o Effectiveness: Value depends on

L1 - Introduction to Art Appreciation market relevance and cost-benefit

balance (Rubenson, 1991;
What is Art? Sternberg & Lubart, 1991).

 Origin: Latin "ars" = craft or specialized skill Imagination

(e.g., carpentry, surgery) (Collingwood,
1938).  Definition: Representing possibilities
 Definitions: beyond current reality.
o Webster’s Dictionary: Conscious use  Uses:
of skill + creative imagination to o Explore alternatives to the actual.
produce aesthetic objects. o Represent different times,
o C. Sanchez: Communication of perspectives.
ideas/feelings through mediums like
color, sound, words, et
Expression
Art Appreciation  art is held to reflect the inner state of the artist.

 Purpose:
o Express ideas/feelings when viewing
art.
o Develop critical, innovative thinking.
o Improve listening, observing, and
responding skills.
o Differentiate between apparent and
hidden meanings (Gargaro & Jilg,
2016; Sanger, 2012).

Art Criticism (4 Steps)

1. Description: What, who, when, materials,

location.
2. Analysis: Study form, elements, principles
of design; explore material-process-idea
relationships.
3. Interpretation: Artist’s intent, influences,
audience role; include
cultural/social/historical context.
4. Evaluation: Personal, informed response to
the artwork.

Creativity

 Requires originality + effectiveness:

o Originality: Unique but appropriate
(Runco, 1988).
L2 - Forms of art 2. Applied Arts
Definition of Art (Art with practical application and functionality.)

Art can be defined as a form of expression that uses a. Architecture

various media to represent an artist’s idea, emotion, and
imagination.
 Considered both a commercial and applied art.
 “Architecture is frozen music.” - Johann
1. Visual Arts Wolfgang von Goethe.

a. Drawing b. Fashion Design

 Representation of any form or object by hand  The art of designing aesthetically pleasing and
using mediums such as pencil, pen, and functional apparel.
charcoal.
c. Jewelry Design
b. Paintings
 Creating intricate jewelry pieces from metals like
 Classified by style, genre, and subject matter. gold, silver, platinum, and copper.
 Example: Spoliarium by Juan Luna (1884) -
National Museum of Fine Arts. d. Wood Crafts

c. Sculptures  Creating aesthetically pleasing and functional

wooden objects.
 A three-dimensional art form using materials like
clay, stone, or wood. e. Interior Design
 Types:
 Carving  The art of planning and designing architectural
 Modeling spaces.
 Free-standing  Includes furniture placement, layout, and
 Relief aesthetics.
 Kinetic

d. Calligraphy 3. Performing Arts

 The artistic practice of writing letters in a visually (Art enjoyed through live performance, including dance,
appealing manner. music, theater, and film.)
 Has commercial value and is widely
appreciated. a. Dance

e. Photography  A form of non-verbal communication using body

movements.
 The art of capturing images on film or digitally.  Example: Tinikling (Filipino folk dance).
 Famous Photographs:
 Migrant Mother - Dorothea Lange (1936) b. Singing
 Afghan Girl - Steve McCurry (1984)
 Lunch on Top of a Skyscraper - Charles  Producing rhythmic sound using the voice, often
C. Ebbets (1932) with instrumental accompaniment.
c. Films and Theater

 A storytelling art form used for entertainment.

 Includes opera, carnivals, circuses, magic
shows, and concerts.
 Classical Filipino Films are considered part of
performing arts.

d. Music

 Harmonious sounds, either vocal or

instrumental.
 Elements of Music:
 Rhythm: Movement or swing,
considered the most essential element.
 Melody: Orderly succession of musical
tones.
 Texture: Number of tones perceived at
once.
 Style: A composer’s or performer’s
unique approach.
 Color: Timbre or quality of tone in
voices and instruments.

e. Media of Music

 Female Voice Ranges:

 Soprano (High)
 Mezzo-Soprano (Medium)
 Alto/Contralto (Low)
 Male Voice Ranges:
 Tenor (High)
 Baritone (Medium)
 Bass (Low)

f. Kinds of Music Programs

 Imitative: Copies real-world sounds (e.g.,

animal sounds in early music).
 Descriptive: Represents an event or scene
(e.g., Beethoven’s Symphony).
FUNCTIONS OF ART  Art enriches, informs, and questions our
world.
A. Aesthetic Function  Art can have powerful transformative
 To beautify and transform a space and restorative effects within a society
as well

B. Didactic Function
 To be a medium for teaching
Approaches to the Study of Art

C. Communicative Function a. Definition

 to communicate meaning - - identifying the parameters that make
 it has an intent or goal toward another up art. Eg. Plato, Aristotle, Kant
individual.
Plato holds in the Republic and elsewhere
 motions, moods and feelings are also
that the arts are representational, or mimetic
communicated
(sometimes translated “imitative”).
 through art.
Aristotle took a particular interest in
“[Art is a set of] artifacts or images with tragedy through art, which he described as
symbolic meanings as a means of an imitation of action.
communication.” - Steve Mithen
Kant calls the art of genius, is “a kind of
“Liberty Leading the People” by French representation that is purposive in itself and,
artist Eugène Delacroix's though without an end, nevertheless
promotes the cultivation of the mental
D. Practical Function
powers for sociable communication”
 To be of practical use like furniture,
gadgets b. Skeptical Understanding
- Art can’t be defined

Jacques Derrida “He asserts that there is

E. Psychological Function
not one single intrinsic meaning to be found
 To evoke reactions
in a work, but rather many, and often these
 The therapeutic of music cannot be
can be conflicting.”
ignored.
o Works of art make us aware of Morriz Weitz
other ways of thinking, feeling
and imagining that have never  Art as an open concept
occurred to us before.  No essential definition of art ; there
simply are no sufficient and necessary
properties of art.
 Art cannot be defined through essential
F. Religious Function
properties
 To be used in worship

c. Context
G. Socio Political Function
- To understand art is to consider its
 to be vehicle for national symbols and
background
meaningful undertakings.
Feminist art

 highlights the societal and political

differences women experience within
their lives – Wikipedia
 seeks to challenge the dominance of
men in both art and society, to gain
recognition and equality for women
artists, and to question assumptions
about womanhood.

Marxist art

 helps to deepen the appreciation or

understanding of an art work by
revealing the historical context of its
production and the relation of a work of
art or of an artist to society.
 “Marxists believe that economic and
social conditions, and especially the
class relations that derive from them,
affect every aspect of an individual's life,
from religious beliefs to legal systems to
cultural frameworks” - Wikipedia

Richard Clarke introduces some of the

main Marxist insights into the nature and
value of art, and its links to political and
economic realities.