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lecture 2_pre

The document covers various topics in molecular chemistry, including VB and MO theory, hybridized atomic orbitals, molecular geometry prediction using VSEPR theory, and the concept of solubility. It also discusses molecular representation techniques, such as Lewis structures and bond-line structures, along with the identification of functional groups and resonance structures. Additionally, it addresses the importance of three-dimensional representations and curved arrows in depicting electron flow.

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stacy040511
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2 views

lecture 2_pre

The document covers various topics in molecular chemistry, including VB and MO theory, hybridized atomic orbitals, molecular geometry prediction using VSEPR theory, and the concept of solubility. It also discusses molecular representation techniques, such as Lewis structures and bond-line structures, along with the identification of functional groups and resonance structures. Additionally, it addresses the importance of three-dimensional representations and curved arrows in depicting electron flow.

Uploaded by

stacy040511
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.8 and 1.

9 VB and MO Theory
1.10 Hybridized Atomic Orbitals
·Structures and Chemical Bondings
–. Methane

–. Ethane

–. Ethylene
1.11 - 1.13

1.11 Predicting Molecular Geometry: VSEPR theory

1.12 Dipole Moments and Molecular Polarity

1.13 Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties


1.14 Solubility
·Physical properties of compounds: Solubility
a soap molecule
–. Concept of Solubility
–. Key principle

–. Cleaning the clothes with WATER (wet cleaning) vs with C2Cl4 (dry cleaning)

–. Formation of the micelle and suspension

Micelle with soap molecules


Chap. 2_Molecular Representation

Morphine

C17H19NO3

How to DRAW the MOLECULAR STRUCTURES?


2.1 Molecular Representation
·Ways to represent the structure of a molecule
–. See 2-propanol(=isopropanol):

Partial ellipsis of A–H single bonds Single bonds are not drawn.

(CH3)2CHOH

Lewis structure Partially condensed Lewis structure Condensed Lewis structure

–. 문제점

∙ 분자 내 탄소, 수소 등 원자의 수가 적을 땐 괜찮지만…

∙ 예: Morphine, C17H19NO3 –. Time-consuming for drawing


–. Difficulty in direct understanding of structures

∙ Bond-Line Structures
2.1 Molecular Representation
·Ways to represent the structure of a molecule
–. See 2-propanol(=isopropanol):
Lewis structure VS Bond-Line structure

–. 문제점

∙ 분자 내 탄소, 수소 등 원자의 수가 적을 땐 괜찮지만…

∙ 예: Morphine, C17H19NO3 –. Time-consuming for drawing


–. Difficulty in direct understanding of structures

∙ Bond-Line Structures –. Rules


2.2 Bond-Line Structure
·Rules
–. 핵심 골격부터 그리기: 단일 결합으로 이뤄진 사슬 구조라면 지그재그로 그리세요.
–. 탄소의 원소 기호 C는 생략, 즉 그냥 점으로 나타냅니다.
–. 탄소에 결합된 수소 원자는 나타내지 않습니다.

–. 하지만 heteroatoms은 무조건 원소 기호 표시하고, heteroatom에 결합된 수소도 꼭 나타냅니다.

–. 이중 결합, 삼중 결합인 경우:


2.3 Identifying Functional Groups
·Functional Groups(FGs)

∙ acidic
∙ very reactive

∙ less-reactive

Ethanol, C2H6O1 Dimethyl ether, C2H6O1


78oC ‒24oC

physical properties
–. Functional group: A characteristic group of atoms/bonds to determine
chemical properties

Compounds containing the same FG Similar properties and reactivity

–. Classification of organic compounds: Based on their functional groups.

–. Qualification for FG: ·the chemical bond with high ionic character, δ
·Elements or moiety with higher electronegativity
2.3 Identifying Functional Groups
·Functional Groups(FGs)
2.3 Identifying Functional Groups
·Functional Groups(FGs)
2.3 Identifying Functional Groups
·Functional Groups(FGs)
–. 2.7 Using Table 2.1, identify and label all functional groups in these two compounds:

–. 2.4 Carbon Atoms with Formal Charges carbocation C+ and C‒ carbanion


–. 2.5 Identifying Lone Pairs

C, N, O
·number of valence electrons
·octet rules
·valence orbitals
2.6 Three-Dimensional Bond-Line Structures
·3-Dimensional Bond-Line Structures
–. Importance –. Way to represent: Dash/Wedge notation

goes backwards out of the screen/page


comes forwards out of the screen/page
in the screen/page

Chap. 5, 7, 8, and 25
Fischer projection Haworth projection

Glucose D-Glucopyranose
2.7 Introduction to Resonance
·Review of General Chemistry

–. Lewis structure or Bond-Line structure VS Real structure of CH3CO2–?

Not enough

–. RESONANCE
∙ resonance structure, resonance hybrid
∙ principle of
∙

–. Another example

Electron(s)’ flow
2.8 Curved Arrows
·2 Rules

–. Avoid breaking a single bond.

–. Never exceed an octet for second-row elements

Bad arrow
2.8 Curved Arrows
·2 Rules

–. Second row elements will sometimes have less than an octet, just never more than an octet.

–. Never exceed an octet for second-row elements

Bad arrow
2.7 Introduction to Resonance
·Review of General Chemistry

–. Lewis structure or Bond-Line structure VS Real structure of CH3CO2–?

Not enough

–. RESONANCE

–. Another example Factors for Resonances

∙ Lone pair electrons


∙ π electrons
∙ NO σ electrons
Electron(s)’ flow
∙ octet rule
∙ electronegativity
2.7 Introduction to Resonance
·Resonance

–. Case #1
∙ Resonance structure?
∙ Which one is more contributed?

–. Case #2

∙ Resonance structure?
∙ Which one is more contributed?

–. Case #3

∙ Resonance structure?
∙ Which one is more contributed?

–. Case #4

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