit.

2. Earth conductor should not be twisted together to make a joint.

13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 53 -

3. Earth connection should be perfectly tied.

4. Any resting and disconnection to be checked.

Feeding post : Normally there are two feeders run between the bus station and F each
feeder has conductors, one for 25 KV connection to the bus bar and other for return
feeder for connection to the track for return current feeding post or FP is located close
to the sub station. The maximum distance having 2 Km usually 25 KV interruptions
with interlock DP isolators are provided the FP to feed the OHE. In case of two track
lines there are 4 interrup hours (BM) 2 for each feeder and supply to 2 tracks of each
side of feeding test.

Sectioning and paralleling post (SP) : This post are situated mid way between two
FPS making demarcating point between two separate feed from adjacent sub station.
At this point a N/S is provided to make it possible for panto ot loco or EMU to bridge
the different phases of 25 KV supply which are fed from two adjustment sub stations.
A paralleling BM is provided at each to parallel the OHE of up and down track on
double line section. Bridging interrupter is also provided to permit one FP extend feed
beyond this point to the next FP of adjacent sub station at the time of power failure of
it . These interrupters are normally kept open and can be closed if any one of the
section is dead.

Sectioning and paralleling post (SSP): One or more SSPs are provided between
each FP and SP depending on the distance between them. In a double line section
normally 3 BMS are provided at each SSP 2 for sectioning and one for paralleling .
This post is provided to facilitate isolation of faulty section and for maintenance mark.

To ensure rapid isolation of fault and to facilitate maintenance the OHE sectioned on
interval of 10 – 15 Km sectioning is achieved by insulated overlap or by section
insulator, de pending upon the type of the track. At each point a switching station is
provided where usually rating is 600 A are provided.

Sector: Section means a section of OHE a track feed by one CB from FP to SP (N/S)

Sub Sector : Sub Sector means the shortest section of OHE which can be isolated by
opening BMs only i.e. form one switching station to another switching station.

Elementary Section : It means the shortest section of OHE which can be isolated
from the rest of the system by two isolators or one isolator and interrupter/
interrupters.
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 54 -

Safety
SAFETY FIRST,SAFETY MUST .Follow the safety from first to last.
Safety is for yourself, safety is for others,
Safety is for equipment, oh my brothers.
What is safety?
During our movement and work, some situation arises which may
harm, even endanger life for which some extra awareness,
alertness, precaution, protection are required to prevent it and is
termed as safety.

Where safety is required

1. when we work above ground level
2. When we work with moving and rotating parts
3. When we face traffic
4. when we work with unseen danger electricity
5. when we work with poisonous and harmful chemical
6. when we work material under tension
7. when we work material under pressure
8. when we tackle heavy material
9. when we face fire
10.when we work in the vicinity of inflammable and
explosive material
11. when we work inside tunnel, over ROB, FOB, OLS,
curved track
12. when we work with sharp material
etc.
PSI Safety:
In 25 kv electrified section, no work can be started within 2
m of 25 kv traction system without PERMIT TO WORK
PTW RULES.
AUTHORISED PERSONS : It means any persons who is dully
authorized to perform the duties imparting to his employment.
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 55 -

COMPETENCY CERTIFICATE : It means a certificate issued to a

persons by the Railway Administrative authorized him to carry out
specification duties to his employment.

PERMIT TO WORK (PTW) : It means a form of declaration signed and

given by an authorized persons to a person in charge of work to be carried
out on or adjacent to any electrical equipment to the purpose of making
known to what equipment is dead and earth and save to work .
PTW (Permit to work)

i) PTW must be taken by a competent persons.

ii) PTW must be taken from an authorized person ( e,g. TPC).
iii) All the exchange of messages must be supported by private no
iv) Exchange of PVT no must be direct without any mediator.
1. TPC will obtain the permission from SCR or as per situation without
interrupting traffic for PSI maintenance work.
2. TPC will open the Interrupter/Circuit Breaker as required and advice the site
to open the required isolator switches .
3. Return confirmation from site regarding opening of Isolator.
4. PTW will be allowed to the competent authority at site with exchange of
private number.

Your safety depends on proper earthing of electrically isolated

section under maintenance or other work. Protect yourself at
least by two discharge rods. Always maintain working clearance
of 2 m.

1. No work shall be done above or within a distance of 2 meters from the live equipment
of 25 kv traction system without a "Permit to Work".
2. Inductive effects occur on large metallic structures such as fencings, structural steel of
platforms running parallel to the track or live equipment/bus bar. They will have to be
earthed suitably to afford safety.
3. Each working party shall be protected by at least two independent earths, one on each
side of a working party.
4. If the distance between the working parties exceeds 1000 meters, intermediate earth
shall be provided in such a manner as to ensure that the distance between earths does
not exceed 1000 meters.
5. Men shall be posted on both sides of the site of work to warn the working party of any
approaching train on the same track and adjacent track.
6. For providing earth on the OHE, equipment, bus bar fix the earthing clamp securely to
a mast at least one span away after making sure that the mast to earth rail bond/system
earthing of this mast is intact.
7. Earthing clamps should always be fixed to the traction rail or mast first and then the top
clamp should be hooked to the OHE/ bus bar to be earthed.
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 56 -

8. For removing the earthing, first remove the hook on the OHE/ bus bar and then the
clamp removed from the rail or mast.
.
9. When work is to be carried out on an isolator, both sides of the isolator should be earthed
at two points.
10. No fallen wires shall be touched unless power is switched off and the wire suitably
earthed.
11. In electrified track, steel tape or metallic tape or tape with woven metal reinforcement
should not be used.
12. Ropes, come along clamps, tirfor should be tested once in a month in the presence of
JE-I (TRD).
13. All the staff should wear helmets to protect their heads against any tools or equipment
which may drop down accidentally.
14. Staff should protect themselves against an inadvertent fall by wearing a safety belt for
supporting themselves by a rope sling.
15. Ropes used with ladders should be cotton or jute. Use of metallic ropes is prohibited. A
ladder should be held by one person on the ground to prevent slipping, while the top end
should be tied to the supporting structure or conductor to keep it in position and prevent
it sliding away.
16. Ladders should never be allowed to fall on or rest against the contact wire.
17. More than one person shall not normally be allowed on a ladder as far as possible.
18. Climbing on a ladder with wet or slippery foot wear is forbidden.
19. A rope should be used to pass tools or any equipment to the men working on a ladder.
20. No one should stand directly below a work spot under a ladder
21. It is important that staff who ask for power block should know the correct method of
identifying and describing any section of OHE/ PSI equipments where shutdown is
required.
22. Whenever there is a doubt in the description, the person asking for power block shall
state clearly the equipment numbers where work is to be done.
23. All messages relating to shut down and restoration of power supply, permits to work, etc.
issued over the telephone shall invariably be supported by exchange of private numbers
and repeated twice.
24. Do not tie the rope on rail without taking traffic block.
25. Use hand gloves and gumboot for any operation in TSS / FP

Personal safety
1. Do not use loose garments, slippers
2. Do not stand just below the working spot
3. Use safety belt, hand gloves, gum boot,helmet
4. Do not use metallic tape
5. Do not enter with a long conductor inside a switching yard when live
6. Do not use loose tools & tackles

Earthing- In electrical installation, first switch off power in the section under
Maintenance or other work, isolate the section from rest live parts and then
protect yourself from induction voltage or accidental charging by earthing
the section under work by at least two discharge rod.. Check the continuity
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 57 -

of the cable before use of discharge rod, if 20% strand cut, replace or repair
it.
PSI Protection-
 Short circuit the Current Transformer secondary before disconnecting from
it’s secondary load.
 Discharge the capacitor bank before work
 Do not operate any isolator when current carrying or circuit is in closed condition
 Do not operate off load tap changer of power transformer when HVCB & LVCB
are
in closed condition
 Do not enter inside battery room with necked flame. There must be no calling bell
or
loose electrical connection inside battery room
 Do not mix distilled water with Sulphuric acid( H2SO4) when preparing electrolyte
but mix H2SO4 slowly with distilled water.
 Always Monitor the healthiness of DC supply as protective relays finally works
with
DC supply & it’s failure will eliminate the safety of traction system.
 Maintain the proper combined earth resistance of TSS/FP, SSP,SP & AT/BT
TSS/FP-0.5, SSP/SP-2, AT-10
 Always use duplicate earth for system and equipment earthing
 Keep the oil storage well away from fire hazards.
 Always exhibit the warning board & shock treatment chart in switching post etc.
 Check the safety item like First aid box, Fire Extinguisher, Fire bucket, sand etc. are
in usable condition
 Power transformer is the heart of Traction power supply system. So always monitor
it a) Oil & Winding maxm temperature, oil leakage, oil level.
b)Oil through BDV, acidity, DGA & Tan delta test
c)Winding through IR, PI, continuity.
d)Periodical checking of protective relays
 Special attention to be paid when OCR1 (Instantaneous), EFR, DFR, Buchholz,
PRD relay will appear . When DFR will appear, it needs thorough checking.
 If fire on any equipment , switch off power on that particular section, inform TPC,
use proper fire extinguisher, if require inform fire brigade, supply will continue
through stand by system if any and if feasible.
 Check the telecommunication system regularly
 Monitor the maxm and minm voltage regularly. If require change the tap
 Monitor the MD, Capacitor Bank

To work on CB/ Interrupter

Exchange separate message for opening interrupter/Circuit Breaker and then it’s Bi-
polar isolator/ isolators for receiving PTW
After switching off power & isolation, provide discharge rod.
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 58 -

Section must not suffer due to improper earthing due to opening of CB’s/BM’s
Put the equipment in local position,
Switch off AC & DC supply .
Release the spring tension
Drain out air pressure if necessary
Insert safety pin if any
Check the healthiness of CTD
Do not operate the operating mechanism when disconnected from moving contact
After work remove discharge rod first from bus bar and then from mast/rail
put the equipment in remote position
Check its operation remotely
Normalise the equipment and return PTW
PTW on AT
Remove the HT as well as LT fuses so that both 25 KV & LT phase & neutral will be
disconnected

Before leaving a switching post , ensure that HT & surrounding fencing gate are in
locked condition, All equipment in remote position, Battery charger in trickle position

Safety in TPC working:-For controlling the 25KV traction supply system, the
responsibility has vested to a single authority called Traction power
Controller.So any incident related to 25KV traction supply system must be with
the consent and knowledge of TPC with exchange of message.

Role of TPC- TPC is monitoring and controlling and maintain the

continuous traction power supply for electric locomotives which is
around 25KV and dangerous for human life and any living things if
proper safety clearance is not maintained. More over fire risk is
there if any unusual contact is there with 25KV traction system. He
has an important role
a) during Break down & accident
b) during power failure
c) during Fire accident
d) during maintenance work
e) C0-ordination with Section controller & various control
f) Communicating with various officials
g) Energy conservation
h)MD & PF monitoring etc.
He must be well conversant with the supply system and it’s isolation
otherwise it may lead to wrong operation which will affect men and
equipment badly. He must be well conversant with the related GR &
SR. He must be prompt enough and careful to tackle break down
and accident. He must be alert to receive emergency and telephone
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 59 -

calls. He should keep close co-ordination with section controller &

other control as well as grid authority.

Safety-
1) Shift changing register must contain unusual occurrence,
Alteration or outage of any equipment. Any changes in
sectioning arrangement or supply system, pending power
block and equipment block, Power failure and feed extension
if any, defective Break down vehicles, movement of important
officials or persons, current Important instructions of officers,
pre arranged shut down programme of grid authority,
prearrangement of monthly meter reading, over shooting of
MD and low PF, AT fuse failure and action has taken etc.
2) All pending electric power block and equipment block must be
mentioned with indication and locking arrangement in VDU.
3) Not to allow OHE and PSI block engaging same or adjacent
switching posts which may affect each other or supply system.
Pre- arrangement must be taken to differ the programme.
4) Short cut process to impose or cancellation of EPB &
equipment block is forbidden. Separate message to open
Interrupter/CB first and then Isolator must be issued for
equipment block. For cancellation separate message for
closing isolators first and then Interrupter/CB to avoid any
ambiguity.
5) Special attention must be taken when UP & Dn line power
block has issued and to avoid accidental charging of any line
still under power block during cancellation of other line earlier
through paralleling interrupter.
6) Special attention is to be paid to avoid accidental charging
due to cancellation of one section earlier when two separate
gangs with individual permit to work in both side of adjacent
section of that switching post are working engaging common
switching post.
7) When more than one gang are working in same section , PTW
is to be issued to a particular gang and cancellation is also to
be taken from him confirming that all other gang has removed
their men and material from OHE.
8) In case any section found faulty, the adjacent healthy section
is also to be switched off in the same enroot till the
confirmation that there is no train in the faulty section. If any
train in the faulty section, do not charge the healthy section
till the protection has been taken from Section controller with
exchange of Private no. If no train in the faulty section , the
healthy section is to be charged with look out caution order to
the first train on healthy section to report in the next station
regarding any fault found in faulty section.
9) If any sectioning interrupter is faulty, do not keep it isolated
from supply system for longer duration which may result over
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 60 -

loading of isolator jumper or potential difference across IOL/

Section Insulator. In emergency, IOL or Section Insulator may
be jumpered.
10) Paralleling interrupter should be in close condition
in normal condition otherwise it may cause potential
difference across section Insulator between up & Dn line.
11) In case of total communication failure, cancel the
power block after work to station master locally
12) Any changes in sectioning and supply system,
message must be forwarded to all TPC’s and ATPC’s without
fail, specially if any body on leave.
13) If power fails in any section due to mal operation of
SCADA , avoid live to dead bridging in IOL and also avoid
bridging of separate phases due to running pantograph
14) If fire on OHE or PSI equipment, switch off power in
that section, take action accordingly.
15) In case of fire on any locomotive or running
passenger train or train , switch off power on the affected
section. If require to save the puzzled passenger running to
adjacent track where a train may enter, power may be
switched off on that adjacent section also.
16) Switch off power in the particular section when
asked by SCR/ASM in case of signal over shooting etc.
17) Special attention is to be paid when OHE fault in
automatic section where more than one train may run in a
block section.
18) The yard line and other places where alternate
supply system or special supply system are there, must be in
the knowledge of TPC/ATPC
19) The list of critical location of OHE to pass ODC
should be in a register
20) The relevant GR and SR must be in the knowledge
of TPC’s and ATPC’s
21) Monitor the capacitor bank & utilize the sharing of
load in case of power failure in a TSS & FP is having neutral
section in front of TSS/FP to control MD.
22) Communication must be checked periodically
23) Do not operate Isolator switch when train passing or
current carrying
24) In case OHE is hanging but not creating earth fault
which may come close to public or other people, switch off
power
25) In the juncture of two separate division, where
operation of Interrupter in a Switching post or Isolator may
affect supply system without prior intimation ,all operation will
be with the consent of both division’s TPC with written
message.
13.5MVA 142/27 KV Power Tr. - 61 -