Prepared by Asst. Prof. M.
Preethi
Department of Information Technology
Objective
Still Images
Bitmap
Vector image
3D drawing and rendering
colors
Making Still Images
Still images may be small or large, or even full screen.
They may be colored, placed at random on the screen,
evenly geometric, or oddly shaped.
Still images may be a single tree on a wintry hillside;
stacked boxes of text against a gray, tartan, or Italian
marble background; an engineering drawing; a
snapshot of your department manager’s new BMW.
Making Still Image (cont.)
Whatever their form, still images are generated by the
computer in two ways: as bitmaps (or paint graphics)
and as vector-drawn (or just plain “drawn”) graphics.
Bitmaps may also be called “raster” images. Likewise,
bitmap editors are sometimes called “painting”
programs. And vector editors are sometimes called
“drawing” programs.
Bitmaps
A bit is the simplest element in the digital world, an
electronic digit that is either on or off, black or white,
or true (1) or false (0).
This is referred to as binary, since only two states (on
or off ) are available.
Bitmaps (cont.)
A map is a twodimensional matrix of these bits.
A bitmap, then, is a simple matrix of the tiny dots that
form an image and are displayed on a computer screen
or printed
Bitmap Sources
Make a bitmap from scratch with a paint or drawing
program.
Grab a bitmap from an active computer screen with a
screen capture program, and then paste it into a paint
program or your application.
Capture a bitmap from a photo or other artwork using
a scanner to digitize the image.
Once made, a bitmap can be copied, altered, e-
mailed, and otherwise used in many creative ways
Vector Drawing
Most multimedia authoring systems provide for use of
vector-drawn objects such as lines, rectangles, ovals,
polygons, complex drawings created from those
objects, and text.
Computer-aided design (CAD) programs have
traditionally used vector-drawn object systems for
creating the highly complex and geometric renderings
needed by architects and engineers.
Vector Drawing (cont.)
Graphic artists designing for print media use vector-
drawn objects because the same mathematics that put
a rectangle on your screen can also place that rectangle
(or the fancy curves of a good line-art illustration) on
paper without jaggies.
This requires the higher resolution of the printer,
using a page description format such as Portable
Document Format (PDF).
■ Programs for 3-D animation also use vector-drawn
graphics.
How Vector Drawing Works
A vector is a line that is described by the location of its
two endpoints.
Vector drawing uses Cartesian coordinates where a
pair of numbers describes a point in two-dimensional
space as the intersection of horizontal and vertical
lines (the x and y axes).
How Vector Drawing Works
(cont.)
The numbers are always listed in the order x,y. In
three-dimensional space, a third dimension—depth—
is described by a z axis (x,y,z).
3-D Drawing and Rendering
Drawing in perspective or in 3-D on a two-dimensional
surface takes special skill and talent.
Creating objects in three dimensions on a computer
screen can be difficult for designers comfortable with
squares, circles, and other x (width) and y (height)
geometries on a two-dimensional screen.
3-D Drawing and Rendering
(cont.)
For 3-D, the depth (z dimension) of cubes and spheres
must be calculated and displayed so that the
perspective of the rendered object seems correct to the
eye.
3-D Drawing and Rendering
(cont.)
A great deal of information is needed to display a 3-D
scene.
Scenes consist of objects that in turn contain many
small elements such as blocks, cylinders, spheres, or
cones (described using mathematical constructs or
formulas)
Color
Color is a vital component of multi.
Color is the frequency of a light wave within the
narrow band of the electromagnetic spectrum to
which the human eye responds.
The letters of the mnemonic ROY G. BIV, learned by
many of us to remember the colors of the rainbow, are
the ascending frequencies of the visible light
spectrum: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and
violet.
Computerized Color
Because the eye’s receptors are sensitive to red, green,
and blue light, by adjusting combinations of these
three colors, the eye and brain will interpolate the
combinations of colors in between
Additive Color
In the additive color method, a color is created by
combining colored light sources in three primary
colors: red, green, and blue (RGB).
This is the process used for cathode ray tube (CRT),
liquid crystal (LCD), and plasma displays.
Subtractive Color
In the subtractive color method, color is created by
combining colored media such as paints or ink that
absorb (or subtract) some parts of the color spectrum
of light and reflect the others back to the eye.
Subtractive color is the process used to create color in
printing
Image File Formats
Most applications on any operating system can manage
JPEG, GIF, PNG, and TIFF image formats.
An older format used on the Macintosh, PICT, is a
complicated but versatile format developed by Apple where
both bitmaps and vector-drawn objects can live side by
side.
The device-independent bitmap (DIB), also known as a
BMP, is a common Windows palette–based image file
format similar to PNG.
Digital Audio
Digital audio is created when you represent the
characteristics of a sound wave using numbers—a
process referred to as digitizing.
we can digitize sound from a microphone, a
synthesizer, existing recordings, live radio and
television broadcasts, and popular CD and DVDs.
In fact, we can digitize sounds from any natural or
prerecorded source.
Making Digital Audio Files
Making digital audio files is fairly straightforward on most
computers.
Plug a microphone into the microphone jack of your
computer.
If we want to digitize archived analog source materials—
music or sound effects that you have saved on videotape,
for example—simply plug the “Line-Out” or “Headphone”
jack of the device into the “Line-In” jack on your computer
